The deficits of conteporary law-making in the Czech Republic Keywords: legislative process, Parliament, legisprudence Abstract: The thesis concerns contemporary law-making process in the Czech Republic in an effort to identify its weak spots, which can lead to low-quality laws being created and passed. Rating the quality of legislative process is considered by the author to be impossible without a proper philosophical and theoretical basis. Such basis is found in the theory of legisprudence, which was conceived by L. Wintgens. Legisprudence is a theory of rational law-making and it presents itself as an alternative to mainstream jurisprudence that is focused mainly on interpreting law. In accordance with legisprudence, the legitimacy of law is dependent on bringing positive outcomes compared to a situation of absence of law. Philosophically, legisprudence is based on social contract as a mandate for the lawmaker to pass laws that only minimally encroach on freedoms. Principles of legisprudence and the requirements on lawmakers that it formulates, are applied on specific parts of the law-making process in Czech Republic. Specifically, administrative procedure of legislative drafting, legislative technique, explanatory memoranda, regulatory impact assessment, and parliamentary procedure are examined. These...

The paper mainly focuses on legislative deviations from common legislative process in the Czech Republic. For the purpose of comparison it also considers the deviations in Germany and Austria. The derivations are divided into three groups. Firstly, in case of subject derivations the special process rules are reasoned by a specific character of the topic (typically enacting of constitutional or financial law). Secondly, there are accelerating derivations, which are intended to shorten the legislative process. Last but not least, crisis derivations are included. These are used in crisis situations such as war, natural disasters or parliament's incapacity to work. To be more specific, the major section is focused on summary proceedings on law proposals, whereby the position of both parliamentary chambers equals; proceedings on financial law proposals, which are excluded from the voting in the Senate; proceedings on statutory of the Senate measures, which are enacted during the dissolution of the Chamber of deputies; proceedings on law proposals in compliance with the Security Act; law adoption at the first reading, law adoption in the state of legislative emergency, adoption of a law which is connected with a vote of confidence and finally legislative process, which implements the decision of the Security...

According binding legislation, explanatory reports attached to legislatorybills is integral part of legislative process in the Czech republic for a long time, dramatically exceeding duration of autonomic Czech state. However, law sciences aren't interested in them a lot, equally to whole legislative process. Unfortunately, most of legislative actors do the same. At first, this thesis briefly discribes legislation related to explanatory reports. It considers both efficient legislation and valid legislation with efficiency planed from 1st January 2000, but also legislation in Legislative government guideline, which is binding only for legistatory bill submitted by government. Coming out from assumption, that writing explanatory report isn't the purpose by itself, the thesis define several functions, whitch explanatory reports should fulfill. Only in comparison with to these fuctions, we could say how explanatory report should like and eventually how it definitely souldn't. Base on these defined functions, the most common lacks of explanatory notes, which makes fullfiling the function more difficult or even impossible. These lacks is presented at real documents (bills) from legislative process - passed bills, rejected bills and also bill going through the various parts of legislative process right now...

