The study of song cycles poses difficulties for both analysts and performers. These challenges stem largely from two qualities intrinsic to the genre: (1) the inclusion of two semiotic systems, language and music, and (2) the use of multi-movement structures. Several scholars have addressed these issues; however, a model built on a balanced consideration of both text-based/dramatic events and purely musical elements, has yet to be offered. This study proposes such a model with separate applications for both performers and analysts. Focusing on the identification of features connecting song cycles in their entirety, deep voice-leading associations and movements in key paths are examined in the application for analysts, whereas the performers’ application concentrates on recognizing underlying “atmospheres” and forms of acceleration. Each application is applied to Schumann’s Frauenliebe und –leben and Dichterliebe song cycles, demonstrating the benefits of employing this model in the development of both performative and analytical interpretations.

The study of song cycles poses difficulties for both analysts and performers. These challenges stem largely from two qualities intrinsic to the genre: (1) the inclusion of two semiotic systems, language and music, and (2) the use of multi-movement structures. Several scholars have addressed these issues; however, a model built on a balanced consideration of both text-based/dramatic events and purely musical elements, has yet to be offered. This study proposes such a model with separate applications for both performers and analysts. Focusing on the identification of features connecting song cycles in their entirety, deep voice-leading associations and movements in key paths are examined in the application for analysts, whereas the performers’ application concentrates on recognizing underlying “atmospheres” and forms of acceleration. Each application is applied to Schumann’s Frauenliebe und –leben and Dichterliebe song cycles, demonstrating the benefits of employing this model in the development of both performative and analytical interpretations.

In response to changeful environment in twenty-first century, organizations are constantly reviewed to improve the operation of government efficiency; while there are still having examples of mismanagement been exposed by citizens or media, which have already disappointed people for such careless errors. It is better to impute this phenomenon on the concepts of leadership and management have been reached the turning point, which needs more effective leading ways and managing techniques to react, rather than blaming leaders for lacking of leadership ability. Han Feizi, which integrates principles of Legalism, has been noted for containing the most complete and significant politics ancient codes in China. The thoughts of Han Fei are famous for substantial effects and also useful tools to consolidate monarchal status and prosper country. Using humanity as bases, Han Fei generates his philosophy, which are using laws (ªk, Fǎ) to rule a country, power(¶Õ, Shì) to officiate laws, and techniques (³N, Shù) to strengthen power. These concepts are related to each other and indispensable for one another. Hence, Han Fei's philosophy has positive meaning for constructing an effective system toward leadership management, which may provide some views and methods for present managing problems in administrative organizations. This research aims at exploring leading efficiencies of directors' in administrative organizations through their cognitions for Han Fei's philosophy and relationships between self-perception and leading efficiency. This research utilizes Questionnaire survey methods and takes directors of administrative organizations in Taiwan as objects. 400 questionnaires are dispatched to the objects by handing in person, sending e-mails or posting, and 252 returned validly. The collected information are used to test and verify each hypothesis by information pretest, validity analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, difference analysis and regression. According to the analyzed results, the seven aspects of Han Fei's philosophy, cognition of laws, cognition of techniques, cognition of power, self-perception of laws, self-perception of techniques, self-perception of power, and self-perception of rewards and punishment, all show highly positive affects toward leading efficiency. This outcome proofs the higher identification with Han Fei's philosophy, the higher leading efficiency. By Standardized Regression Coefficients, £] coefficients of aspects in Han Fei's philosophy are positive, which means these aspects make remarkable forecasts for leading efficiency. The results in this research provide not only suggestions in leadership management for directors in administrative organizations but also hints for follow-up researches in Han Fei's philosophy. Hope that this research could bring the leadership managements of directors' into full play and enhance the leading efficiencies of administrative organizations.

