Food festivals and events are growing in popularity and warrant in-depth studies of festival visitors. Given the increasing socio-economic significance of this vibrant component of the world’s leisure industry, gaining knowledge of food festival visitors and their expenditure patterns is essential to festival researchers and destination marketers. This study examines the characteristics of food festival visitors and the determinants of their festival expenditures. Specifically, a conceptual model has been developed to delineate the correlations among festival spending patterns and the visitors’ event-related motivations, food-related motivations, and food involvement levels. Generally, the study was constructed around six hypotheses and five research questions, which were proposed based on a comprehensive review of literature related to events and festivals, culinary tourism, and food consumption. A questionnaire survey was designed to collect empirical data from festival attendees exiting the 9th China(Hefei) Crawfish Festival (CHCF) in Hefei city, Anhui province, China. Four aspects of food festival visitor characteristics were investigated: 1) festival expenditures in five categories (i.e., food and beverages consumed at the festival, food and beverages taken away, goods and gifts other than food and beverages, entertainment, and other expenses); 2) event-related motivations for attending, including eight individual motivators (i.e., relaxation, social, family, festival culture, excitement, escape, entertainment, and novelty); 3) food-related motivations for attending, including eight individual motivators (i.e., social, family, physical environment, food culture, celebration, sensory appeal, knowledge, and prestige); 4) food involvement traits, including four subsets (i.e., cooking, acquisition, eating, and preparing) and ten individual traits (i.e., food choice, food shopping, food processing, food presentation, cooking delight, cooking practice, taste judging, food preoccupation, and exotic food experiences). To gain a wider understanding of the food festival market, the study also investigated the visitors’ demographic and visit characteristics. A Tobit modeling procedure was applied to investigate the relationships between visitors’ festival expenditures (total and food-related) and their scores on festival motivations and food involvement scales. The results show that visitors’ total or food-related expenditures at the festival were not associated with their overall scores on event-related or food-related festival motivations, and visitors’ spending during the festival had negative correlations with their overall food involvement scale scores. However, a further investigation of sixteen individual motivators and ten food involvement traits revealed that within the event-related motivation category, “Novelty” and “Escape” were positively related to both the total and food-related expenditures, while “Social” and “Entertainment” were negatively related. Among the eight food-specific motivators, “Culture” and “Family” were negative correlates of both the total and the food/beverage spending and, respectively, “Sensory appeal” and “Social” were positive correlates of the total and food/beverage. In-depth investigations of the ten FIS items indicated that, in particular, the greater visitors’ interest in “Cooking practice” and “Exotic food experience”, the less they spent in total and on food/beverages. The only food involvement item that had a positive relation with the expenditures is “Cooking delight”. In terms of the relation between festival motivations and food involvement levels, the results of a series of t-tests reported that individuals who are more highly interested in food were more likely motivated to attend by food-related factors than individuals who are less interested in food, and those who reported less involvement with food showed equal interest in the food and event experiences available at the festival. With respect to visitor characteristics, empirical data gathered from the visitor survey provided a general description of the CHCF attendees’ age, gender, residence, and visit patterns. The findings illustrate that the visitors were typically young, and slightly more females than males attended the festival. The majority were local residents who came to the festival in a group with two or three family members or relatives/friends, and they tended to stay two to three hours at the festival. As could be expected with a food-themed festival, a great proportion of the visitors’ festival expenditures were related to food, especially, foods and beverages consumed at the festival. In terms of motivations for attending, generally, visitors were attracted to the festival by a synergy of food experiences available at the festival and the event itself. The most important motivations for attending were interpersonal, including both event-related and food-related “Social” and “Family” motivators. The event-related “Relaxation” and food-related “Physical environment” were also among the top three most important motivators in the two categories. With regard to food involvement, the visitors were relatively more highly involved with food than general food consumers; in particular, they were highly interested in “Cooking” and “Taste judging”. Overall, this study provides an in-depth examination of festival visitors and their consumption traits in a food festival context. When compared with those of the extant literature on culinary tourism and festival visitors, the results and discussion of the study confirm certain previous findings and, also, challenge some common assumptions. Based on the study’s key findings, the hypothesized conceptual model was extensively modified to illustrate the detailed correlations among a number of variables related to food festival visitors’ expenditures, event-related and food-related motivations for attending, and food involvement traits. Theoretical and practical implications of the study towards future research issues are subsequently drawn from the findings. It is suggested that the food festival market should be understood in a holistic sense within both the community festival and culinary tourism contexts, and future research endeavors should be directed towards a more comprehensive conceptual model that can thoroughly explain the food festival expenditure determinants.

