Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos com a cultivar 'Carioca' do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), objetivando a possibilidade de implementação de um sistema de manejo integrado da ferrugem e mancha angular do feijoeiro após a intervenção com os fungicidas oxycarboxin (Hokko Plantvax 750 - 700 gramas/ha) e trifenil hidróxido de estanho (Mertin â - 660 ml/ha), respectivamente, aplicados em diferentes épocas. Foi realizada a quantificação de danos nesses patossistemas, verificando por meio de regressões lineares e não lineares as possíveis relações existentes entre as variáveis integrais AUDPC (área sob a curva de progresso de doença)¸ HAD (duração da área foliar sadia) e HAA (absorção da área foliar sadia) e suas correspondentes HLAI (índice de área foliar sadio) e HRI (absorção da área foliar por unidade de tempo) com a produção (gramas/planta). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as variáveis HAD e HAA, com coeficientes de determinação (R 2 ) variáveis entre 0,19 e 0,56 para HAD e 0,23 e 0,49 para HAA. Quando as variáveis HLAI e HRI foram relacionadas com a produção, os coeficientes de determinação variaram entre 0,24 e 0,57 para HLAI e 0,28 e 0,56 para HRI. A partir das avaliações semanais de HLAI e HRI foram realizadas regressões lineares entre estas variáveis e a produção (gramas/planta). Os coeficientes angulares foram relacionados com os estádios de desenvolvimento observando-se a estabilização das curvas entre os estádios R5-R8 para o patossistema ferrugem - feijão e entre os estádios V4-R8 para o patossistema mancha angular - feijão para HLAI e HRI. Nesses experimentos foram também realizadas avaliações do Índice de Área Foliar (LAI) utilizando-se medições diretas (avaliações manuais) e indiretas com ceptômetro. As medições obtidas com o este equipamento apresentaram sensibilidade suficiente para captar as variações no índice de área foliar sadio e portanto podem ser usadas em sistemas de manejo integrado da ferrugem e da mancha angular do feijoeiro. / Four trials were carried out on dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), variety 'Carioca' with goal to verify the possibility of implementation of an integrated management system for rust and angular spot after the application with of oxycarboxin (Hokko Plantvax 750 - 700 g/ha) and trifenil stannic hydroxide (Mertin â - 660 ml/ha) fungicides, applied in different timings. The damage quantification in these pathosystems were done analyzing the possible existing relation among the integral variables AUPDC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve), HAD (Healthy Area Duration) and HAA (Healthy Area Absorption) and its correspondents HLAI (Healthy Leaf Area Index) and HRI (Healthy Radiation Intercept) with yield (grams/plant) through linear and non linear regression. The best results were obtained using the variables HAD and HAA with the determination coefficients (R 2 ) from 0.19 to 0.56 for HAD and 0.23 to 0.49 for HAA. When HLAI and HRI were related with yield, the determination coefficient ranged from 0.24 and 0.57 for HLAI and 0.28 to 0.56 for HRI. From weekly assessments of HLAI and HRI, linear regression analysis were done between those variables and yield (grams/plant). The angular coefficient were related with the different crop stages and the stability of curves was observed between R5-R8 stages for rust - dry bean pathosystem and between V4-V8 stages for angular spot – dry bean pathosystem when HLAI and HRI were analyzed. In these experiments, Leaf Area Indice (LAI) was also assessed with direct (manual) and indirect measures with a ceptometer. The measures obtained using this set provided necessary sensibility to catch HLAI variation and, therefore, may be used in an integrated management system of rust and angular spot in dry beans.

