Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 V36 / Master of Science

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was purified 30,000-fold from hog plasma in a homogeneous state as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 66,000 and was found to contain about 21.4 percent (w/w) carbohydrate. The properties of hog LCAT including amino acid composition were compared with human LCAT. High density lipoprotein (HDL) was isolated from the hog plasma by an immunoaffinity column chromatography. The isolated HDL showed nearly identical lipid-protein composition although it contained additional protein components when it was compared to HDL isolated by a traditional method involving ultracentrifugation.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz / Resumo: Um experimento foi realizado na UNESP – Faculdade de Engenharia – Campus de Ilha Solteira Setor de Avicultura, tendo como objetivo avaliar a matriz nutricional, preconizada pela literatura, da enzima fitase e da goma de soja, isoladas e associadas em dietas para frangos de corte nas fases inicial, crescimento e final, avaliando características de desempenho zootécnico ( consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar) nas fases de 7 a 21, 22 a 35, 36 a 42 e na fase total de 7 a 42 dias de idade, sendo estes dados utilizados para a análise econômica. Foram utilizadas 700 aves da linhagem Coob® (lote sexado – machos), as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo 7 tratamentos e 5 repetições de 20 aves. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando apresentaram diferenças significativas as médias foram comparadas pelo teste SNK 5% de probabilidade, utilizando o programa estatístico SISVAR 5.1 (2001). A valorização individual da matriz nutricional da enzima fitase e da goma de soja, na formulação de ração para frango de corte é uma alternativa para reduzir custos de produção sem afetar o desempenho zootécnico, entretanto ao associar essas matrizes o efeito acumulativo não ocorre. / Abstract: An experiment was carried out at UNESP - Faculty of Engineering - Campus de Ilha Solteira Poultry Sector, with the objective of evaluating the nutritional matrix, recommended by the literature, of phytase enzyme and soybean gum, isolated and associated in diets for broiler chickens. (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion) in stages 7 to 21, 22 to 35, 36 to 42 and in the total phase of 7 to 42 days of age , and these data are used for economic analysis. A total of 700 birds of the Coob lineage were used (batch sexed - males), the birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, containing 7 treatments and 5 replicates of 20 birds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant differences were found the mean values were compared by the SNK 5% probability test, using the statistical program SISVAR 5.1 (2001). The individual valorization of the nutritional matrix of the enzyme phytase and soybean gum in the formulation of ration for broiler chickens is an alternative to reduce production costs without affecting the zootechnical performance, however when associating these matrices the cumulative effect does not occur. / Mestre

Sabe-se que a criopreservação do sêmen provoca uma perda significativa na qualidade espermática. Apesar de diversos estudos visando à melhora na qualidade do sêmen pós-descongelamento, é de consenso geral que a gema de ovo apresenta uma significante capacidade em evitar as crio-injúrias. No entanto, a grande variação na sua composição, assim como o risco potencial para a contaminação do diluidor, caso certos contaminantes estejam no produto in natura, são empecilhos para sua utilização para a exportação do sêmen, assim como sua utilização em humanos. Deste modo, estudos visando substituir a gema de ovo por produtos quimicamente definidos e de origem não-animal, são de extrema importância. Neste contexto, a lecitina da soja, por possuir uma fração de lipoproteína de baixa densidade semelhante à encontrada na gema de ovo, pode ser uma alternativa interessante. O presente estudo visa comparar diluidores a base de lecitina de soja e aqueles contendo gema de ovo utilizados rotineiramente para a refrigeração e criopreservação do sêmen canino. Para isto, foi utilizado o sêmen de 12 cães adultos, que foi refrigerado e criopreservado em diluidores a base de gema de ovo (OVO) e a base de lecitina de soja (LEC) em diferentes concentrações (0,01; 0,05 e 0,1%) e apresentações (FP40, 8160 e Solec F). O sêmen foi avaliado após refrigeração (2, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas; Experimento 1) e após criopreservação (pós refrigeração, pós glicerolização e pós descongelação; Experimento 2) através da análise convencional do sêmen (i.e., motilidade - CASA) e funcionais (i.e., integridade