This research explores aspects of small tourism businesses in a Canadian context. A number of authors (e.g., Getz and Nilsson, 2004; Hall and Rusher, 2004; Lynch and Tucker, 2004; Morrison and Teixeira, 2004a/b) have noted that while small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are acknowledged as an important parts of the tourism industry, they are underrepresented in the academic literature. Of the small business research that has been conducted, a sizeable portion has focused on industries other than tourism; the tourism-specific research on SMEs has predominately been conducted in Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand and has frequently focused on a single segment of the industry, often the small accommodation sector. Little research of this nature has been done in a Canadian context. The study was set in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, and compares and contrasts two parts of the tourism industry: the accommodation and food and beverage sectors. The study focused on small business owners and examined three main aspects: their motivations for starting/purchasing the business, how they evaluated the success of the business and the experiences they had while running the business. The research also set out to examine the demography of Canadian tourism SME owners and how they defined small business. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Data were collected through mailed questionnaires which were followed up with semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that despite motivations being similar between study sites and industries, the paths that lead owners to their business varied greatly. Though ‘lifestyle’ motivations were predominately cited, financial considerations were also noted. Owners frequently used financial calculations to measure the achievement of their lifestyle motivations. The experiences owners had with their business were overwhelmingly positive and were grouped into six themes: changes in the industry, relationship building, staffing, the importance of customer service, financial costs of running a small business and time management. The results of this study confirmed that Canadian tourism SME owners in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, possess similar motivations, measurements of success and experiences as their national and international counterparts.

Food festivals and events are growing in popularity and warrant in-depth studies of festival visitors. Given the increasing socio-economic significance of this vibrant component of the world’s leisure industry, gaining knowledge of food festival visitors and their expenditure patterns is essential to festival researchers and destination marketers. This study examines the characteristics of food festival visitors and the determinants of their festival expenditures. Specifically, a conceptual model has been developed to delineate the correlations among festival spending patterns and the visitors’ event-related motivations, food-related motivations, and food involvement levels. Generally, the study was constructed around six hypotheses and five research questions, which were proposed based on a comprehensive review of literature related to events and festivals, culinary tourism, and food consumption. A questionnaire survey was designed to collect empirical data from festival attendees exiting the 9th China(Hefei) Crawfish Festival (CHCF) in Hefei city, Anhui province, China. Four aspects of food festival visitor characteristics were investigated: 1) festival expenditures in five categories (i.e., food and beverages consumed at the festival, food and beverages taken away, goods and gifts other than food and beverages, entertainment, and other expenses); 2) event-related motivations for attending, including eight individual motivators (i.e., relaxation, social, family, festival culture, excitement, escape, entertainment, and novelty); 3) food-related motivations for attending, including eight individual motivators (i.e., social, family, physical environment, food culture, celebration, sensory appeal, knowledge, and prestige); 4) food involvement traits, including four subsets (i.e., cooking, acquisition, eating, and preparing) and ten individual traits (i.e., food choice, food shopping, food processing, food presentation, cooking delight, cooking practice, taste judging, food preoccupation, and exotic food experiences). To gain a wider understanding of the food festival market, the study also investigated the visitors’ demographic and visit characteristics. A Tobit modeling procedure was applied to investigate the relationships between visitors’ festival expenditures (total and food-related) and their scores on festival motivations and food involvement scales. The results show that visitors’ total or food-related expenditures at the festival were not associated with their overall scores on event-related or food-related festival motivations, and visitors’ spending during the festival had negative correlations with their overall food involvement scale scores. However, a further investigation of sixteen individual motivators and ten food involvement traits revealed that within the event-related motivation category, “Novelty” and “Escape” were positively related to both the total and food-related expenditures, while “Social” and “Entertainment” were negatively related. Among the eight food-specific motivators, “Culture” and “Family” were negative correlates of both the total and the food/beverage spending and, respectively, “Sensory appeal” and “Social” were positive