La modélisation de la dynamique épidémiologique des ascomycètes parasites des arbres fruitiers présente deux aspects très importants : l’évaluation de la quantité d'inoculum et de son évolution, et l’identification des évènements climatiques donnant lieu à une contamination. Le travail présenté aborde ces deux aspects au travers de deux exemples : la tavelure du pommier, et la maladie de l’œil de paon de l’olivier, parasites majeurs pour les filières concernées.L’acquisition des connaissances sur la biologie des deux maladies a été abordée uniquement sur la base de données acquises sur le terrain, ce qui est original car généralement les modèles ont été réalisés sur la base de connaissances établies en conditions contrôlées.Dans le cas de Venturia inaequalis, agent de la tavelure du pommier, la vitesse de développement journalier de l’inoculum a été établie par optimisation numérique, sur la base d’observations réalisées en Provence. Un modèle de dynamique de projection des ascospores incluant la suspension de l’évolution de l’inoculum primaire lors des périodes sèches a été réalisé puis validé sur un jeu de données indépendantes. La transposabilité du modèle a été ensuite étudiée pour une autre région (Aquitaine). Dans le cas de Fusicladium oleagineum, agent de la maladie de l’oeil de paon, les conditions de contamination ont été établies en fonction de la température et de l’hygrométrie, d’une part par la réalisation d’un abaque sur la base de points sélectionnés par dires d’expert, et d’autre part de façon automatique à l’aide d’un système par apprentissage (réseau de neurones). Un modèle, liant la température moyenne après la contamination à l’apparition des symptômes a été ensuite réalisé. / Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, and peacoq leaf spot, cause by Fusicladiumoleagineum, are key diseases respectively for apple and olive growers. These disease usuallyrequire a large number of treatments. Adequate protection need a good evaluation ofquantitative disponibility of inoculum, and estimation of infection conditions.In this thesis, these two problems were studied using only field data. This is an originalaprroach to obtain knowledge about biology of fungi : most previous works were realised byregression of laboratory data obtained under controled conditions.In the case of Venturia inaequalis, primary inoculum consists of pseudothecia present in leaflitter. Treatments agains ascospore release period is the cornerstone of the strategy againstapple scab. However, the existing forecasting models are not reliable, and are all based ondegree-day time scale, proposed in 1982.Here, using a corpus of data acquired between 1996 and 2013, including observations ofascospore release and weather data, we assessed the daily rate of development of primaryinoculum by fitting generic new time scale functions. Further improvements were then studiedto take into account elements reported in litterature about the incidence of rain or wetness.Different methods were tested and adapted for the parameterisation of models by numericaloptimisation. Some forcasting models were proposed and adapted to the area where the studywas conducted, with parameters including rain and temperature. The validity was tested, andfurther developements of the forecasting tool was then proposed.In the case of Fusicladium oleagineum, a field-operational model predicting disease outbreakswas established as a function of temperature and relative humidity. First with the help ofpoints selected by experts, Secondly automaticaly using a neural network. A model defininglatent period as a function of average temperature after contamination was then realised.

Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa co-infect winter oilseed rape plants to cause phoma stem canker disease. The sexual spores of both species are produced in pseudothecia on infected winter oilseed rape stem debris after harvest and this is the most important source of inoculum for infection of newly-emerged plants in autumn. Field experiments investigated the effects of host resistance on proportions of pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in most leaf and stem tissues during 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons and on the pseudothecial development on crop debris on nine winter oilseed rape cultivars; cvs Adriana (Rlm4 + quantitative resistance (QR)), Bilbao (Rlm4), Capitol (Rlm1), Drakkar (no R gene against L. maculans), DK Cabernet (Rlm1 + (QR), Es-Astrid (QR), Excel (Rlm7), Roxet (Rlm7) and NK Grandia (QR). Cultivars with a combination of R-gene resistance and QR [Adriana (Rlm4 + QR), DK Cabernet (Rlm1 + QR)] or cultivars with only QR [(Es-Astrid and NK Grandia)] had more numbers of L. maculans leaf spots than other cultivars in autumn but less stem canker damage. There was greater number of L. biglobosa leaf spots on leaves of cvs Roxet and Excel with resistance gene Rlm7 than those of other cultivars and later more L. biglobosa DNA was detected in their stems than in those of other cultivars. In all cultivars in the three growing seasons, there was a greater amount of L. biglobosa DNA than L. maculans DNA in basal stem canker and upper stem lesions. The cv. Drakkar (no R gene against L. maculans) was susceptible in all three growing seasons, with a great number of L. maculans and L. biglobosa leaf spots and severe stem cankers. There were four cultivars (Adriana, Bilbao, Drakkar and NK Grandia) selected for the study of pseudothecial development under natural conditions with different times of exposure and in controlled environment conditions (20oC, continuous wetness). The fastest development was on the susceptible cv. Drakkar (no R gene against L. maculans), followed by Bilbao (Rlm4), Adriana (Rlm4 + QR) and NK Grandia (QR) for stem base cankers and upper stem lesions in controlled conditions. Results for pseudothecial development on stems of the nine winter oilseed rape cultivars that were exposed in natural conditions at Bayfordbury support the controlled environment results, with pseudothecia on stems of cultivars with a combination R-gene and QR consistently maturing later than those on other cultivars, regardless of the weather conditions in three growing seasons. Ascospores produced in pseudothecia are the primary inoculum that initiate phoma stem canker epidemics in autumn. Ascospore release was later in autumn 2011 than in autumn/winter 2012/2013 or 2013/2014 because of dry weather. The pattern of ascospore release had a peak, or maximum in autumn/winter 2011/2012 (4958 spores/m-3 on 22 Jan 2012) and several maxima in autumn/winter 2012/2013 (1307 spores/m-3 on 5 Nov 2012, 1291 spores/m-3 on 15 Nov 2012, 1306 spores/m-3 on 25 Dec 2012) and 2013/2014 (4575 spores/m-3 on 27 Oct 2013, 4619 spores/m-3 on 3 Nov 2013, 3674 spores/m-3 on 9 Nov 2013, 3521 spores/m-3 on 12 Dec 2013). Results from the qPCR showed that ascospores of L. maculans were released earlier than ascospores of L. biglobosa at Bayfordbury in the 2013/2014 growing season. There were differences in phenotype of isolates amongst ninety-five isolates of L. maculans and forty-eight isolates of L. biglobosa obtained from different sources (phoma leaf spots, upper stem lesions or basal stem cankers) on different cultivars. Cotyledon tests showed that the resistance genes Rlm4, Rlm5, Rlm6 and Rlm7 are still effective in England. Most isolates from phoma leaf spots carried avirulent AvrLm4 (39 isolates; 97.5%), AvrLm5 (39 isolates; 97.5%) and AvrLm6 alleles (36 isolates; 90%) and all 40 isolates carried the avirulent allele AvrLm7 (100%). Fewer isolates from basal stem cankers carried avirulent AvrLm4 (4 isolates, 16.7%) or AvrLm6 alleles (16.7%) but all 24 isolates carried the avirulent AvrLm7 (100%). Fewer isolates from upper stem lesions carried the avirulent AvrLm4 allele (5 isolates; 16.1%), but 15 isolates carried avirulent AvrLm5 (48.4%), 21 isolates carried AvrLm6 (67.7%) and all 31 isolates carried AvrLm7 (100%). By contrast, all isolates were virulent against Rlm1, Rlm2, Rlm3 and Rlm9. This knowledge, together with knowledge about R genes present in current winter oilseed rape cultivars, should be useful to provide recommendations on cultivar selection to growers based on regional frequencies of avirulent alleles of Avr allele genes in the L. maculans populations (races) and improved understanding of the race structure of L. maculans. There is a need to further investigate any R genes that operate against L. biglobosa (possibly from wild brassicas) and to study if any R genes or QR can provide resistance against both L. maculans and L. biglobosa.

