Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-16T23:57:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianeBordin.pdf: 5274227 bytes, checksum: 085b99c02f027c2d86bf036f3b44ade9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T23:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianeBordin.pdf: 5274227 bytes, checksum: 085b99c02f027c2d86bf036f3b44ade9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05 / FNMA - Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente / MMA - Ministério do meio Ambiente / SEMA - Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente (RS) / Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / O lixiviado de aterro sanitário de resíduos sólidos urbanos é resultado da interação entre o processo de biodegradação da fração orgânica desses resíduos e da infiltração de águas pluviais que solubilizam componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. Para a realização do tratamento do efluente em questão, buscam-se soluções tecnológicas eficientes e de baixo custo, de forma a atender exigências da maioria das comunidades brasileiras. As técnicas usuais para tratamento do lixiviado, principalmente lagoas, apresentam uma deficiência na remoção de nutrientes tais como nitrogênio e fósforo. Neste aspecto acredita-se que unidades do tipo wetlands possam ser uma solução eficaz para o tratamento do lixiviado, minimamente de forma complementar a outros sistemas prévios (aeróbios e/ou anaeróbios). Foram construídos wetlands de 1,8m³, sendo que o gênero vegetal escolhido foi a macrófita Typha. Dois wetlands superficiais foram estudados: um de fluxo horizontal (WH), outro de fluxo vertical (WV) e ainda o branco (WH0). O tratamento do efluente foi feito através da diluição do lixiviado no esgoto em diferentes percentuais de incorporação, de 8%, 16%, 64% e 100% em dois plantios. O primeiro plantio ocorreu durante as estações de outono e inverno e o segundo ocorreu na primavera e verão. Foi estudada a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica carbonácea, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo do efluente e verificado o atendimento aos padrões de emissão exigidos pela legislação brasileira. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram boa adaptação na etapa de aclimatação das plantas com 0,5% a 2% de lixiviado no esgoto. Quanto ao tratamento dos efluentes, os resultados demonstram que tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo plantio o WH apresentou maior quantidade de eventos de remoções superiores que os outros wetlands, embora a análise estatística não tenha demonstrado diferença significativa entre os fluxos horizontal e vertical e, entre o wetland com e sem plantas. Para as condições estudadas, a saída das unidades de tratamento ainda não atendem aos padrões de lançamento exigidos pela legislação. Constatou-se nesse estudo que o plantio das Typha nos wetlands deve coincidir com épocas de maiores temperaturas, quando verificou-se os melhores resultados para a remoção tanto de matéria orgânica carbonácea quanto para a remoção de nutrientes. Mesmo para altas concentrações contidas no lixiviado os wetlands, principalmente os de fluxo horizontal, removeram razoavelmente nutrientes. (13% a 56% para nitrogênio amoniacal e de 15% a 67% para fósforo). / Urban solid waste sanitary landfill leachate results from the interaction between the biodegradation process of the organic portion of such wastes and stormwater percolation that solubilizes both organic and inorganic components. In an effort to promote leachate treatment, efficient and low cost technological solutions are sought in order to fulfill the demands of most Brazilian communities. The regularly applied techniques used in leachate treatment, mainly lagoons, present a nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient removal deficiency. In this respect, wetlands are seen as a possibly efficient solution for leachate treatment, at least as a complement to pre-treatment systems (aerobic and/or anaerobic). Wetlands measuring 1,8m³ were built using a macrophyte plant of the genus Typha. Three shallow wetlands were studied: the first with a horizontal flow (WH), the second with a vertical flow (WV) and the third without any plants (WH0). Wastewater treatment was conducted by leachate dilution into the sewage in different added percentages, from 8%, 16%, 64% and 100% in two different plantings. The first planting took place between the Fall and the Winter and the second occurred during Spring and Summer. The wastewater carbonaceous organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency was studied and compliance with the standards prescribed by Brazilian regulations was verified. The study results demonstrate a good adaptation during the plants’ acclimation with 0,5% to 2% leachate in the sewage. As for wastewater treatment, results demonstrate that both on the first and on the second plantings WH yielded a higher quantity of more efficient removal events than the other wetlands, even though the statistical analysis did not indicate a significant difference either between the horizontal and vertical flows or between the wetland with and without plants. Under the studied conditions, the treatment units’ discharge points still do not comply with the standards prescribed by laws and regulations. Through this study it became evident that Typha planting in the wetlands must coincide with higher temperature periods, when the best results for both carbonaceous organic matter and nutrient removal were observed. Even for high concentrations present in the leachate, wetlands, particularly the ones with a horizontal flow, proved to remove nutrients in a satisfactory fashion (13% to 56% for ammoniacal nitrogen and from 15% to 67% for phosphorus).