correlates of the total and food/beverage. In-depth investigations of the ten FIS items indicated that, in particular, the greater visitors’ interest in “Cooking practice” and “Exotic food experience”, the less they spent in total and on food/beverages. The only food involvement item that had a positive relation with the expenditures is “Cooking delight”. In terms of the relation between festival motivations and food involvement levels, the results of a series of t-tests reported that individuals who are more highly interested in food were more likely motivated to attend by food-related factors than individuals who are less interested in food, and those who reported less involvement with food showed equal interest in the food and event experiences available at the festival. With respect to visitor characteristics, empirical data gathered from the visitor survey provided a general description of the CHCF attendees’ age, gender, residence, and visit patterns. The findings illustrate that the visitors were typically young, and slightly more females than males attended the festival. The majority were local residents who came to the festival in a group with two or three family members or relatives/friends, and they tended to stay two to three hours at the festival. As could be expected with a food-themed festival, a great proportion of the visitors’ festival expenditures were related to food, especially, foods and beverages consumed at the festival. In terms of motivations for attending, generally, visitors were attracted to the festival by a synergy of food experiences available at the festival and the event itself. The most important motivations for attending were interpersonal, including both event-related and food-related “Social” and “Family” motivators. The event-related “Relaxation” and food-related “Physical environment” were also among the top three most important motivators in the two categories. With regard to food involvement, the visitors were relatively more highly involved with food than general food consumers; in particular, they were highly interested in “Cooking” and “Taste judging”. Overall, this study provides an in-depth examination of festival visitors and their consumption traits in a food festival context. When compared with those of the extant literature on culinary tourism and festival visitors, the results and discussion of the study confirm certain previous findings and, also, challenge some common assumptions. Based on the study’s key findings, the hypothesized conceptual model was extensively modified to illustrate the detailed correlations among a number of variables related to food festival visitors’ expenditures, event-related and food-related motivations for attending, and food involvement traits. Theoretical and practical implications of the study towards future research issues are subsequently drawn from the findings. It is suggested that the food festival market should be understood in a holistic sense within both the community festival and culinary tourism contexts, and future research endeavors should be directed towards a more comprehensive conceptual model that can thoroughly explain the food festival expenditure determinants.

This research explores aspects of small tourism businesses in a Canadian context. A number of authors (e.g., Getz and Nilsson, 2004; Hall and Rusher, 2004; Lynch and Tucker, 2004; Morrison and Teixeira, 2004a/b) have noted that while small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are acknowledged as an important parts of the tourism industry, they are underrepresented in the academic literature. Of the small business research that has been conducted, a sizeable portion has focused on industries other than tourism; the tourism-specific research on SMEs has predominately been conducted in Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand and has frequently focused on a single segment of the industry, often the small accommodation sector. Little research of this nature has been done in a Canadian context. The study was set in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, and compares and contrasts two parts of the tourism industry: the accommodation and food and beverage sectors. The study focused on small business owners and examined three main aspects: their motivations for starting/purchasing the business, how they evaluated the success of the business and the experiences they had while running the business. The research also set out to examine the demography of Canadian tourism SME owners and how they defined small business. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Data were collected through mailed questionnaires which were followed up with semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that despite motivations being similar between study sites and industries, the paths that lead owners to their business varied greatly. Though ‘lifestyle’ motivations were predominately cited, financial considerations were also noted. Owners frequently used financial calculations to measure the achievement of their lifestyle motivations. The experiences owners had with their business were overwhelmingly positive and were grouped into six themes: changes in the industry, relationship building, staffing, the importance of customer service, financial costs of running a small business and time management. The results of this study confirmed that Canadian tourism SME owners in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, possess similar motivations, measurements of success and experiences as their national and international counterparts.

