Yes / All neophyte contact lens wearers require training on how to handle contact lenses. Currently, almost no published information exists describing the most common approaches used by those involved in such training in soft contact lens wearers. This study aimed to gather information on the approaches taken by those conducting this training worldwide. An online survey was created in English and translated to Spanish and distributed internationally via social media, conference attendees, and professional contacts. The anonymous survey included information on workplace setting of respondents, information about the typical approaches used for application and removal of soft contact lenses, length of the appointment, and success rate with their approach. Survey responses were received between May 2021 and April 2022. A total of 511 individuals completed the survey and responses were received from 31 countries with 48.7% from the UK. The most common approach taught for application was to have the patient hold the upper eyelashes (84.7%) and to hold the lower eyelid with the same hand as the lens (89.4%). Lenses were applied directly to the cornea by 57.7% of the respondents. The most common approach taught for lens removal was to drag the lens inferiorly from the cornea prior to removal (49.3%). Most respondents did not use videos to aid the teaching appointment (62.0%); however, they felt that their approach was successful in most cases (90). Application and removal training sessions lasted a median of 30 min and contact lenses were typically dispensed after the instructor witnessing successful application and removal three times. Various methods are adopted globally for training of application and removal of soft contact lenses, with many advising a patient-specific approach is required for success. The results of this survey provide novel insights into soft contact lens handling training in clinical practice. / British & Irish University and College Contact Lens Educators (BUCCLE) receives sponsorship from CooperVision, Alcon, Bausch + Lomb and Johnson and Johnson. No specific grant was received for this study, and no sponsors had any input or involvement within this project. Nery Garcia-Porta is supported financially by a Maria Zambrano contract at USC under the grants call for the requalification of the Spanish university system 2021–2023, funded by the European Union—Next Generation EU.

Once thriving neighborhoods in mid-sized American cities have been decimated, scarred and disrupted by the serpentine free form highways that have touched them. This product of technological innovation from the 1950s and 60s has had a profound and disturbing affect upon American cities. The collective history, cultural rituals and organic urban fabric of life has been almost completely extinguished in these cities by the false opportunity and instant gratification that comes with so-called 'technological progress.' This, yes this, epitomizes the urban core of a majority of cities across the United States early in the early 21st century. What is to be the future legacy of these American cities upon the life of their residents? It quickly became apparent that to develop a deep understanding of this urban challenge, it was going to be necessary to carefully examine cites that have been acutely affected by urban highways. The neighborhoods at the core of these damaged American cities trudge on'.. Why? Because they have no other option'. The question currently at hand is how can these damaged neighborhoods adjacent to urban highways, and their associated cities, be regenerated? The research phase of this thesis exposed four critical elements of a thriving and organic urban neighborhood; connectivity, realness, livability and performativity. I was encouraged to focus upon and explore this notion of connectivity by my thesis committee, as it represents the element offering the most agency for the design professions. Through interrogating the [dis]connectivity of four specific neighborhoods in Baltimore, Buffalo, Richmond and St Petersburg certain operational systems began to evolve. These systems center around three critical lenses of focus; the economic, social and physical operations that occur within and adjacent to an urban neighborhood. Due to its acute condition, the Gilpin neighborhood of Richmond, Virgina was chosen as a case study to employ the lenses of connectivity through close examination and intervention. / Master of Science / Once thriving neighborhoods in mid-sized American cities have been decimated, scarred and disrupted by the serpentine free form highways that have touched them. This product of technological innovation from the 1950s and 60s has had a profound and disturbing affect upon American cities. The collective history, cultural rituals and organic urban fabric of life has been almost completely extinguished in many of these cities by the false opportunity and instant gratification that comes with so-called ‘technological progress.’ This, yes this, epitomizes the urban core of a majority of cities across the United States early in the early 21st century. <b>What is to be the future legacy of these American cities upon the life of their residents?</b> The neighborhoods at the core of these damaged American cities trudge on… Why? Because they have no other option... <b>The question currently at hand is how can these neighborhoods adjacent to urban highways, and their associated cities, be regenerated?</b> Through interrogating the [dis]connectivity of four specific neighborhoods in Baltimore, Buffalo, Richmond, and St Petersburg certain operational systems began to become apparent. These systems center around three critical lenses of focus; the economic, social, and physical operations that occur within and adjacent to an urban neighborhood. Due to its acute condition, the Gilpin neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia was chosen as a case study to employ the lenses of connectivity through closer examination and intervention.