Soybeans (Glycine max L.) are an important crop globally for its food, feed, and oilpurposes. It is impacted by many diseases, including Cercospora sojina, the causal agent of Frogeye Leaf Spot (FLS). Chemical and cultural controls to this fungal pathogen are insufficient, so genetic resistance must be acquired for adequate control. To this end, two recombinant inbred populations were screened in a greenhouse setting for their relative resistance to FLS, and their genomes were analyzed for contributing quantitative trait loci (QTL). In the Essex ́ Forrest population, one QTL was discovered on chromosome 13, and in the Forrest ́ Williams 82 population, two QTL were identified on chromosomes 6 and 11, respectively. These populations were then also screened in a field setting for agronomic traits. These traits were analyzed to detect one superior line for both FLS resistance and advanced agronomic traits, F ́W 125. This line should be used in future breeding projects to increase FLS resistance and reduce linkage drag for other desired characteristics.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Sunflower is an alternative specie to the system of no-tillage and crop rotation. His inclusion in this system provides soil improvements and interruption on cycle of pests and diseases, which are responsible for losses of productivity of the mainly sown crops. In addition to these benefits this specie has characteristics of increased tolerance to drought than traditional crops such as soybean and corn, maintaining satisfactory yields even in dry years considereds. For inclusion in the rotation and maintaining satisfactory yields the knowledge of the best sowing dates is necessary. As the weather has interannual variability, the risk analysis for the sowing dates is required, through a study of probability with a long series of weather data for better definition. This study aims to determine the sowing date of sunflower in which lower severity of alternaria and septoria leaf spots in the RS Central Region occurs. For it has adapted and calibrated an algorithm providing a forecasting system diseases, based on data from leaf wetness duration, air temperature during the leaf wetness period and rain, calculating the accumulated severity values (VSCA) throughout the cycle. In this adaptation and calibration data from six experiments performed at the Department of Plant Science since 2007. Hourly values of weather data from 1968 to 2011 was estimated from the default readings, and use this algorithm were simulated for 14 different dates of sowing spaced in 15 days, beginning on August 1 and ending on February 16 of each year. Due to the interannual variability of ENSO and their influence on weather conditions, crop seasons years was apart in Neutral, La Niña and El Niño. The data generated from the analysis of variance and the means of Scott- Knott test at 5% probability of error was taken. In addition, the VSCA were subjected to analysis of probability distribution, verifying that the Weibull, lognormal and normal distributions has the best represent the distribution of values of severity of leaf spots on sunflower, both for the entire cycle and for the subperiods emergency-end of anthesis and early reproductive-final stage of anthesis sunflower. It was also found that the period between early February and late April is more favorable to leaf spots, while sowing dates from August 1 to October 16, resulting in lower severity values, differing significantly from later sowings. In El Niño years suffer the greatest severities of disease, followed by La Niña years, and finally with the lowest values of VSCA for Neutrals years. / O girassol é uma espécie alternativa para o sistema de plantio direto e rotação de culturas. Sua inserção neste sistema proporciona melhorias edáficas e interrupção do ciclo de pragas e doenças causadoras de perdas de produtividade nas culturas agrícolas mais semeadas. Além destes benefícios, esta espécie possui características de maior tolerância ao déficit hídrico do que culturas tradicionais como a soja e o milho, mantendo produtividades satisfatórias mesmo em anos considerados secos. Para a sua inclusão no sistema de rotação e manutenção de produtividades satisfatórias é necessário o conhecimento das melhores datas semeadura. Como as condições meteorológicas tem variabilidade interanual, é necessária a análise de risco para uma mesma data de semeadura, através de um estudo de probabilidade com uma série longa de dados meteorológicos para sua melhor definição. Este trabalho objetiva determinar a data de semeadura do girassol na qual ocorre menor severidade das manchas foliares de alternária e septória, na Região Central do RS. Para isso adaptou-se e calibrou-se um algoritmo provendo um sistema de previsão de doenças, baseado em dados de duração do molhamento foliar, temperatura do ar durante o período de molhamento foliar, e chuva, obtendo-se os valores de severidade calculada acumulados (VSCA) durante todo o ciclo. Nesta adaptação e calibração utilizaram-se dados de seis experimentos realizados no Departamento de Fitotecnia desde o ano de 2007. Os dados meteorológicos estimados para valores horários de 1968 até 2011, a partir das leituras padrão, e a utilização deste algoritmo, foram simuladas para 14 diferentes datas de semeadura espaçadas em 15 dias, iniciando em 01 de agosto e finalizando em 16 de fevereiro de cada ano. Devido à variabilidade interanual do fenômeno ENOS e sua influência sobre as condições meteorológicas, os anos separados em Neutros, La Niña e El Niño. A partir dos dados gerados foi feita a análise de variância e o teste de médias de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Além disso, os VSCA obtidos foram submetidos a análise de distribuição de probabilidade, verificando-se que as distribuições Weibull, lognormal e normal representam melhor a distribuição dos valores de severidade máxima das manchas foliares no girassol, tanto para o ciclo completo quanto para os subperíodos emergência-final da antese e início da fase reprodutiva-final da antese do girassol. Verificou-se ainda que o período entre o início de fevereiro e o final de abril é mais favorável às manchas foliares, enquanto que as datas de semeadura de 01 de agosto a 16 de outubro resultam nos menores valores de severidade, diferindo significativamente das semeaduras posteriores. Em anos El Niño ocorrem as maiores severidades das doenças, seguido pelos anos de La Niña, e finalmente com os menores valores de VSCA para os anos Neutros.