In international relations, ¡§Foreign Aid¡¨ is a perfect tool to perform the diplomatic policy of a country. In the aspect of theory discussion, the development of foreign aid theory exists the arguments about idealism and realism. The idealist estimates the foreign aid policy according to humanism and moral standards, but the realist emphasizes the key point to provide foreign aid or not according to the benefit of nation. Since 1970, in order to get the identification, support, and the authority of the third world nations, and to compress the international society existence of Taiwan, the Communist Party of China uses plenty of economic aids as the tool to pursue their diplomatic objectives. In the post cold war era, the diplomacy competition for the third world nations between Taiwan and the Communist Party of China is more violent than ever. This situation can be known by the facts that the Communist Party of China had tried to join the United Nations vigorously before 1971 and that Taiwan is also more vigorous to return to the United Nations and to join the World Health Organization. No matter to return or to join the United Nations, Taiwan and the Communist Party of China both need more affirmative votes of the third world nations in the United Nations General Assembly to achieve their objectives. So, in the diplomacy competition of both sides of strait, Taiwan and the Communist Party of China need more support of the third world nations. Relatively, both sides of strait in order to get the identification of the third world nations both use foreign aid to draw an outsider to one¡¦s side and to establish diplomatic relations. That Taiwan and the Communist Party of China both use the influences of nations with foreign relation to generate the mutually beneficial and subtle interactive relations is worth to be observed and discussed.

To associate leading with teaching the effect which four grade of pupils creates the poem of children concurrently the one that tests consensual assessment technique of Amabile is proper. Hsiu-Tsu Chang ABSRACT It is the motive power of promoting social progress too to create and think it is mankind's unique natural talent . In strange and changeful and changeable era, ' the intention ' grasps parameters , opens the new chances . Train student's creativity, become the important subject for education at present. In order to which kind of method is taken to promote students' Chinese creativity? This research mainly aims at leading pupils of grade four to create the poem of children by associating teaching technology, and the one that study its impact on pupil's creativity and concurrently test Amabile1983 consensual assessment technique(CAT) is proper. This result of study is as follows: First , three different group of nine experts of groups evaluate creativity of poem works CAT of 68 pupil children consent quantity Up to. More than 90. Second, the pupil's children poem works creativity displays and is correlated with their children poem writing motives.( r =. 410, p<. 01). Third, accept the pupil dealing with the experiment and behave in children poem creativity, there is difference of showing in the groups, associate and lead the pupil of teaching group to display and is obviously superior to contrasting the group pupil .(F =7.77, p<. 05, d =.68) Key word: to associate leading, consensual assessment technique, Children poem creates, form of motive amount of children poem writing

Urban green spaces are one of the layers of urban pattern. The urban environment is created through the complex relationships between natural, social, economic, and politic dynamics. Similar to the urban environment, as a produced landscape, characteristics of urban green spaces vary according to the social, economic, cultural and ecological context of urban society. In the last few decades, the &ldquo / quality of urban life target&rdquo / included in the sustainability approach, has became an important touchstone to increase the quality of urban environment in today&rsquo / s world / with its tendencies of covering of perpetual subjective values and in addition to objective conditions to identify &ldquo / individual&rsquo / s satisfaction&rdquo / as a target the by, of keeping its evaluation scope broad and holistic, and of deriving supporting the daily life practices which derive from participatory processes. Among the quality of life perspective, urban green spaces are interpretated in a holistic and broad framework in boundaries of their contributions to the inhabitants&rsquo / well-being through their physical, social, economic and ecological links with life in a broad scale spectrum ranging from individual level to city scale. In today&rsquo / s urban environment, Ankara&rsquo / s urban green spaces are planned by the responsible agents within a narrow framework / separated from urban and urban life, lacked of this multi-scale and multi-dimensional perspective, stucked in the sectoral targets of institutions. At this point, the study identifies the priorities and conditions to re-establish a well-functioned planning process for the green spaces of Ankara with a particular attention to quality of life.