de membrana - eosina/nigrosina; integridade de acrossomo - Fast Green / Rosa Bengala; atividade mitocondrial - 3´3 Diaminobenzidina; fragmentação do DNA - SCSA; susceptibilidade ao estresse oxidativo - substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico). Os resultados do Experimento 1 indicaram que, semelhante ao ovo, todas as lecitinas na concentração 0,01% foram capazes de manter a motilidade em torno de 50% por até 72 horas. Após 96 horas, o diluidor Solec F apresentou melhor resultado em relação ao ovo na atividade mitocondrial, e após 120 horas a concentração 0,01%, apresentou maior motilidade do que o ovo (30,00 ± 10,69; 8,33 ± 1,84, respectivamente). No sêmen criopreservado (Experimento 2), as menores concentrações de lecitina apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao ovo tanto na motilidade quanto na atividade mitocondrial. Os resultados indicam que a lecitina pode ser uma boa alternativa à gema de ovo para a refrigeração e criopreservação do sêmen canino. / Semen cryopreservation, an essential step on biotechnologies applied to reproduction, is known to induce significant loss on sperm quality. Despite several studies aiming to improve post-thaw quality, it is generally agreed that egg yolk is the most effective in protecting sperm against cryo-injuries. However, the considerable variation on egg yolk composition as well as the potential risk of disseminating diseases when used in natura, are obstacles to semen exportation as well as the use in human. Therefore, studies aiming to substitute the egg yolk for chemically defined components or animal free products are extremely important. In this context, soy lecithin, which contains a fraction of low density lipoprotein, appears to be an interesting alternative. Thus, the present study aims to compare semen extenders containing soy lecithin or egg yolk on dog semen cryopreservation and refrigeration. Towards this aim, semen of 12 adult dogs were be refrigerated and cryopreserved in Tris-Fructose-Citric acid extenders with egg yolk (OVO) or soy lecithin (LEC; in different concentrations - 0,01; 0,05; 0,1% and presentations - FP40; 8160; Solec F). Semen was evaluated after chilling (2, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours; Experiment 1) and after cryopreservation (post refrigeration, post-glycerolization, and post-thaw; Experiment 2) for routine semen analysis (e.g., motility, CASA) and functional tests (e.g., membrane integrity - eosin/nigrosin; acrosome integrity - fast green/Bengal rose; mitochondrial activity - 3´3 diaminobenzidine; DNA fragmentation - SCSA; susceptibility to oxidative stress - thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Results were statistically analyzed using the SAS System for Windows. Results of experiment 1 indicate that, similar to the egg yolk, all types of lecithin used in the 0.01% concentration, were able to maintain sperm motility around 50% for 72 h. After 96 h, the extender containing the lecithin Solec F showed better results regarding mitochondrial activity when compared to the egg yolk. Furthermore, after 120 h, the same extender with the 0.01% concentration, showed higher motility when compared to the egg yolk (30.00 ± 10.69 and 8.33 ± 1.84%, respectively). On the other hand, for the cryopreserved samples (Experiment 2), lower concentrations of lecithin showed similar results for mitochondrial activity and motility when compared to the egg yolk. Results found in the present study indicate that soy lecithin may be a good alternative to substitute the egg yolk for both refrigeration and cryopreservation of dog semen.

A presente tese foi desenvolvida com objetivo de avaliar a utilização dos subprodutos do processamento do óleo de soja (OS) (óleo ácido de soja -OAS, lecitina - LEC) e do biodiesel (glicerol - GLI) na alimentação de frangos de corte. Dois estudos foram conduzidos para determinar EMA destes subprodutos e suas combinações. Foram usados 390 frangos de corte machos com 21 d para cada experimento distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial com 4 fontes de gordura e 3 níveis de inclusão mais uma dieta basal sem suplementação de gordura. Cada experimento foi composto por 13 tratamentos dietéticos com 6 repetições de 5 aves por repetição. No primeiro ensaio foi usado: OAS, GLI e LEC, bem como uma mistura contendo 85% OAS, 10% GLI e 5% LEC (MIS). As proporções das fontes de energia na mistura foram semelhantes à encontrada no óleo de soja bruto. No segundo ensaio foi usado quatro diferentes misturas destas fontes de energia sendo elas: 85% OAS e 10% GLI; 80% OAS e 15% GLI; 75% OAS e 20% GLI e 70% OAS e 25% GLI, em todas as misturas estabeleceu-se 5% LEC. Os tratamentos dietéticos foram formados pela adição de cada fonte energética suplementar aos níveis de 0% (100% da dieta