This study investigated the changes in leachate composition and clogging evolution in leachate transmission pipes and the use of methanogenesis as a leachate treatment alternative for Bioreactor landfills, by using pilot-scale and laboratory studies. The pilot-scale study consisted of a research station built at Brady Road Landfill, housing sixteen HDPE pipes of three different diameters, conveying leachate intermittently at eight different Reynolds numbers, under reasonably controlled conditions. The pipes were tested for leachate degradation, clogging evolution and hydraulic impairment over time. The laboratory studies carried out tested (1) the effect of turbulence intensity and temperature on leachate degradation and clogging effects and (2) biological pretreatment of leachate prior to injection into a bioreactor cell. The pilot study results showed that under the conditions tested, pipes developed a significant amount of organic and inorganic clog material in less than a year of operation. Since limited quantities of fresh leachate (approx. 3 m3) were used during each leachate degradation analyses, the anticipated effects of clogging in a full scale injection system are expected to be more pronounced, which can negatively impact the long-term hydraulic performance, operation, and service life of a Bioreactor Landfill. The first laboratory study showed that increasing the turbulent energy dissipation rate caused greater amounts of CO2 evolution from the leachate, and temperature increase had an impact on dissolved Ca2+ under atmospheric conditions, affecting clog development. The second and third laboratory studies showed that performing leachate methanogenesis reduces organic (COD, VFA) and inorganic (Ca2+, ISS) clog constituents within the leachate However, the rate of methanogenesis was influenced by the ratio of acetate and propionate. It is suggested that if leachate undergoes methanogenesis in a separate leachate digester prior to re-injection into a bioreactor waste cell, it may protect the pipes and other engineered landfill systems against clogging and its detrimental effects, while allowing for CH4 recovery. However, blending of leachates from different wells or cells prior to the methanogenic digester may be needed to balance the variable concentrations and ratios of acetate and propionate over time from different landfill wells and cells.

At Degermyran landfill, situated in the municipal Skellefteå, a leachate treatment system was installed in 2005. One of the aims of this study was to investigate how well the treatment system works by using data from chemical measurements made on the leachate before and after treatment. Further this study had the purpose of investigating how the predicted climate changes of the 21st century will affect the amount of leachate generated at Degermyran by using a modified version of Thornthwaites water balance model. The treatment system has the ability of reducing manganese by 90 %, nitrogen by 73 % och TOC by 79 %. By the turn of this century the amount of precipitation that percolates the waste at Degermyran will be between 254 and 298 mm, depending on the amount of greenhouse gases that will be released in the future to come. The conclusions from this study are that the leachate treatment system reduces the levels of the investigated substances and that the amount of leachate produced at Degermyran will increase. To further investigate the efficiency of the leachate treatment system, flow proportionate measurements of the leachate chemistry could be adopted. If accurate flow measurements of the amount of generated leachate were performed the reliability of the used water balance model could be assessed.