The inlet temperature of modern gas turbine engines has been increased to achieve higher thermal efficiency and increased output. The blade edge regions, including the blade tip, the leading edge, and the platform, are exposed to the most extreme heat loads, and therefore, must be adequately cooled to maintain safety. For the blade tip, there is tip leakage flow due to the pressure gradient across the tip. This leakage flow not only reduces the blade aerodynamic performance, but also yields a high heat load due to the thin boundary layer and high speed. Various tip configurations, such as plane tip, double side squealer tip, and single suction side squealer tip, have been studied to find which one is the best configuration to reduce the tip leakage flow and the heat load. In addition to the flow and heat transfer on the blade tip, film cooling with various arrangements, including camber line, upstream, and two row configurations, have been studied. Besides these cases of low inlet/outlet pressure ratio, low temperature, non-rotating, the high inlet/outlet pressure ratio, high temperature, and rotating cases have been investigated, since they are closer to real turbine working conditions. The leading edge of the rotor blade experiences high heat transfer because of the stagnation flow. Film cooling on the rotor leading edge in a 1-1/2 turbine stage has been numerically studied for the design and off-design conditions. Simulations find that the increasing rotating speed shifts the stagnation line from the pressure side, to the leading edge and the suction side, while film cooling protection moves in the reverse direction with decreasing cooling effectiveness. Film cooling brings a high unsteady intensity of the heat transfer coefficient, especially on the suction side. The unsteady intensity of film cooling effectiveness is higher than that of the heat transfer coefficient. The film cooling on the rotor platform has gained significant attention due to the usage of low-aspect ratio and low-solidity turbine designs. Film cooling and its heat transfer are strongly influenced by the secondary flow of the end-wall and the stator-rotor interaction. Numerical predictions have been performed for the film cooling on the rotating platform of a whole turbine stage. The design conditions yield a high cooling effectiveness and decrease the cooling effectiveness unsteady intensity, while the high rpm condition dramatically reduces the film cooling effectiveness. High purge flow rates provide a better cooling protection. In addition, the impact of the turbine work process on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient has been investigated. The overall cooling effectiveness shows a higher value than the adiabatic effectiveness does.

Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions were measured on the stationary blade tip and on the leading edge region of a rotating blade using a Pressure Sensitive Paint technique. Air and nitrogen gas were used as the film cooling gases and the oxygen concentration distribution for each case was measured. The film cooling effectiveness information was obtained from the difference of the oxygen concentration between air and nitrogen gas cases by applying the mass transfer analogy. In the case of the stationary blade tip, plane tip and squealer tip blades were used while the film cooling holes were located (a) along the camber line on the tip or (b) along the span of the pressure side. The average blowing ratio of the cooling gas was controlled to be 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Tests were conducted in a five-bladed linear cascade with a blow down facility. The free stream Reynolds number, based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity, was 1,100,000 and the inlet and the exit Mach number were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. Turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. All measurements were made at three different tip gap clearances of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of blade span. Results show that the locations of the film cooling holes and the presence of squealer have significant effects on surface static pressure and film-cooling effectiveness. Same technique was applied to the rotating turbine blade leading edge region. Tests were conducted on the first stage rotor of a 3-stage axial turbine. The Reynolds number based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity was 200,000 and the total to exit pressure ratio was 1.12 for the first rotor. The effects of the rotational speed and the blowing ratio were studied. The rotational speed was controlled to be 2400, 2550, and 3000 rpm and the blowing ratio was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Two different film cooling hole geometries were used; 2-row and 3-row film cooling holes. Results show that the rotational speed changes the directions of the coolant flows. Blowing ratio also changes the distributions of the coolant flows. The results of this study will be helpful in understanding the physical phenomena regarding the film injection and designing more efficient turbine blades.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 188-196).

This thesis focuses primary on the actors of the collaborative movement and their motivations and reasons for participating in it. The notion of the collaborative movement was developed during our process as well as the notion of self-empowerment. Two series of interviews have been led with founders of organizations acting within the collaborative movement and users of one of these platforms. From the analysis of the collected data we tried to answer our two research questions: what does lead the actors of the collaborative movement to be part of it? To what extent do they empower themselves? The results indicate that the actors of this movement do empower themselves through their participation. However the level of self-empowerment would depend on the degree of involvement. Moreover, it appeared that self-empowerment is not only an effect of their participation but also the motivation for it.