basal (DB), 2% (98% DB + 2% fonte de energia), 4% (96% DB + 4% fonte de energia) ou 6% (94% DB + 6% fonte de energia) Nos dois ensaios foi realizado coleta total de excretas por 72h. Aos 28 dias de idade no final do período experimental um frango por repetição foi abatido para coleta do fígado e coleta de sangue para análise de glicerol e triglicérides plasmático e enzima hepática glicerol quinase. Para os dois experimentos houve diferença estatística entre as fontes energéticas (P<0,05). No primeiro ensaio a mistura das três fontes (85:10:5) mostrou melhor valor de EMA, no entanto no segundo experimento a mistura de 80% OAS 15% GLI e 5% LEC apresentou melhor valor quando comparado as demais misturas. Para a concentração de glicerol e triglicerídeos plasmático, assim como para a atividade da enzima glicerol quinase, houve interação entre as fontes e o nível de inclusão (P<0,05). A medida que aumentou o nível de inclusão aumentou-se a concentração de glicerol no plasma e diminuiu a atividade da enzima, no entanto, isto não foi suficiente para saturar a enzima. Em conclusão, os tratamentos mostraram que a mistura de subprodutos do óleo de soja e do biodiesel podem ser usadas como fontes energéticas em dietas de frangos de corte sem acarretar problemas no metabolismo normal do glicerol. / This thesis was carried out to evaluate the utilization of soybean oil (SO) (acidulated soap stock - ASS, lecithin - LEC) and biodiesel (glycerol - GLY) in broiler feeds. Two studies were conducted to determine AME these byproducts and their combinations. At total of 390 21-d-old male broilers were utilized for each experiment distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of 4 fat sources and 3 levels of inclusion plus the basal diet without any fat source. Each study contained 13 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 5 chickens per replicate. In the first experiment, the fat sources used were OAS, GLY and, LEC as well as a mixture (MIX) containing 85%, 10% and 5% respectively. The proportions of energy sources in the mix were similar to that found in crude soybean oil. In the second experiment, it was used four different mixtures of these energy sources, which are, 85% ASS: 10% GLY; 80% ASS: 15% GLY; 75% ASS: 20% GLY and 70% ASS: 25% GLY in all mixtures was fixed 5% LEC. The experimental treatments consisted of addition of each supplemental fat source at the levels of 0% (100% of basal diet (BD)), 2% (98% BD + 2% fat source), 4% (96% BD + 4% fat source) or 6% (94% BD + 6% fat source). The total excreta collection was conducted for 72h. At 28 days of age, the end of the study period one chicken by repetition was slaughtered to collect the liver and blood collection for analysis of plasmatic glycerol and triglycerides and the liver was used for analysis of glycerol kinase enzyme For both experiments was observed statistical difference between energy sources (P <0.05) in the first experiment the mixture of the three sources (85:10: 5) showed best value of AME, however, in the second experiment the mixture of 80% OAS GLI 15% and 5% LEC showed better value when compared to the other mixtures. For the concentration of plasma glycerol and triglycerides, as well as the activity of the enzyme glycerol kinase, there was an interaction between the sources and the inclusion level (P <0.05). As we increased the level of inclusion increased the concentration of glycerol in plasma and decreased enzyme activity, however, this was not enough to saturate the enzyme. In conclusion, the treatment showed that the mixture of soybean oil and biodiesel by-products could be used as energy sources in broiler diets without causing problems in the normal metabolism of the glycerol.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T13:08:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Robespierre Augusto Joaquim Araujo Silva.pdf: 876319 bytes, checksum: 0f2c3e9ca22ca2262229c589230deed3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T13:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Robespierre Augusto Joaquim Araujo Silva.pdf: 876319 bytes, checksum: 0f2c3e9ca22ca2262229c589230deed3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different extenders [Tris buffer (Tris), Tris-egg yolk (EY) and Tris-soybean lecithin 1% (SL1) and 2% (SL2)] and the removal of seminal plasma process in goat sperm stored at 5 ºC for 48 hours. Semen was collected four goats (two Toggenburg and two American Alpine), using an artificial vagina twice a week for four weeks. Ejaculates with greater than 60% motility were pooled and each pool seminal (n = 8) was used in a repeat. The pool was divided equally, half diluted without removal of seminal plasma (non washed semen – NW), and packaged in straws of 0.25 mL (200x106 sperm/mL). The second half of the pool was subjected