<p>  </p> <p>Protecting crops from disease requires continuous research because plant pathogen incidence, geographical range, and pathogenicity, are constantly shifting variables as agronomic practices and climate continue to evolve. The objectives of this research are to i.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for corn (<em>Zea mays L.</em>) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; ii.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for soybean (<em>Glycine Max</em> (L.) Merr.) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; iii.) continue to identify, document, and confirm the distribution of populations of the soybean frogeye leaf spot pathogen (<em>Cercospora sojina)</em> that contain the G143A mutation conferring resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides in Indiana; and iv.) assess the incidence, severity, and prevalence of tar spot (<em>Phyllachora maydis</em>) in Indiana. For the first and second objectives, field scale trials were established at three locations in Indiana from 2019 to 2022. No application timings at any location provided significant yield protection for corn or soybeans. To achieve the third objective, 165 isolates of <em>C. Sojina </em>were tested. In total, 24 out of the 32 counties sampled in 2021 and 2022 were documented with QoI-resistance. The fourth objective was accomplished by surveying Indiana counties for incidence and severity of tar spot. As of 2022, 86 out of 92 Indiana counties have been confirmed for the presence of tar spot.</p>

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit and Leaf Spot Disease (FLSD) of citrus, caused by Phaeoramularia angolensis, is found only in 18 countries in Africa, the Comores Islands in the Indian Ocean and Yemen in the Arabian peninsula. The major citrus export countries in Africa are Morocco, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is the only country affected by FLSD. FLSD is a disease of major phytosanitary and economic importance and its devastating effect on citrus is highlighted by the fact that the damage is cosmetic, which renders the fruit unmarketable. Total crop losses are not uncommon in Kenya. The aims of the present study, therefore, was was to determine the occurrence of P. angolensis in Zimbabwe and neighbouring Mozambique, to compare these isolates with the Cercospora Fresen. isolates from Swaziland and South Africa, to determine the epidemiology of the pathogen and to implement an effective control strategy to prevent the spread of FLSD. Leaf samples with citrus canker-like lesions collected in the early 1990’s in Zimbabwe were found to be infected by the fungus, Phaeoramularia angolensis. Surveys were undertaken to determine the spread and intensity of FLSD in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. In Zimbabwe, P. angolensis was limited to an area above the 19° south latitude, predominantly the moist areas and not the low-lying drier parts of the country. In Mozambique, no P. angolensis symptoms were found. Observations during the survey indicated that no proper management systems were implemented by Zimbabwean growers. A cercosporoid fungus causing a new Fruit and Leaf Spot Disease on Citrus in South Africa was identified. From morphological and rDNA sequence data (ITS 1, 5.8S and ITS 2), it was concluded that the new disease was caused by Cercospora penzigii, belonging to the Cercospora apii species complex. The genera Pseudophaeoramularia and Phaeoramularia are regarded as synonyms of Pseudocercospora, and subsequently a new combination was proposed in Pseudocercospora as P. angolensis. Cercospora gigantea was shown to not represent a species of Cercospora, while Mycosphaerella citri was found to be morphologically variable, suggesting that it could represent more than one taxon. A control strategy for the control of FLSD was evaluated in the study. The data showed that P. angolensis in Zimbabwe can be managed successfully by the removal of all old and neglected orchards, and on timely fungicide applications. Trifloxystrobin + mancozeb + mineral spray oil (20 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) applied in November, January and March was the most