Abstract Purification techniques for leachate from composting activity - analysis in terms of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and BOD Sofia Lundkvist Leachate from compost facilities has a large impact on the environment if is not properly cleaned. Water samples taken at Ragn-Sells compost facility at Dåva in Umeå have had problems with high amounts of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in their leachate and need to lower these. The aim of this work was to investigate the methods available for treatment of these substances, see if there is a variation depending on spring and autumn in the presence of substances in the leachate from Dåva, and to investigate whether there are methods that can complement Ragn-Sells existing facility for the purification of leachate. Water samples were used to test season-differences of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Furthermore, I did interviews with persons from other compost facilities around Sweden to identify alternative methods to reduce the amount of those three substances in leachate from Dåva. There were no clear pattern between measurements in spring and autumn, but the analysis from Dåva shows that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between ammonia nitrogen with average temperature. When the temperature drops the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increases. Further analysis shows that Dåvas existing system likely can be supplemented with additional steps to improve purification of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, but the data I received was not enough to declare witch method works best for Ragn-Sells as the majority of the persons I came in contact with could not account for the measured values of the three substances.

This study investigated the changes in leachate composition and clogging evolution in leachate transmission pipes and the use of methanogenesis as a leachate treatment alternative for Bioreactor landfills, by using pilot-scale and laboratory studies. The pilot-scale study consisted of a research station built at Brady Road Landfill, housing sixteen HDPE pipes of three different diameters, conveying leachate intermittently at eight different Reynolds numbers, under reasonably controlled conditions. The pipes were tested for leachate degradation, clogging evolution and hydraulic impairment over time. The laboratory studies carried out tested (1) the effect of turbulence intensity and temperature on leachate degradation and clogging effects and (2) biological pretreatment of leachate prior to injection into a bioreactor cell. The pilot study results showed that under the conditions tested, pipes developed a significant amount of organic and inorganic clog material in less than a year of operation. Since limited quantities of fresh leachate (approx. 3 m3) were used during each leachate degradation analyses, the anticipated effects of clogging in a full scale injection system are expected to be more pronounced, which can negatively impact the long-term hydraulic performance, operation, and service life of a Bioreactor Landfill. The first laboratory study showed that increasing the turbulent energy dissipation rate caused greater amounts of CO2 evolution from the leachate, and temperature increase had an impact on dissolved Ca2+ under atmospheric conditions, affecting clog development. The second and third laboratory studies showed that performing leachate methanogenesis reduces organic (COD, VFA) and inorganic (Ca2+, ISS) clog constituents within the leachate However, the rate of methanogenesis was influenced by the ratio of acetate and propionate. It is suggested that if leachate undergoes methanogenesis in a separate leachate digester prior to re-injection into a bioreactor waste cell, it may protect the pipes and other engineered landfill systems against clogging and its detrimental effects, while allowing for CH4 recovery. However, blending of leachates from different wells or cells prior to the methanogenic digester may be needed to balance the variable concentrations and ratios of acetate and propionate over time from different landfill wells and cells.

Given the increase in nanomaterial (NM) use in consumer products and the large fraction of waste placed in landfills worldwide, the probability of these products reaching municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills at the end of their useful life is high. Since nanotechnology use is still in its early stages, there are currently no regulations pertaining to the disposal of NMs and their fate in MSW landfills is still unknown. Understanding the fate of NMs in MSW landfills is vital to ensure the proper handling of these novel materials from cradle to grave; such research will provide information on how these NMs can be safely introduced into the environment. This research seeks to understand the fate of NMs within waste environments by examining the interactions between NMs and landfill leachate components. The primary focus of this thesis is the effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on biological landfill processes, solids aggregation, and chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate following the addition of crystalline, nanosized ZnO coated with triethoxycaprylylsilane. This research (1) observed the effects of coated ZnO on five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and biochemical methane potential (BMP), (2) examined effects of solids aggregation on the fate of ZnO, (3) quantified the concentration of Zinc (Zn) by size fractions, and (4) modeled the chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate using Visual MINTEQ. No change in dissolved Zn was observed after coated ZnO was exposed to “middle-aged” leachate. Upon exposure to “mature” leachate there was an increase in dissolved Zn assumed to be a result of the dissociation of ZnO. Solids data supported the aggregation of particles in both middle aged and mature leachate. There was an increase in the Zn concentration in leachate fractions greater than 1500 nm presumably due to the dispersion of normally insoluble ZnO ii nanoparticles (NPs) following the interaction with humic acids (HA). ZnO did not inhibit anaerobic or aerobic processes in either middle aged or mature leachate, presumably due to the relatively low concentration of dissolved ionic Zn. Despite the observation of increased dissociation upon exposure to mature leachate, the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may have hindered the ability for dissolved ionic Zn to become bioavailable. Fractionation, BOD5 and BMP tests, and chemical speciation modeling provided insight on the mobility of ZnO in landfills and the absence of inhibitory effects on landfill processes. Aggregation of ZnO NPs may prevent movement through traditional containment systems (i.e. geomembrane liners) due to the increased particle size. However, the increased dispersion suggests that ZnO NPs will be transported out of the landfill in the leachate, however biological treatment of leachate should be unaffected by the presence of ZnO. The bioavailability of Zn was not substantially affected by the presence of ZnO due to affinity of dissolved Zn for DOM. However, due to the heterogeneity of landfill leachate and the utilization of different NM coatings, it is challenging to predict the overall mobility of other NMs in a landfill.