to removal of the seminal plasma (washed semen - W) by double centrifugation (2200 g/10 min) then diluted and packaged as mentioned above. Then, the samples were chilled to 5 °C (90 min) and kept under refrigeration for 48 hours. Computer analysis of sperm kinetics (CASA) and the evaluation of the plasma membrane (PMi) and acrosomal (ACi) integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined within five minutes after reaching 5 °C (T0), and after 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) hours of storage. No influence extender (p>0.05) was observed for sperm kinetic variables of NW semen, however, independent extender, progressive motility (PM), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), straightline velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) were lower (p<0.05) in T48 compared to T0, a fact confirmed for total motility (TM) of SL2 group. In washed semen, TM and MP of EY group was higher (p <0.05) than the other groups throughout chilling period. After removal of the seminal plasma did not influence the cooling time (p>0.05) in any of the kinetic variables SL2 group. However, LIN, STR, VSL values for Tris-EY and SL1 groups, and PM and VAP values for Tris-EY group, were lower in T48 compared to T0. It was observed also that in the T48 TM, PM, VSL and VAP variables of LS2 group, and PM variable of Tris-EY group were higher in semen washed when compared to semen non whased. The PMi was not influenced by the type of extender, but in NW semen PMi of Tris-EY and SL2 groups was lower (p <0.05) in T48 compared to T0. Greater (p <0.05) PMi was observed for the washed compared to non washed semen. The ACi and kinetics (curvilinear velocity – VCL) were not affected (p>0.05) by extender, or by storage time or the removal of seminal plasma. Thus, it is concluded that the soybean lecithin can be used as a substitute for egg yolk for cooling of goat semen and which removal of the seminal plasma enhances the preservation of the caprine semen. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes diluidores [Tris tampão (Tris), Tris-Gema (TG) e Tris-lecitina de soja 1% (LS1) e 2% (LS2)] e do processo de remoção do plasma seminal no sêmen caprino armazenado a 5 ºC por 48 horas. O sêmen foi colhido de quatro caprinos (dois Toggenburg e dois Alpino Americano), com vagina artificial, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. Ejaculados com motilidade superior a 60% foram agrupados e cada pool seminal (n=8) foi utilizado em uma repetição. O pool foi igualmente dividido, sendo metade diluído, sem remoção do plasma seminal (sêmen não lavado – NL), e envasado em palhetas de 0,25 mL (200x106 espermatozoides/mL). A segunda metade do pool foi submetida a remoção do plasma seminal (sêmen lavado – L) por dupla centrifugação (2200 g/10min) e depois diluída e envasada como citado anteriormente. Em seguida, as amostras foram refrigeradas até 5 ºC (90 min) e mantidas sob refrigeração por 48 horas. Análise computadorizada da cinética espermática (CASA) e a avaliação da integridade de membrana plasmática (iMP) e acrossomal (iAC) e do potencial de membrana mitocondrial (PMM) foram determinadas cinco minutos após atingir 5 ºC (T0), após 24 (T24) e 48 (T48) horas de armazenamento. Nenhuma influência do diluidor (p>0,05) foi observada para as variáveis de cinética espermática do sêmen NL, porém, independente do diluidor, motilidade progressiva (MP), linearidade (LIN), retilinearidade (STR), velocidade em linha reta (VSL) e velocidade média do percurso (VAP) foram menores (p<0,05) no T48 em relação ao T0, fato também observado para motilidade total (MT) do grupo LS2. No sêmen lavado, MT e MP do grupo Gema foi superior (p<0,05) aos demais grupos durante todo período de refrigeração. Após a remoção do plasma seminal não houve influência do tempo de refrigeração (p>0,05) sobre quaisquer das variáveis cinéticas do grupo LS2. Entretanto, os valores de LIN, STR, VSL para os grupos Tris-Gema e LS1, e MP e VAP para o grupo Tris-Gema, foram inferiores no T48 em relação ao T0. Observou-se, ainda, que no T48 as variáveis de MT, MP, VSL e VAP do grupo LS2, e MP do grupo Tris-Gema foram superior no sêmen lavado quando comparado ao sêmen não lavado. A iMP não foi influenciada pelo tipo de diluidor, porém no sêmen NL a iMP dos grupos Tris-Gema e LS2 foi inferior (p<0,05) no T48 em relação ao T0. Maior (p<0,05) iMP foi observada para o sêmen lavado em relação ao não lavado. A iAC e a cinética (velocidade curvilinear-VCL), não foram influenciadas (p>0,05) pelo diluidor, nem pelo tempo de armazenamento ou pela remoção do plasma seminal. Assim, conclui-se que a lecitina de soja pode ser utilizada como substituto à gema de ovo para refrigeração do sêmen caprino e que a remoção do plasma seminal melhora a conservação do sêmen dessa espécie.