effective treatment. Three applications of benomyl + mancozeb + mineral spray oil (25 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) applied during the same period, was the second most effective treatment, and two applications (November and January) of trifloxystrobin + mineral spray oil (20g + 500 ml/100 l water) and difenoconazole (40 g) per 100 l/water applied twice in November and January, the third most effective treatment. The spore trap and weather data showed that P. angolensis needs high moisture and temperatures in excess of 25°C for disease development. It is concluded that P. angolensis in Zimbabwe can be managed successfully by implementing a holistic approach, which should be supported by the authorities, organised agriculture and all technical personnel involved in citrus production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Blaar- en vrugvleksiekte (BVVS) op sitrus, veroorsaak deur Phaeoramularia angolensis, kom in 18 lande in Afrika voor asook die Comores Eilande in die Indiese Oseaan en Yemen op die Arabiese skiereiland. Marokko, Suid Afrika, Swaziland en Zimbabwe is die belangrikste uitvoerders van sitrus in Afrika. Van dié lande het slegs Zimbabwe blaar en vrugvleksiekte op sitrus. Hierdie siekte is van fitosanitêre en ekonomiese waarde en die nadelige effek van die siekte, wat slegs kosmetiese van aard is, is venietigend aangesien vrugte onbemarkbaar is. Totale opbrengsverliese is nie ongewoon in lande soos Kenya nie. Die doelwitte van die studie was dus om die voorkoms van P. angolensis in Zimbabwe te bepaal, om die Cercospora Fresen. isolate vanaf Swaziland en Suid-Afrika met mekaar te vergelyk, om die epidemiologie van die siekte vas te stel en om ‘n effektiewe beheermaatreël teen die siekte te ondersoek. Blaarmonsters met kankeragtige letsels wat in die vroeë 1990’s in Zimbabwe gevind is, het getoon dat die blare geinfekteer is met die swam, Phaeoramularia angolensis. Ondersoeke is geloots om die verspreiding en intensiteit van BVVS in Zimbabwe en Mosambiek te bepaal. In Zimbabwe was gevind dat P. angolensis beperk was tot gebiede bo die 19° Suid breedtegraad, wat die hoër vogtiger gebiede insluit eerder as die droeër, laagliggende gebiede. Geen P. angolensis simptome kon in Mosambiek gevind word nie. Tydens die opnames was dit duidelik dat geen geskikte beheerstrategieë toegepas word deur Zimbabwe se produsente nie. ‘n Nuwe cercosporoid swam, wat blaar en vrugvleksiekte op sitrus is in Suid Afrika veroorsaak is geidentifiseer. Morfologiese en rDNA volgorde (ITS 1, 5.8S en ITS 2) data het getoon dat die siekte veroorsaak word deur Cercospora penzigii wat tot die Cercospora apii spesie kompleks behoort. Die genus Pseudophaeoramularia kan as sinoniem van Pseudocercospora beskou word en ‘n nuwe kombinasie word voorgestel in Pseudocercospora as P. angolensis. Cercospora gigantea het getoon dat dit nie ‘n spesie van Cercospora kon verteenwoordig nie terwyl Mycosphaerella citri varieërend voorkom en meer as een takson kan verteenwoordig. ‘n Beheerstrategie vir die beheer van BVVS is ondersoek. Die data wys dat P. angolensis in Zimbabwe doeltreffend beheer kan word deur die uitroeiing van ou en verwaarloosde bome, en deur goed beplande fungisied bespuiting. Trifloxystrobin + mancozeb + minerale spuitolie (20 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water), wat in November, Januarie en Maart toegedien is, was die mees effektiefste behandeling. Drie bespuitings van benomyl + mancozeb + minerale spuitolie (25 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) wat oor dieselfde tydperk toegedien is, was die naas beste behandeling. Trifloxystrobin (20 g) + minerale spuitolie (500 ml) per 100 l/water en difenoconazole (40 g) per 100 l/water, beide as twee bespuitings toegedien in November en Januarie, het die derde beste resultaat opgelewer. Die spoorlokval en klimatologiese data het getoon dat P. angolensis vogtige toestande en temperature hoër as 25°C benodig vir siekteontwikkeling. Die afleiding uit die studie is dat P. angolensis suksesvol beheer kan word indien ‘n holistiese benadering gevolg word en alle rolspelers naamlik die owerheid, georganiseerde landbou en tegniese personeel die proses ondersteun.