The management of congestible recreation resources has been based largely on the concept of satisfaction. This concept is poorly defined and often does not reflect objectives for management of recreation resources. One way of addressing these problems is to define and use measurable objectives for management of recreation resources. One such objective is economic efficiency. The concept of efficiency is defined and economic theory developed to identify efficient allocations of congestible resources, the efficient capacities of resources under different allocation mechanisms, and the efficiency costs of use of lottery-based allocation mechanisms. The usefulness of this body of economic theory in allocation of backcountry recreational resources is addressed through investigation of ability to measure demand for congestible resources, and the problems associated with use of surrogate measures of demand. Theoretical models of efficient management of congestible resources cannot be applied with the current state of knowledge because existing non-market valuation methods are not able to identify Hicksian-compensated demand functions for congestible backcountry recreation. Use of Marshallian demand measures introduces the possibility of resource misallocations of unknown direction and magnitude.

O fenômeno da segunda residência tem implicações espaciais que interferem na produção e consumo do espaço geográfico. A segunda habitação, vista à luz da prática do lazer e do turismo, atividades cada vez mais praticadas na sociedade contemporânea, implica em interesses, articulações e conflitos no espaço urbano litorâneo. O objetivo do trabalho é caracterizar a segunda residência como indutora do processo de urbanização, na contemporaneidade, no município de Itapema, no litoral norte de Santa Catarina. A segunda residência se caracteriza como um alojamento turístico ou particular usado temporariamente com objetivo de lazer e uso do tempo livre. Assim percebe-se o caráter da propriedade, da finalidade, da temporalidade e do vínculo referente ao domicílio e ao lugar como critérios para determinar uma segunda residência. As particularidades do litoral de Santa Catarina atraíram habitações de segunda residência para atividades de lazer e veraneio, desde a década de 1920. A cidade de Itapema seguiu esta tendência de ocupação. A burguesia industrial de cidades do Vale do Itajaí passou a manter sua residência de veraneio, identificada como segunda residência. Neste contexto, o questionamento central é como o fenômeno da segunda residência contribuiu para o processo de urbanização e a produção do espaço em Itapema? Segundo dados dos Censos Demográficos do IBGE, no ano de 1991 havia 6.408 residências de uso ocasional em Itapema. No ano 2000 este número saltou para 11.142 residências. E finalmente em 2010 chegamos à marca de 13.547 domicílios particulares usados como segunda residência. Em vinte anos houve um aumento de 111 % no número de residências particulares de uso ocasional no município de Itapema. Isto evidencia o caráter de intensa urbanização ligado a segunda residência que tem como padrão a verticalização e o adensamento urbano nos bairros Centro e Meia Praia. A alteração da dinâmica urbana no município de Itapema está diretamente relacionada à urbanização pela segunda residência que, articulada e promovida pelos agentes imobiliários associados ao Estado, aumentou a oferta de empregos e serviços na cidade. Isso levou a um aumento gradativo da população residente nas últimas décadas (ano 2000: 25.869 hab.; ano 2010: 45.797 hab.). As temporadas de verão continuam alterando significativamente o ritmo da cidade. Contudo, a partir da década de 2000 a cidade concentra atividades de comércio e serviços ao longo de todo ano. Assim, há intensa pressão sobre a infraestrutura urbana e a legislação que regula o crescimento da cidade / The second home phenomenon has spatial implications that interfere with the production and consumption of geographical space. The second housing, seen against the practice of leisure and tourism activities increasingly practiced in contemporary society, implies interests, joints and conflicts in coastal urban space. The objective of this study is to characterize the second home as an inducer of the urbanization process, in contemporary times, in the city of Itapema in the north coast of Santa Catarina. The second residence is characterized as a tourist or private accommodation used temporarily for the purpose of recreation and use of free time. So we can see the character of the property, the purpose of temporality and the bond related to the home and place as criteria for determining a second residence. The peculiarities of the coast of Santa Catarina attracted the second-home housing for leisure and vacation activities, from the 1920s the city of Itapema is one example of this trend of occupation. One of the reasons why this phenomenon has occured is because the industrial bourgeoisie of cities of Vale do Itajaí started to keep their summer residence, identified