<p>Konditorska industrija Srbije za proizvodnju mazivog krem proizvoda isključivo koristi sojin lecitin. Veliki obim proizvodnje ulja iz semena suncokreta i uljane repice u Srbiji uticao je na proizvodnju suncokretovog i repičinog lecitina, kao nusproizvoda postupka degumiranja u fazi rafinacije ovih ulja.<br />Masna faza mazivog krem proizvoda sadrži biljne masti dobijene metodama hidrogenacije, koje kao nusprodukte imaju visok udeo nepoželjnih trans-masnih kiselina. U cilju pobolj&scaron;anja mazivosti ovog proizvoda dodaje se i rafinisano suncokretovo ulje, koje sadrži veliki udeo linolne esencijalne masne kiseline, kao i &alpha;-tokoferol (E vitamin), ima prosečan sadržaj sterola, nizak sadržaj skvalena i karotenoida, ali gotovo da ne sadrži esencijalnu &alpha;-linolensku masnu kiselinu i antioksidante &delta;- i &gamma;-tokoferol.<br />U prvoj fazi doktorske teze ispitana je mogudnost zamene sojinog lecitina u proizvodnji mazivog kakao-krem proizvoda sa suncokretovim i repičinim lecitinom u smislu optimizacije koncentracije dodatog lecitina i vremena mlevenja u laboratorijskom kugličnom mlinu. U drugoj fazi ispitana je mogudnost pobolj&scaron;anja nutritivne vrednosti mazivog kakao-krem proizvoda zamenom dela i celokupne količine suncokretovog ulja funkcionalnim uljima iz semena soje, uljane repice i susama.<br />Gasnom hromatografijom ispitan je sastav masnih kiselina u masti, biljnim uljima i lecitinima različitog porekla, gde je u lecitinima određen i sastav fosfolipida primenom kvantitativne fosforne nuklearno-magnetno-rezonantne tehnike. Kristalizacione osobine masne faze mazivog kakao-krem proizvoda ispitane su pulsnom nuklearno-magnetnom-rezonantnom spektroskopijom, dok je kinetika kristalizacije definisana primenom Gompertz-ovog matematičkog modela.<br />Reolo&scaron;ke karakteristike mazivog kakao-krem proizvoda ispitane su rotacionom viskozimetrijom, određene su teksturalne karakteristike proizvoda na teksturometru i toplotne osobine primenom diferencijalne skenirajude kalorimetrije. Boja proizvoda definisana je tristimulusnom kolorimetrijom, a senzorna analiza određena je metodom skale u vremenskom intervalu od &scaron;est meseci čuvanja uzorka na tamnom mestu i sobnoj temperaturi. Ispitivanje održivosti mazivog kakao-krem proizvoda obuhvatilo je određivanje nastalih aldehida, kao proizvoda oksidacije lipida, gasnom hromatografijom.</p> / <p>Soy lecithin is widely used emulsifier in confectionery industry of Serbia. On the other hand, there is a large production of sunflower and rapeseed oil, which contributed the production of sunflower and rapeseed lecithin as a by-product of degumming of crude oil during refining process. Another issue is a high level of undesirable trans-fatty acids in hydrogenated vegetable fats that are being used in the production of cream spread. Beside hidrogenated fats, cream product contains sunflower oil with essential fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) and &alpha;-tocopherol (E vitamin), has an average content of sterols, squalene and a low content of carotenoids, but almost does not contain the essential &alpha;-linolenic acid and antioxidants, &delta;-and &gamma;-tocopherol.<br />The first phase of this work investigates<br />the possibility of soy lecithin replacement in cocoa spread cream production with sunflower and rapeseed lecithin, in terms of optimizing the amount of lecithin and milling time in laboratory ball mill.<br />The second phase investigates nutrition value improvement of cocoa spread cream, with partly or completely replacing sunflower oil with functional soybean, rapeseed and sesame oil.<br />Gas chromatography was used in order to examine the fatty acid composition in edible non trans-fat and vegetable oils, as well as in lecithin from different sources. Phospholipid composition in soy, sunflower and rapeseed lecithin was determined using quantitative phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Crystallization properties of fat phase of cocoa spread cream were examined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, while crystallization kinetics was defined using the Gompertz&#39;s mathematical model.<br />Rheological properties of cocoa spread cream were analyzed by rotational viscosity, certain textural characteristics were determined using texture analyser and also thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry. The color on the surface of cocoa spread cream was defined using tristimulus colorimetric method, and sensory analysis was determined by the scale over a period of six months of storage in the dark and room temperature. Shelf-life of cocoa spread cream was determined applying gas chromatographic analyses of the formed aldehydes as secondary products of lipid oxidation.</p>

In this study, parameters for the adsorption of several halogenated phenolate ions to egg-phosphatidylcholine vesicles have been determined by microelectrophoresis.