A mancha foliar de Phaeosphaeria em milho (Zea mays L.) tornou-se uma preocupação no Brasil, nos últimos anos, por causa de sua ampla disseminação em áreas de cultivo. Estudos de herança da reação de genótipos de milho a essa doença foliar são necessários para dar suporte aos programas de melhoramento. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi mapear QTLs para estudar a herança e para identificar alelos favoráveis de reação à mancha foliar de Phaeosphaeria em uma população de milho tropical. Linhagens endogâmicas L 14- 04B e L 08-05F, altamente susceptível e altamente resistente à mancha foliar de Phaeosphaeria, respectivamente, foram utilizadas para gerar uma população F2. Duzentas e cinqüenta seis plantas F2 foram genotipadas com 143 marcadores microssatélites, e suas progênies F2:3 foram avaliadas em látices simples, 16 x 16, delineados em três estações experimentais, no ano agrícola de 2002/2003, e em quatro estações experimentais no ano agrícola de 2003/2004. A infecção artificial não foi usada, mas parcelas com o parental susceptível L-14-04B foram alocadas no início e no final de cada repetição, a cada dezesseis progênies, e como bordadura ao redor dos experimentos, para propiciar a disseminação dos esporos de P. maydis. Foram avaliadas dez plantas por parcela, aos 30 dias após o florescimento, por escala de notas de 1 (altamente resistente) a 9 (altamente susceptível). As médias de parcelas foram utilizadas para as análises de variância, e as médias dos ambientes foram usadas para mapear QTLs. A metodologia de mapeamento por múltiplos intervalos (MIM) foi utilizada para mapear QTLs. A análise de variância conjunta mostrou alta significância para as progênies e para a interação progênies x ambientes, mas a estimativa da variância genética foi significativamente maior que a estimativa da interação genética x ambientes, e o coeficiente de herdabilidade, no sentido amplo, foi alto (91,37%). Seis QTLs foram mapeados, um para cada dos seguintes cromossomos: 1 (Ph1), 3 (Ph3), 4 (Ph4), e 6 (Ph6); e dois para o cromossomo 8 (Ph8a e Ph8b). O grau médio de dominância foi de dominância parcial, mas a ação gênica dos QTLs variou de aditiva a dominância parcial, e a epistasia do tipo dominante x dominante foi também detectada entre os QTLs mapeados do cromossomo 8. A variância fenotípica, explicada pelos QTLs ( 2 R ), variou de 2,91% (Ph8b) a 11,86% (Ph8a), e os efeitos conjuntos dos QTLs explicaram 41,62% da variância fenotípica. Todos os alelos favoráveis para a reação à mancha de Phaeosphaeria; por exemplo, alelos de resistência, estavam na linhagem parental resistente L-08-05F. A correlação entre os valores de médias fenotípicas e os valores genotípicos preditos, baseados nos efeitos de QTLs das progênies, foi 70 , 0 = r ; a seleção, baseada em ambos os critérios (médias fenotípicas e valores preditos) para a intensidade de seleção de 10% (26 progênies) mostrou concordância de somente 46,15% (12 progênies). Todavia, os alelos favoráveis dos QTLs, mapeados da linhagem parental resistente L-08-05F, poderão ser transferidos para outras linhagens em programas de melhoramento via retrocruzamentos assistidos por marcadores moleculares, os quais poderão ser úteis para o melhoramento. / Phaeosphaeria leaf spot disease in maize (Zea mays L.) has becoming a concern in Brazil in the last years because of its increase spreading in maize growing areas. Inheritance studies of the reaction of maize genotypes to this foliar disease are necessary to support plant breeding programs. Thus, the objective of this research was to map QTLs to study the inheritance and to identify favorable alleles for reaction to the Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in a