No / The aim of the present study was to determine adaptive gait changes in long-term wearers of monovision correction contact lenses by comparing gait parameters when wearing monovision correction to those observed when wearing binocular distance correction contact lenses. Methods: Gait and toe clearance parameters were measured in eleven participants (53.5 ± 4.6 years, median monovision wearing time 5 years) as they repeatedly walked up to and onto a raised surface with either monovision or distance correction. Results: Compared to distance correction, monovision resulted in a large reduction in stereoacuity from 17¿ to 87¿, a slower walking velocity (p = 0.001), a reduced horizontal toe clearance of the step edge (p = 0.035) and, for trials when monovision correction occurred first, a 33% greater variability in vertical toe clearance (p = 0.021). Variability in some gait data was large due to certain study design features and learning effects. Conclusion: A slower walking velocity with monovision correction suggests participants became more cautious, likely as a result of the significantly reduced stereoacuity. The decreased horizontal toe clearance and increased vertical toe clearance variability suggests that monovision correction may cause a greater likelihood of hitting step edges and tripping during everyday gait. Recommended study design features are suggested for future adaptive gait studies to increase the precision of the data and to attempt to minimize the effects of learning from somatosensory feedback.

No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the optimization and development of the production of nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses. These optics made of either silicon or diamond are well-suited for high resolution x-ray microscopy. The goal of this work is the design of a reproducible manufacturing process which allows the production of silicon lenses with high precision, high quality and high piece number. Furthermore a process for the production of diamond lenses is to be developed and established. In this work, the theoretical basics of x-rays and their interaction with matter are described. Especially, aspects of synchrotron radiation are emphasized. Important in x-ray microscopy are the different optics. The details, advantages and disadvantages, in particular those of refractive lenses are given. To achieve small x-ray beams well beyond the 100nm range a small focal length is required. This is achieved in refractive lenses by moving to a compact lens design where several single lenses are stacked behind each other. The, so-called nanofocusing refractive lenses (NFLs) have a parabolic cylindrical shape with lateral structure sizes in the micrometer range. NFLs are produced by using micro-machining techniques. These micro-fabrication processes and technologies are introduced. The results of the optimization and the final fabrication process for silicon lenses are presented. Subsequently, two experiments that are exemplary for the use of NFLs, are introduced. The first one employs a high-resolution scanning fluorescence mapping of a geological sample, and the second one is a coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiment. CXDI is able to reconstruct the illuminated object from recorded coherent diffraction patterns. In a scanning mode, referred to as ptychography, this method is even able to reconstruct the illumination and the object simultaneously. Especially the reconstructed illumination and the possibility of computed propagation of the wavefield along the focused beam yields findings about the optic used. The collected data give interesting information about the lenses and their aberrations. Comparison of simulated and measured data shows good agreement. Following this, the fabrication process of diamond lenses is described. Diamond with its extraordinary properties is well-suited as lens material for refractive lenses. Finally, a concluding overview of the present and future work of nanofocusing lenses is given. / Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Optimierung der Herstellungsprozesse von refraktiven nanofokussierenden Röntgenlinsen. Diese aus Silizium oder Diamant hergestellten Optiken, sind hervorragend für hochauflösende Röntgen\-mikroskopie geeignet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen reproduzierbaren Herstellungsprozess zu erarbeiten, der es erlaubt, Siliziumlinsen von hoher Präzision, Qualität und Quantität zu fertigen. Zusätzlich soll ein Prozess für Diamantlinsen entwickelt und etabliert werden. In der folgenden Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen von Röntgenstrahlung und deren Wechselwirkung mit Materie beschrieben. Spezielle Aspekte der Synchrotronstrahlung werden hervorgehoben. Wichtig im Zusammenhang mit Röntgenmikroskopie sind die verschieden Optiken. Deren Details, Vor- und Nachteile, insbesondere die der brechenden Linsen, werden genannt. Zur Erzeugung fein gebündelter Röntgenmikrostrahlen im Bereich unter 100nm lateraler Größe benötigt man sehr kurze Brennweiten. Mit brechenden Linsen lässt sich dieses mittels eines kompakten Linsendesigns von vielen hintereinander gestapelten Einzellinsen realisieren. Die so genannten refraktiven nanofokussierenden Linsen (NFLs) besitzen eine parabolische Zylinderform mit lateralen