Si lors de l'introduction des éoliennes dans le paysage de Midi Pyrénées, les acteurs des politiques destinées à développer les énergies renouvelables étaient plutôt novices quant à leur mise en oeuvre, cela a bien changé à l'heure du photovoltaïque. Les conflits et difficultés qu'ils ont expérimentés dans la réalisation de projets d'éoliennes (contestation), de bois énergie (prégnance des industriels du bois), ou de photovoltaïque (préservation des terres agricoles), leur ont permit de se forger une expérience qui les a peu a peu mené à une autre perception des enjeux inhérents. Les coalitions menées au départ de ces politiques entre les experts techniques et les acteurs publics se délient peu à peu et de fait traduisent l'inscription de ces derniers sur le chemin de l'autonomie. Divisée entre différents type de savoirs, les ressources qui permettent cette progressive indépendance des acteurs publics face à ceux émanant des sphères scientifiques et techniques, ne sont pour autant pas réductibles à cette même dimension technique. En effet, la connaissance des référentiels locaux mais aussi celle relative à l'ingénierie des projets font peu à peu concurrence aux savoirs techniques. Une évolution qui modifie finalement le système institutionnel dans lequel émerge les énergies renouvelables. La dynamique, mais aussi les éléments qui composent ce dernier, changent au fil de l'expérimentation des acteurs, ce qui se traduit finalement par l'émergence d'une nouvelle réalité. C'est la mise en perspective de ce processus sur l'ensemble des départements de Midi Pyrénées et concernant les trois types d'énergies renouvelables qui feront l'objet de notre attention dans cette thèse. Nous constaterons via les différences existantes entre les territoires considérés et les similarités prenant forme parmi les trois secteurs étudiés, que les politiques publiques, si elles sont le résultat d'interactions entre des acteurs, des ressources, des règles et des discours, résultent également des caractéristiques du territoire dans lesquels elles s'inscrivent ainsi que de l'action d'acteurs intermédiaires. / Even though energy policymakers were novices when wind power was introduced in the Midi Pyrenees region, the situation had changed when the photovoltaic was implemented. The new challenges policymakers experimented about the wind power and their opponents, the wood energy and the primacy of the wood's industrials, the photovoltaic and the preservation of the agricultural lands, fostered their learning and gradually lead them to change their perception of inherent issues. The coalitions forged between technical experts and policymakers unbind along the progressive empowerment of the formers. Shared between different forms of knowledge, however, the resources needed to implement renewable energies projects cannot be reduced to the technical dimension. Local knowledge and engineering knowledge increasingly compete with expert knowledge. This evolution corresponds to a policy arrangement change. Since the dynamic but also the elements that compose this political system change, a new reality gradually emerges. This whole process will be the main concern of this thesis. We will finally notice that there are some differences between the implementation of these renewable energies among the territories but also among the three forms of renewable energies we analyze. This means that although renewable energy policy are based on interactions between actors' resources, discourse and rules, they also emerge from the action of intermediates actors, and from the characteristic of each territories in which they are implemented.

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[pt] As cadeias de suprimento (CS) estão sendo cada vez mais pressionadas a implementar iniciativas para tornar o seu desempenho mais sustentável. Como exemplo, pode-se citar os desafios impostos pela transição energética para o setor de óleo e gás e suas CS. Orientar a CS em direção a sustentabilidade requer um esforço coordenado, integrado e colaborativo entre os múltiplos parceiros. Um fator crucial para evoluir a trajetória de sustentabilidade das CS é a aprendizagem que ocorre durante a implementação das iniciativas de sustentabilidade colaborativas. Entretanto, não há evidências suficientes na literatura sobre como e em que níveis o processo de aprendizagem ocorre, assim como, sobre suas características e forma de interação entre os parceiros. O objetivo da tese é aprofundar o entendimento sobre as características da dinâmica de aprendizagem e sua influência na trajetória de sustentabilidade nas CS. A tese utiliza os métodos de revisão sistemática da literatura e estudo de caso múltiplo. Como resultados principais, apresenta uma tipologia e framework teórico integrado sobre aprendizagem de sustentabilidade em CS e propõe uma abordagem baseada em processo para investigação empírica do fenômeno. A pesquisa foi conduzida em três grandes multinacionais internacionais e em suas CS atuantes no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que a trajetória de sustentabilidade da CS é cumulativa, recorrente e não-linear, resultante de sucessivas oportunidades de aprendizado emergentes das iniciativas de sustentabilidade colaborativas na CS. Valendo-se do raciocínio abdutivo, a tese fornece um primeiro passo na elaboração de teoria de sobre aprendizagem de sustentabilidade da CS e cunha o conceito de plasticidade da CS. / [en] Supply chains (CS) are pressured to implement initiatives to make their performance more sustainable. For example, the challenges imposed by the energy transition for the oil and gas sector and its SC stand out. Guide SC towards sustainability requires a coordinated, integrated, and collaborative effort between multiple partners. A crucial factor in evolving the sustainability trajectory of SC is the learning that takes place during the implementation of collaborative sustainability initiatives. However, there is not enough evidence in the literature about how and at what levels the learning process occurs, as well as about its characteristics and form of interaction between partners. The objective of the thesis is to deepen the understanding of the characteristics of the learning dynamics and their influence on the sustainability trajectory in the SC. The thesis uses the methods of systematic literature review and multiple case studies. As the main results, it presents a typology and integrated theoretical framework on SC sustainability learning and proposes a process-based approach for empirical investigation of the phenomenon. The research was conducted in three large international multinationals and in their SC operating in Brazil. The results show that SC s sustainability trajectory is cumulative, recurrent, and non-linear, resulting from successive learning opportunities emerging from collaborative sustainability initiatives at SC. Adopting abductive reasoning, the thesis provides a first step in the elaboration of a theory of learning about SC sustainability and coined the concept of SC plasticity.