This thesis consists of work conducted in two separate studies, evaluating the performance of passive systems for treating wastewater effluents. The first study involved the characterization of three wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) providing secondary and tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater at a facility in Amherstview, Ontario, Canada. Since 2003, the WSPs have experienced excessive algae growth and high pH levels during the summer months. A full range of parameters consisting of: pH, chlorophyll-a (chl-a), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, alkalinity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), conductivity, nutrient species, and organic matter measures; were monitored for the system and the chemical dynamics in the three WSPs were assessed through multivariate statistical analysis. Supplementary continuous monitoring of pH, chl-a, and DO was performed to identify time-series dependencies. The analyses showed strong correlations between chl-a and sunlight, temperature, organic matter, and nutrients, and strong time dependent correlations between chl-a and DO and between chl-a and pH. Additionally, algae samples were collected and analyzed using metagenomics methods to determine the distribution and speciation of algae growth in the WSPs. A strong shift from the dominance of a major class of green algae, chlorophyceae, in the first WSP, to the dominance of land plants, embryophyta – including aquatic macrophytes – in the third WSP, was observed and corresponded to field observations during the study period. The second study involved the evaluation of the performance and chemical dynamics of a hybrid-passive system treating leachate from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in North Bay, Ontario, Canada. Over a three year period, monitoring of a full range of parameters consisting of: pH, DO, temperature, alkalinity, ORP, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, phenols, solids fractions, nutrient species, organic matter measures, and metals; was conducted bi-weekly and the dataset was analyzed with time series and multivariate statistical techniques. Regression analyses identified 8 parameters that were most frequently retained for modelling the five criteria parameters (alkalinity, ammonia, chemical oxygen demand, iron, and heavy metals), on a statistically significant level (p < 0.05): conductivity, DO, nitrite, organic nitrogen, ORP, pH, sulfate, and total volatile solids. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-27 05:29:20.564

Markfilter för rening av vatten har utvecklats under årens lopp till att besitta skräddarsydda egenskaper anpassade för rening av lakvatten. Lakvatten innehåller en rad olika föroreningar, vilka beror på det deponerade materialets beskaffenhet. I sorptionsfilter kombineras ett traditionellt filters mekaniska förmåga att avskilja partiklar och biologiska förmåga att bryta ner organiskt material, med en eller flera sorbenter, vilka verkar för att fastlägga eller fälla föroreningar. Inte sällan drabbas dock denna typ av filter av igensättningar, vilket reducerar filtrets kapacitet och livslängd. Vid deponin i Gräfsåsen, tillhörande Östersunds kommun, installerades 2013 ett markfilter av sorptionstyp framtaget av konsult, vilket uppgavs ha en livslängd på 10-15 år. Efter installering av filtret visar sig kapaciteten vara sämre än förväntat och dessutom snabbt sjunkande över tid. Justeringar i filtermaterialets sammansättning sker efter ett par månades drift, men problemet med igensättningar/låg kapacitet kvarstår. Detta examensarbete utformades i syfte att utreda igensättningsproblematiken med sorptionsfiltret vid Gräfsåsen och att föreslå förbättringsåtgärder. Den andra delen bestod av att kontrollera konsultens