Section 43 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 allocates the national legislative authority to Parliament. The Constitutional Court acknowledged in the Certification of the Constitution of the RSA, 1996 judgment that the South African application of the doctrine will be unique, because there is “no universal model of the separation of powers”. Each branch of government has a different role to play during the legislative process. Political steering can be defined as “the intentional intervention of political actors in legal subsystems including the legislative system”. Executive political steering can be a useful tool for cooperation, but when taken too far, could infringe on the doctrine of the separation of power. From the case studies, it was evident that executive political steering can be a twoedged sword. On face value, it may seem as if the executive is intervening, albeit by using the departmental experts and specialists, to ensure that their vision for legislation remains largely intact. When Bills are accepted “as is” from the Executive, and without substantially interrogating each proposal, the Portfolio Committees and Parliament are not exercising their authority to the fullest extent. However, it is accepted that there is an acute shortage of legislative drafters, and that national departments employ content specialists. Parliamentarians cannot be specialists in all the fields that they have to legislate on, and it is not cost-effective to replicate the national department’s structures in Parliament to provide such expertise to the members. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Public Law / unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to show how mass media can affect the legislative process. This is shown generally as well as specifically - using the legislative process in the Czech Republic as an example, which is illustrated by a specific case, in which media pressure resulted in the change of legislation. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first two are theoretical, the third chapter presents a case study and the last chapter draws conclusions from the previous three. The first chapter shows law as an open system, which develops while communicating with the other subsystems of society. Sociological approach to law is presented, as well as selected concepts from sociology of law. Some crucial concepts from law theory are defined. The last part of the first chapter presents the legislative process in the Czech Republic, which is being defined in the broad meaning of this concept. The theme of the second chapter is mass media - first its definition, followed by presentation of selected concepts of relationship between mass media and society, with emphasis on agenda-setting and framing. The third chapter presents a case study of a successful campaign for change in legislation - mass media campaign associated with the premiere of the documentary film Smejdi in Czech cinemas. Role of the...

The democratic deficit of the European Union The European Parliament in the legislative process of the European Union - in comparison with the position of the Bundestag This thesis examines the democratic deficit of the European Union based on the comparison of the position of the European Parliament in the legislative process of the European Union and the Bundestag in German legislative process. I chose the comparison with the Bundestag because out of all the Member States, the German political system and its legislative process resembles the one of the European Union the most. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether and to what extent, taking into consideration the strengthening of the European Parliament in recent years, we can still discuss the democratic deficit of the European Union, when the European Union citizens and their elected representatives were excluded from effective participation in the adoption of legislative acts. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the context of the democratic deficit of the European Union within the role of the European Parliament according to a number of leading authors on the issue of European integration. The second part is devoted to the legislative process in Germany, focusing on the position and role of the Bundestag in...