as second homes, in the coastal area. In this context, the central question is how the phenomenon of second homes has contributed to the urbanization process and the production of space in Itapema? According to data from the Demographic Census of IBGE, in 1991 there were 6,408 residences occasional use in Itapema. In 2000 this number jumped to 11,142 homes. And finally in 2010 we reached the mark of 13,547 private households used as a second residence. In twenty years there has been an increase of 111% in the number of private residences of occasional use in the city of Itapema. This highlights an intense urbanization process supported by second residences which contributed to the vertical growth and the urban density in the downtown and Meia Praia. Changes in the urban dynamics in the city of Itapema are directly related to the urbanization caused by the second residence. This phenomenon is articulated and promoted by real estate agents associated with the state, and it has increased the supply of jobs and services in the city. As a result of that, there was a gradual increase of the resident population in recent decades (2000: 25869 inhabitants; 2010: 45797 inhab.). Summer seasons are still significantly changing the pace of the city. However, from the 2000s the city has trade and service activities throughout the year. Thus, there is intense pressure on urban infrastructure and legislation that regulates the growth of the city

O fenômeno da segunda residência tem implicações espaciais que interferem na produção e consumo do espaço geográfico. A segunda habitação, vista à luz da prática do lazer e do turismo, atividades cada vez mais praticadas na sociedade contemporânea, implica em interesses, articulações e conflitos no espaço urbano litorâneo. O objetivo do trabalho é caracterizar a segunda residência como indutora do processo de urbanização, na contemporaneidade, no município de Itapema, no litoral norte de Santa Catarina. A segunda residência se caracteriza como um alojamento turístico ou particular usado temporariamente com objetivo de lazer e uso do tempo livre. Assim percebe-se o caráter da propriedade, da finalidade, da temporalidade e do vínculo referente ao domicílio e ao lugar como critérios para determinar uma segunda residência. As particularidades do litoral de Santa Catarina atraíram habitações de segunda residência para atividades de lazer e veraneio, desde a década de 1920. A cidade de Itapema seguiu esta tendência de ocupação. A burguesia industrial de cidades do Vale do Itajaí passou a manter sua residência de veraneio, identificada como segunda residência. Neste contexto, o questionamento central é como o fenômeno da segunda residência contribuiu para o processo de urbanização e a produção do espaço em Itapema? Segundo dados dos Censos Demográficos do IBGE, no ano de 1991 havia 6.408 residências de uso ocasional em Itapema. No ano 2000 este número saltou para 11.142 residências. E finalmente em 2010 chegamos à marca de 13.547 domicílios particulares usados como segunda residência. Em vinte anos houve um aumento de 111 % no número de residências particulares de uso ocasional no município de Itapema. Isto evidencia o caráter de intensa urbanização ligado a segunda residência que tem como padrão a verticalização e o adensamento urbano nos bairros Centro e Meia Praia. A alteração da dinâmica urbana no município de Itapema está diretamente relacionada à urbanização pela segunda residência que, articulada e promovida pelos agentes imobiliários associados ao Estado, aumentou a oferta de empregos e serviços na cidade. Isso levou a um aumento gradativo da população residente nas últimas décadas (ano 2000: 25.869 hab.; ano 2010: 45.797 hab.). As temporadas de verão continuam alterando significativamente o ritmo da cidade. Contudo, a partir da década de 2000 a cidade concentra atividades de comércio e serviços ao longo de todo ano. Assim, há intensa pressão sobre a infraestrutura urbana e a legislação que regula o crescimento da cidade / The second home phenomenon has spatial implications that interfere with the production and consumption of geographical space. The second housing, seen against the practice of leisure and tourism activities increasingly practiced in contemporary society, implies interests, joints and conflicts in coastal urban space. The objective of this study is to characterize the second home as an inducer of the urbanization process, in contemporary times, in the city of Itapema in the north coast of Santa Catarina. The second residence is characterized as a tourist or private accommodation used temporarily for the purpose of recreation and use of free time. So we can see the character of the property, the purpose of temporality and the bond related to the home and place as criteria for determining a second residence. The peculiarities of the coast of Santa Catarina attracted the second-home housing for leisure and vacation activities, from the 1920s the city of Itapema is one example of this trend of occupation. One of