dimensioneringsberäkningar och jämföra med olika beräkningsmodeller för markfilter. Analysresultaten och beräkningarna kompletterades med ett praktiskt försök att filtrera lakvatten och kranvatten i varsin filterkolonn som utformades med samma proportioner och material som det aktuella filtret. Avsikten med kolonnfiltreringen var att bedöma materialets hydrauliska kapacitet och undersöka om det fanns eventuella skillnader i rinntider för lak- respektive kranvatten. Filtreringen visade att packningsgraden av filtermaterialet är av stor betydelse för genomsläppligheten, inga slutsatser om vattenkvaliténs påverkan kunde dock dras. Karaktäriseringen visade att lakvattnet i Gräfsåsen innehöll höga halter BOD, POC, aluminium, svavel, kalcium och fosfor. Analyserna och jämförelserna sammantaget indikerade att metalloxider och karbonater fälldes i filtret. Beräkningarna visade att filtret dimensionerats för ett genomsnittligt mindre flöde än vad som bedömdes vara lämpligt. Den hydrauliska konduktiviteten för filtermaterialet var lägre än konsultens rekommendationer, vilket i praktiken innebar att kapaciteten för filtret var en tredjedel av flödet man avsett att dimensionera för.. / Filters for treatment of leachate have been developed over the years to hold tailor-made properties for the treatment of leachate. Leachate contains a variety of pollutants, which depends on the waste upon the landfill. In sorption-filters the traditional filter’s mechanical ability to remove particles and biological ability to break down organic material, is combined with one or several sorbents which act to precipitate or trap contaminants. However, it is rather common that these types of filters suffer from clogging which result in reduction of the filter’s capacity and lifetime. At the landfill in Gräfsåsen, belonging to the municipality of Östersund, a sorption filter developed by a consultant was installed in 2013, which was estimated to have a lifespan of 10-15 years. When installed, the capacity of the filter was lower than expected and also decreased rapidly over time. The filter media had to be redesigned after a couple of months in operation, but the problem with clogging/low capacity remained. This thesis was shaped to investigate the causes of the clogging problem of the filter at Gräfsåsen and to suggest improvements. The study consisted mainly of two parts, one part consisted of interpreting and comparing test results and characterize the leachate from a study of leachate from IVL (Swedish Environmental Research Institute). The second part consisted of controlling the consultant’s sizing and compare with other models for sizing filters. The analytical results and calculations were supplemented with a practical test to filter leachate and tap water in separate filter columns, designed with the same proportions and materials as the existing filter. The purpose of the filtering columns was to assess the material's hydraulic capacity and to examine whether there were any differences in the flow times of the leachate and tap water. The filtering showed that the degree of compaction of the filter material is of great importance for the permeability, no conclusions regarding the water quality’s impact could be drawn. The characterization indicated that the leachate in Gräfsåsen contained high concentrations of BOD, POC, aluminum, sulfur, calcium and phosphorus. Analyzes and comparisons collectively indicated that metal oxides and carbonates precipitated in the filter. The calculations showed that the filter is dimensioned for an average flow rate less than what was assessed appropriate. The hydraulic conductivity of the filter material was lower than the consultant's recommendations, which in practice meant that the capacity of the filter was a third of the flow it intended to be designed for.