Os entrelaçamentos de ordens legislativas envolvem o cruzamento de estruturas jurídico-políticas de diferentes níveis: internacional, transnacional, supranacional e nacional. A análise dos entrelaçamentos pela perspectiva da diplomacia parlamentar e do processo legislativo geram uma capacidade de avaliação crítica em torno se de sua legitimidade. A tese tem como tema o Poder Legislativo, um dos pilares da prática democrática da grande maioria dos Estados do século XXI, assegurando a representação no processo político. O Poder Legislativo consiste na delegação soberana e legítima de fazer a lei aplicável em um determinado território. Ainda que consolidado no âmbito das constituições nacionais, o Poder Legislativo não tem sido estudado, no plano internacional. Contudo, a crescente incorporação de normas internacionais ao nível doméstico suscita a questão da legitimidade democrática da criação dessas normas, sendo trabalhado por seus dois elementos constituintes: processo e representação legislativa. O processo legislativo é entendido como ideologia, pois mesmo como procedimento ou forma é identificado com uma estrutura de poder que prioriza certos resultados. A sua análise é aqui proposta por meio dos paralelos entre ordens legislativas nacionais e extranacionais. A representação legislativa é abordada por meio do conceito de diplomacia parlamentar, que engloba uma série desordenada de atividades e poderes de parlamentares ou processos parlamentares nas relações internacionais. Sendo assim, esse conceito será sistematizado, primeiramente por dois níveis: o nível democrático por meio de um código eleito/não-eleito; e um segundo nível por suas funções: legislativa, fiscalizadora e/ou diplomática. Como base teórica, busca-se abrigo no transconstitucionalismo e na perspectiva da teoria crítica das relações internacionais. Como método, utiliza-se uma revisão teórica com exploração de estudos de casos. Os casos evidenciam a existência de entrelaçamento de ordens legislativas em duas relações: supranacional/nacional e transnacional/nacional. Contudo, produzem resultados opostos. Enquanto a União Europeia apresenta um entrelaçamento constituído por processos transparentes, legítimos e dotados de mecanismos de participação, na relação entre suas instituições supranacionais e os Estados-membros, a lex sportiva do futebol produz um entrelaçamento opaco, ilegítimo e hermético à participação na relação da sua ordem transnacional e o processo legislativo estatal brasileiro. / The interlacements of legislatives orders involve the legal and political structures crossing of different levels : international , transnational , supranational and national . The interlacements analysis through the parliamentary diplomacy and legislative outlook generate a critical assessment capacity around its legitimacy. The thesis\' theme is the Legislative Power, one of the pillars of democratic practice of the vast majority of states in the twenty-first century, ensuring representation to the political process. The Legislative Power consists in the sovereign and legitimate delegation to making the law applicable in a given territory. Although funded in national constitutions, the Legislative Power has not been studied in international relations. However, the increasing incorporation of international law at the domestic level raises the question of the democratic legitimacy of the development of such norms. Therefore, it will be developed by its two founding concepts: process and legislative representation. The legislative process is understood as ideology, because even as a procedure or form it is identified as a structure power that prioritizes given results. Its analysis is proposed here through the parallels between national and extranational legal orders. The legislative representation is addressed through the concept of parliamentary diplomacy which includes a disorderly series of activities and powers of parliament or parliamentary procedures in international relations. Thus, this concept will be systematized by two levels: first, the democratic level with an unelected/elected code; and a second level concerning its functions: legislative, accountable and/or diplomatic. As a theoretical basis, we seek shelter in transconstitutionalism and the critical theory of international relations. As a method, it is used a theoretical review on exploration of case studies. The cases show the existence of interlacements of political orders in two relationships: supranational/national and transnational/national. However, it produces opposite results. While the European Union has an interlacement consisting, transparent, legitimate and endowed with mechanisms of participation, with the relationship between supranational institutions and their Member States, the football lex sportiva produces interlacement opaque, illegitimate and hermetic in relation to the participation of its transnational order with the Brazilian state legislative process.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel Geraldo Coimbra.pdf: 912722 bytes, checksum: 11b3c04cbcbf939f397d76180d223efd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-16 / The legislative process is species of the ample sort of the procedural law destined to the legislative production, thus understood the creation, modification or revocation of the legislative acts. It is developed in accord with the rules shaped in the legal system, finding its bedding in the Constitution, which defines the normative species, the procedures and the charged agencies of the legislation. Soon, the constitutionality direction understands the conformity of all the acts of the legislative process with the norms and the principles consecrated in the Constitution. The legislative process has in the principle of the contradictory its main vector. Corollary of due process of law, understands essentially the right of participation of the interested parties in the formation of the state provisions, in the judiciary sphere (judicial proceeding), in the administrative one (administrative proceeding) and in the legislative one (legislative process). It implies the conduction dialectic of the process in same conditions, of luck that is assured to all conditions effective of participation for manifestation of its interests. The contradictory notion, in the legislative process, understands the existence of conditions to assure the correspondence all enters the will revealed for the legislator and the general will of the members of the society, implying ample participation in the process of formation of the law. It is characterized initially for the direct election of the members of the legislative houses, happened from there the legitimacy of the representation, with the possibility of participation of elect in all the acts of the legislative process, as condition of its validity. Parallel, the direct participation of the interested parties is assured by means of diverse mechanisms, such as legislative initiative by a non member parliament, in some cases the plebiscite and the countersignature, mechanisms of judicial control of constitutionality, as well as the direct participation, either in the accompaniment of the process of quarrel, emendations and voting, either in the together intervention to them parliamentarians. It is treated, therefore, of fabulous mechanism to assure the preservation of the democratic order and the harmony in the social living / O processo legislativo é espécie do gênero amplo do direito processual destinado à produção legislativa, assim entendida a criação, modificação ou revogação dos atos legislativos. Desenvolve-se em consonância com as regras plasmadas no ordenamento jurídico, encontrando seu fundamento na Constituição, que define as espécies normativas, os procedimentos e os órgãos incumbidos da legislação. Logo, o sentido de constitucionalidade compreende a conformidade de todos os atos do processo legislativo com as normas e os princípios consagrados na Constituição. O processo legislativo tem no princípio do contraditório o seu principal vetor. Corolário do devido processo legal, compreende essencialmente o direito de participação dos interessados na formação do provimento estatal, na esfera judiciária (processo jurisdicional), na administrativa (processo administrativo) e na legislativa (processo legislativo). Implica a condução dialética do processo em condições igualitárias, de sorte que seja assegurado a todos condições efetivas de participação para manifestação dos seus interesses. A noção de contraditório, no processo legislativo, compreende a existência de condições para assegurar a correspondência entre a vontade manifestada pelo legislador e a vontade geral dos membros da sociedade, implicando ampla participação em todo o processo de formação da lei. Caracteriza-se inicialmente pela eleição direta dos membros das casas legislativas, advindo daí a legitimidade da representação, com a possibilidade de participação dos eleitos em todos os atos do processo legislativo, como condição de sua validade. Paralelamente, a participação direta dos interessados é assegurada por meio de mecanismos diversos, tais como iniciativa popular, em alguns casos o plebiscito e o referendo, mecanismos de controle judicial de constitucionalidade, bem como a participação direta, seja no acompanhamento do processo de discussão, emendas e votação, seja na intervenção junto aos parlamentares. Trata-se, portanto, de fabuloso mecanismo para assegurar a preservação da ordem democrática e da harmonia na convivência social