tropical maize population. Inbred lines L 14-04B and L 08-05F, highly susceptible and highly resistant to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, respectively, were used to develop an F2 reference population. Two-hundred and fifty-six F2 plants were genotyped with 143 microsatellites markers, and their F2:3 progenies were evaluated in 16 x 16 simple lattice designs at three locations in the 2002/2003 growing season, and at four locations in the 2003/2004 growing season. Artificial infection was not used, but plots of the highly susceptible parental inbred L 14-04B were allocated at the beginning and at the end of each replication, at each set of sixteen progenies, and as a border all around the experiments, to provide the spread of P. maydis spores. Ten plants were evaluated per plot, 30 days after silk emergence, following a note scale; i.e., from 1 (highly resistant) to 9 (highly susceptible). The plot means were used for the analyses of variance, and the least squares means across environments were used to map QTLs. The multiple intervals mapping (MIM) was used for QTL mapping. The joint analysis of variance showed highly significance for progenies and for progenies by environment interaction, but the estimate of genetic variance was significantly greater than the estimate of the genetic by environment interaction, and the broad sense coefficient of heritability was high (91.37%). Six QTLs were mapped, one at each of the following chromosomes: 1 (Ph1), 3 (Ph3), 4 (Ph4), and 6 (Ph6); and two at chromosome 8 (Ph8a and Ph8b). The average level of dominance was partial dominance, but the gene action of the QTLs ranged from additive to partial dominance, and dominance x dominance epistasis was also detected between the QTLs mapped at chromosome 8. The phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs ( 2 R ) ranged from 2.91% (Ph8b) to 11.86% (Ph8a), and the joint QTLs effects explained 41.62% of the phenotypic variance. All the favorable alleles to reaction to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot; i.e., resistance alleles, were in the resistant parental line L- 08-05F. The correlation between mean phenotypic values and the predicted genotypic values based on QTLs effects of the progenies was 70 , 0 = r ; and the selection based under both criteria (phenotypic means and predicted values) at 10% selection intensity (26 progenies) showed an agreement of only 46.15% (12 progenies). Nonetheless, the favorable alleles of the QTLs mapped in the parental line L 08-05F could be transferred to other inbred lines by marker-assisted backcross breeding programs, which could make them useful for breeding purposes.

A population of the rare Southern Appalachian endemic species Lilium grayi, (Gray’s lily) Roan Mountain, TN/NC was monitored for 2 years to determine the cause and impact of an early season collapse. High concentrations of the Lilium spp. host-specific fungal phytopathogen, Pseudocercosporella inconspicua (G. Winter) U. Braun were associated with 19/20 symptomatic and 0/30 asymptomatic plants. Strength of the association between pathogen and disease and the replication of disease symptoms in 4/4 healthy hosts showed that P. inconspicua was the causal agent of the disease referred to as lily leaf spot. Disease had a severe impact on the population with 59% of mature and 98% of adolescent plants undergoing early senescence. Only 32% of mature plants produced capsules and they were frequently diseased. A recurring spatiotemporal pattern typical of an infectious disease suggested that the lily leaf spot disease is capable of causing sequential annual epidemics of unknown long-term consequences to the stability of the host population.