the reasons why this phenomenon has occured is because the industrial bourgeoisie of cities of Vale do Itajaí started to keep their summer residence, identified as second homes, in the coastal area. In this context, the central question is how the phenomenon of second homes has contributed to the urbanization process and the production of space in Itapema? According to data from the Demographic Census of IBGE, in 1991 there were 6,408 residences occasional use in Itapema. In 2000 this number jumped to 11,142 homes. And finally in 2010 we reached the mark of 13,547 private households used as a second residence. In twenty years there has been an increase of 111% in the number of private residences of occasional use in the city of Itapema. This highlights an intense urbanization process supported by second residences which contributed to the vertical growth and the urban density in the downtown and Meia Praia. Changes in the urban dynamics in the city of Itapema are directly related to the urbanization caused by the second residence. This phenomenon is articulated and promoted by real estate agents associated with the state, and it has increased the supply of jobs and services in the city. As a result of that, there was a gradual increase of the resident population in recent decades (2000: 25869 inhabitants; 2010: 45797 inhab.). Summer seasons are still significantly changing the pace of the city. However, from the 2000s the city has trade and service activities throughout the year. Thus, there is intense pressure on urban infrastructure and legislation that regulates the growth of the city

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os balneários das cidades de Presidente Epitácio e Rosana, no estado de São Paulo, como alternativas de lazer, identificando as políticas públicas que os municípios possuem e os projetos futuros. Buscou-se conhecer o entendimento que os responsáveis das secretarias/divisões de turismo e lazer e os frequentadores desses espaços têm em relação às políticas públicas. Mesmo sendo um direito social garantido por lei, o lazer não figura entre as prioridades dos nossos gestores públicos e quando aparece em seus discursos, é diminuído a apenas um de seus conteúdos, geralmente ao físico-esportivo. A metodologia utilizada foi composta pela combinação de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica, estudo de caso com coleta de dados utilizando-se entrevistas semiestruturadas. As entrevistas foram destinadas aos gestores responsáveis pelas secretarias/divisões de turismo e lazer e aos visitantes dos balneários estudados, resultando num total de 166 entrevistas. Além disso, foi realizada uma observação estruturada com intuito de analisar os fatores externos dos balneários, como conservação do local. Como resultados, identificou-se a dificuldade sobre o entendimento do lazer pelos gestores. Eles configuram o lazer em seu departamento como a agenda de eventos do município e, por consequência, denominam essa agenda como sua política de lazer. Constatamos também que os visitantes dos balneários não percebem a presença física, constante, do poder público municipal, não tendo eficácia a fiscalização das regras estabelecidas pela Prefeitura. Apesar de os balneários possuírem potencial para todo o Oeste paulista, a maioria do público que frequenta os balneários é residente da cidade local. Desta forma, desafios são lançados para as Prefeituras Municipais alcançarem novas fronteiras, como por exemplo, novas parcerias por meio da intersetorialidade; outros métodos de publicidade que atinjam, em especial, as cidades vizinhas; e estabelecer políticas públicas de lazer para além da agenda de eventos / This study aimed to analyze the beaches of Epitacio and Rosana cities in the state of São Paulo as leisure alternatives, identifying its public policies and future projects. It was sought to know how the tourism and leisure department managers and visitors to those spaces understand the local public policies. Even though it is a social right guaranteed by law, leisure is not included among the list of our public managers and when it appears in their speeches, it is reduced to only one of its contents, usually to the physical-sport. The methodology was formed by bibliographical, documentary and empirical research, a case study with data collection, and semi-structured interviews applied to the managers of the tourism and leisure departments and to visitors to the beaches studied, resulting in a total of 166 interviews. In addition, a structured observation was carried out with the purpose of analyzing the external factors of the bathing places, such as site conservation. The results identify a difficulty about the understanding of leisure by managers. They set up leisure in their department as a calendar of events of the municipality, and consequently, they call this agenda as their leisure policy. We also noticed that the visitors to the bathing places do not perceive the physical presence of the municipal public power as constant, which implies the inefficacy of an inspection of the local rules. Although the beaches have potential for the whole of the West of São Paulo, most people who visit the bathing places live in the local city. In this way, challenges are launched for municipalities to reach new frontiers, such as new partnerships through intersectorality; other advertising methods which attack, in particular, neighboring towns; and establish public leisure policies beyond the agenda of events