Essential oils (EOs) or their isolated components, such as eugenol and carvacrol, have strong antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are generally recognized as safe by the FDA. However their hydrophobic properties limit their dispersion and stabilization in aqueous food systems. This requires higher concentrations, which in turn negatively affect the quality of foods. The objective here was to determine the effect of the natural emulsifier lecithin on the antimicrobial activity of eugenol and carvacrol and possible food applications. Escherichia coli K12 and E. coli O157:H7 strains ‘Cider’ and ATCC 43889 were used. Homogenized eugenol and carvacrol, with and without lecithin, were screened for antimicrobial activity. The stability of the samples measured by particle size and zeta potential was not affected by different concentrations of lecithin. For all strains, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and eugenol was enhanced significantly (P<0.05) by low concentration of lecithin. The D-value (time at a specific concentration of antimicrobial necessary to cause a 90% reduction in viable cells) for E. coli K12 exposed to 0.047% v/v eugenol or 0.015 % v/v carvacrol was reduced from 13.3 to 6.3 min and 17.4 to 9.7 min, respectively, with the addition of 0.0025% lecithin (w/v). Similarly 0.0025% w/v lecithin in the presence of 0.058% v/v eugenol or 0.0188% v/v carvacrol, caused the D-value to decrease from 4.0 to 1.2 min and 10.2 to 6.9 min, respectively, for E. coli strain ‘Cider’ and from 6.2 min to 3.6 min and 9.9 to 5.4 min, respectively, for E. coli ATCC 43889. Higher lecithin concentrations (> 0.005% w/v) increased D-values compared to lower concentrations. Similar results were found in vegetable juice. The results showed that a small amount of lecithin can enhance the antimicrobial activities of essential oils. Addition of lecithin had no effect on oil-water emulsion droplet particle size and the stability of the samples was not affected by different concentration of lecithin. We believe that lecithin enhances the antimicrobial activity of eugenol and carvacrol droplets by improving the ionic interactions between the positively charged lecithin-containing essential oil components and negatively charged bacterial cells.

The goal of this study was to characterize the nutritional contribution of microalgae to white-legged shrimp and optimize fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) inclusion levels in their diets in the presence of microalgae. Phytoplankton composition was first determined in a typical Peruvian intensive commercial shrimp farm and in a semi-closed greenhouse-covered reservoir. A predominance of 76.3% cyanobacteria was observed for most of 9 months in all shrimp ponds. However, with the fertilization program in a reservoir tank, 60.7% diatoms and 22.8% cyanobacteria predominated. Thus, with the imposed fertilization regimen, the microalgae composition was manipulated to be different than that in commercial shrimp ponds. The microalgae composition was then evaluated along with different dietary levels of FM and squid meal (SM) in a feeding trial to evaluate the potential of phytoplankton to reduce FM and SM levels in shrimp feeds. Six diets were formulated to contain either 5, 10 or 20% SM combined with either 6.5 or 12% FM. Dietary effects on growth and survival were compared in a "clear-water system" (CWS) and a "green-water system" (GWS). Results suggest that 6.5% FM and 5% SM can be used as a cost-effective combination in feeds for shrimp. The effects of different dietary levels of FO and soybean lecithin (LT) on shrimp growth in CWS and GWS were evaluated in another feeding trial to determine if dietary phospholipids and phytoplankton increase the availability of essential fatty acids (EFAs) to shrimp. Six diets were formulated to contain 1, 2 or 3% FO combined with either 1 or 4% LT. Shrimp fed diets containing 1% LT and 1% FO in both systems had significantly lower weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio. Cephalothorax lipids and phospholipids were higher in shrimp fed diets containing 4% LT. Inclusion of 4% LT increased the availability of EFAs, and could contribute to reduce the FO in shrimp diets. The contribution of phytoplankton to shrimp weight gain, varied from 38.8 to 60.6%. This study demonstrated that cost-effective diets could be formulated with reduced inclusion levels of FM and FO considering the contribution of microalgae to the nutrition of shrimp.