A presente pesquisa abordou o estudo em escala real do tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário em um sistema composto por dois filtros anaeróbios seguidos de dois banhados construídos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de lixiviado do aterro sanitário pertencente à Central de Resíduos do Recreio, localizada em Minas do Leão/RS. Pretendeu-se verificar a eficiência do sistema na remoção de matéria orgânica e de nitrogênio amoniacal. A fase 1 da pesquisa, que avaliou o desempenho dos filtros anaeróbios quando operados em série, indicou que a quase totalidade da remoção de matéria orgânica facilmente biodegradável ocorreu no primeiro filtro, evidenciando que, para o tratamento do lixiviado em questão, não é interessante a utilização de dois filtros anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente semelhantes em série. A fase 2 avaliou o desempenho dos filtros anaeróbios operados em paralelo e dos banhados construídos. Foi possível concluir-se que: filtros anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente são excelente alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário, pois podem viabilizar remoções de matéria orgânica superiores a 50%; banhados construídos representam uma ecotecnologia interessante para o complemento do tratamento de lixiviado, pois podem viabilizar elevadas remoções de N-amoniacal. / This study discussed the sanitary landfill leachate treatment in a full scale system composed by two upflow anaerobic filters followed by two constructed wetlands. The research was developed at the landfill leachate treatment station owned by Recreio Central Waste, located in Minas do Leão/RS. The objective of the study was to verify the efficiency of the system in the removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. The phase 1 of the study, which evaluated the performance of anaerobic filters when operated in series, indicated that almost all of the removal of organic matter readily biodegradable occurred in the first filter, showing that, for the treatment of leachate concerned, it is not interesting the use of two similar upflow anaerobic filters in series. The phase 2 assessed the performance of the anaerobic filters, operated in parallel, and the constructed wetlands. It could be concluded that: upflow anaerobic filters are excellent alternative for the sanitary landfill leachate treatment, as they may facilitate removal of organic matter greater than 50%; constructed wetlands represent an interesting eco-technology to complement the leachate treatment, which can enable high removals of N-ammonia.

A grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades é um desafio para o saneamento ambiental no Brasil. A fim de se reduzir os impactos gerados ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, é necessário que haja um gerenciamento adequado, desde a coleta até a disposição final, desses resíduos sólidos urbanos. Os aterros sanitários permitem um maior controle ambiental, desde que sejam bem projetados e operados. A decomposição da matéria orgânica presente nesses resíduos, somada às águas das chuvas gera o lixiviado, líquido com alto potencial poluidor. Várias formas de tratamento são propostas com a finalidade de tornar o lixiviado menos poluente ao meio ambiente. Wetlands construídos tem se mostrado uma alternativa eficiente para a remoção de poluentes em lixiviados, além dos baixos custos operacionais e de implantação. O presente estudo investigou o uso de wetlands subsuperficiais em escala-piloto para o tratamento de um lixiviado prétratado. Os wetlands foram monitorados com a finalidade de se obter remoções de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio amoniacal. As maiores reduções percentuais de concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, DQO e COD foram, 91%, 42% e 35%, respectivamente. As maiores reduções percentuais em carga de nitrogênio amoniacal e DQO foram, 67% e 50%, respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios de toxicidade realizados com os organismos Vibrio fischeri e Danio rerio revelaram que, a toxicidade do lixiviado foi reduzida ao ser tratado pelo wetland. / Large amounts of solid wastes are generated in cities and this is a challenge for environmental sanitation in Brazil. In order to reduce impacts to the environment and to public health, it is necessary to manage these municipal solid wastes appropriately, from their collection to their final disposal. Landfills allow a greater environmental control, provided that they are well designed and operated. Landfill leachate generation results from the decomposition of the organic matter in the wastes, combined with the rainwater that percolates the waste. Landfill leachate has a high pollution potential. Various forms of treatment are proposed in order to attenuate the potential of the leachate to pollute the environment. Constructed wetlands seem to be efficient alternatives in removing leachate pollutants with low operational and implementation costs. The present study investigated the use of subsurface wetlands in pilot scale in a pretreated leachate treatment. The wetlands were monitored in order to obtain results in reducing the concentration and loads of pollutants. The best removal performance of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, COD and DOC were 91%, 42% and 35%, respectively. The best removal performance of the load of ammonia nitrogen and DOC were 67% and 50%, respectively. The results of the toxicity tests conducted with Vibrio fischeri and Danio rerio revealed that wetlands were effective in reducing the toxicity of the leachate.