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar uma coleção de fotografias produzidas entre os anos 1920 e 1960 em São Paulo. Nesse período Cleonice Maria Heine (1919-?), foi assunto de descrição visual e de suas imagens emergem três temas cruzados: memória familiar, cultura urbana e deslocamentos de lazer e turismo para o litoral e o campo paulistas. Por meio do consumo de fotografias que se democratizou no decorrer do século XX, Cleonice criou uma imagem de si, da cidade e de alguns destinos turísticos inéditos na praia e no interior. A amostragem composta de 139 imagens permite concluir que a fotografia foi para esta personagem uma plataforma de comunicação e encenação de múltiplos papéis sociais: mulher urbana, comerciária do SESC, consumidora, estudante, irmã, cunhada, turista produzindo subjetividades e sociabilidades diversas. / The purpose of the present study is to analyze a collection of photographs taken between 1920 and 1960. During that length of time, Cleonice Maria Heine (1919 - ?) was the subject of visual description. From these photos three cross-related topics arise: family memory, urban culture and displacements regarding leisure and tourism towards the coast and the countryside of the State of São Paulo. Through photo consumption, which became democratic along the XXth century, Nelli created an image of herself, of the city itself and of some completely new tourist destinations to the beach and the countryside. The sample, formed by 139 images, allows us to conclude that photography meant to that character a stand of communication through which she played several social roles such as: urban woman, a saleswoman who enjoyed the benefits promoted by the Social Service of Commerce, consumer, student, sister, sisterin- law, tourist, by producing different subjectivity and sociability.

Today, tourists seek authentic experiences from places they visit. For countries where the historic environment is a key component of tourism, the concept of maintaining authenticity is vital to encourage potential visitors. Historic buildings, such as castles, were built in a time when accessibility for people with disabilities was not a major concern. Today, the number of people living with a disability is increasing and is expected to continue to grow as a result of the aging population and longer life expectancy. While all people may have a desire to participate in tourism, and a similar growing interest in an authentic experience, a historic site is enjoyed by all interested visitors only when it is accessible to all. How does a service provider enhance accessibility while continuing to preserve authenticity of the historic site? A service provider of a historic site is faced with the extra challenge of juggling both disability and heritage policy requirements. Satisfying the needs of both can be difficult and may, at times, feel like accessibility at a historic site is an impossible goal. Researching the interaction between these two types of policy and the influence they have on accessibility and disability at historic sites assists in the discovery of policy areas that interfere with a service provider’s ability to enhance accessibility. This may increase knowledge of how to increase accessibility, and how policy currently influences the perpetuation of accessibility and disability at these tourist sites. The purpose of this case study is to explore Glamis Castle in Scotland to illuminate accessibility at the confluence of three power contexts: the economics of tourism, the preservation of historic buildings, and the inclusion of people with disabilities. Stories uncovering the confluence of the three power contexts and its influence on Glamis Castle were created. Using narrative case study methodology and Roe’s (1994) approach to narrative policy analysis, stories about accessibility and disability at Glamis Castle were created through visual and textual data, and a review of policy and other related documentation. The stories reveal the current state of disability and heritage policy and its effect on Glamis Castle, the current perpetuation of disability and accessibility at the site, and current challenges that service providers may face at historic sites. The stories reveal the need for service providers, staff, and the public to be provided with more educational opportunities to help enhance accessibility at historic sites and encourage inclusion; specifically, they provide insight into the influence choice has on enhancing accessibility at the macro, organizational and individual levels.