Este trabalho procura compreender como funcionam as coalizões que sustentam o Executivo no Brasil, com um olhar direcionado ao processo legislativo, ou seja, à forma como leis são processadas no interior do Poder Legislativo. Acredito que a formação de coalizões implica na divisão de poder e de responsabilidade sobre o conjunto de políticas, ou seja, implica que todos os partidos que compõem a coalizão participam e influem no resultado final do processo decisório. Pretendo, através da análise do processo de produção das leis, identificar em que moldes se dá o acordo entre os partidos no tocante a políticas específicas. Privilegio as medidas introduzidas e vetadas pelo Executivo para, por meio destas, mostrar como se dá concretamente este acordo. / This work seeks to understand the coalitions that support the Executive Power in Brazil, focusing the legislative process, which means, focusing how the laws are produced inside the Legislative Power. The assumption is that forming coalitions implies sharing power and responsibilities over the broad set of policies. In other words, it implies that the parties composing the coalition participate and influence the results of the decisionmaking process. By analyzing the legislative process, the aim is to identify the terms of the parties agreement concerning policies. The emphasis is on the bills introduced and vetoed by the Executive, assuming that they reveal this agreement.

Este trabalho procura compreender como funcionam as coalizões que sustentam o Executivo no Brasil, com um olhar direcionado ao processo legislativo, ou seja, à forma como leis são processadas no interior do Poder Legislativo. Acredito que a formação de coalizões implica na divisão de poder e de responsabilidade sobre o conjunto de políticas, ou seja, implica que todos os partidos que compõem a coalizão participam e influem no resultado final do processo decisório. Pretendo, através da análise do processo de produção das leis, identificar em que moldes se dá o acordo entre os partidos no tocante a políticas específicas. Privilegio as medidas introduzidas e vetadas pelo Executivo para, por meio destas, mostrar como se dá concretamente este acordo. / This work seeks to understand the coalitions that support the Executive Power in Brazil, focusing the legislative process, which means, focusing how the laws are produced inside the Legislative Power. The assumption is that forming coalitions implies sharing power and responsibilities over the broad set of policies. In other words, it implies that the parties composing the coalition participate and influence the results of the decisionmaking process. By analyzing the legislative process, the aim is to identify the terms of the parties agreement concerning policies. The emphasis is on the bills introduced and vetoed by the Executive, assuming that they reveal this agreement.