Strukturgrößen im Mikrometerbereich. NFLs werden mittels spezieller Technologien der Mikroprozessierung hergestellt. Diese Mikrostrukturierungsverfahren werden mit ihren jeweiligen Prozessschritten und zugehörenden Technologien vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Optimierung und der endgültige Mikrostrukturierungsprozess für Siliziumlinsen werden dargelegt. Im Anschluss daran werden zwei Experimente erläutert, die beispielhaft für die Anwendung von NFLs stehen. Ersteres ist ein ortsaufgelöstes Fluoreszenzrasterexperiment einer geologischen Probe und das zweite ein kohärentes Röntgen-Beugungsexperiment (CXDI). CXDI ist in der Lage, aus kohärent aufgenommen Beugungsbildern das beleuchtete Objekt zu rekonstruieren. Kombiniert mit einem rasternden Verfahren, welches Ptychographie genannt wird, ist diese Methode in der Lage, die Beleuchtungsfunktion und das Objekt gleichzeitig zu rekonstruieren. Besonderes die rekonstruierte Beleuchtungsfunktion und die Möglichkeit der computergestützten Propagation des Wellenfeldes entlang des fokussierten Strahls, geben aufschlussreiche Informationen über die verwendete Optik. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Linsen und deren Aberrationen können so gewonnen werden. Vergleiche von simulierten mit gemessenen Daten zeigen gute Übereinstimmung. Daran anschließend erfolgt die Beschreibung der Entwicklung eines Fabrikationsprozess für Diamantlinsen. Diamant mit seinen außergewöhnlichen Materialeigenschaften ist besonders gut als Linsenmaterial für refraktive Röntgenlinsen geeignet. Abschliessend wird ein zusammenfassender Überblick über die derzeitigen und die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen bei refraktiven Linsen gegeben.

This thesis is concerned with the optimization and development of the production of nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses. These optics made of either silicon or diamond are well-suited for high resolution x-ray microscopy. The goal of this work is the design of a reproducible manufacturing process which allows the production of silicon lenses with high precision, high quality and high piece number. Furthermore a process for the production of diamond lenses is to be developed and established. In this work, the theoretical basics of x-rays and their interaction with matter are described. Especially, aspects of synchrotron radiation are emphasized. Important in x-ray microscopy are the different optics. The details, advantages and disadvantages, in particular those of refractive lenses are given. To achieve small x-ray beams well beyond the 100nm range a small focal length is required. This is achieved in refractive lenses by moving to a compact lens design where several single lenses are stacked behind each other. The, so-called nanofocusing refractive lenses (NFLs) have a parabolic cylindrical shape with lateral structure sizes in the micrometer range. NFLs are produced by using micro-machining techniques. These micro-fabrication processes and technologies are introduced. The results of the optimization and the final fabrication process for silicon lenses are presented. Subsequently, two experiments that are exemplary for the use of NFLs, are introduced. The first one employs a high-resolution scanning fluorescence mapping of a geological sample, and the second one is a coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiment. CXDI is able to reconstruct the illuminated object from recorded coherent diffraction patterns. In a scanning mode, referred to as ptychography, this method is even able to reconstruct the illumination and the object simultaneously. Especially the reconstructed illumination and the possibility of computed propagation of the wavefield along the focused beam yields findings about the optic used. The collected data give interesting information about the lenses and their aberrations. Comparison of simulated and measured data shows good agreement. Following this, the fabrication process of diamond lenses is described. Diamond with its extraordinary properties is well-suited as lens material for refractive lenses. Finally, a concluding overview of the present and future work of nanofocusing lenses is given. / Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Optimierung der Herstellungsprozesse von refraktiven nanofokussierenden Röntgenlinsen. Diese aus Silizium oder Diamant hergestellten Optiken, sind hervorragend für hochauflösende Röntgen\-mikroskopie geeignet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen reproduzierbaren Herstellungsprozess zu erarbeiten, der es erlaubt, Siliziumlinsen von hoher Präzision, Qualität und Quantität zu fertigen. Zusätzlich soll ein Prozess für Diamantlinsen entwickelt und etabliert werden. In der folgenden Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen von Röntgenstrahlung und deren Wechselwirkung mit Materie beschrieben. Spezielle Aspekte der Synchrotronstrahlung werden hervorgehoben. Wichtig im Zusammenhang mit Röntgenmikroskopie sind die verschieden Optiken. Deren Details, Vor- und Nachteile, insbesondere die der brechenden Linsen, werden genannt. Zur Erzeugung fein gebündelter Röntgenmikrostrahlen im Bereich unter 100nm lateraler Größe benötigt man sehr kurze Brennweiten. Mit brechenden Linsen lässt sich dieses mittels eines kompakten Linsendesigns von vielen hintereinander gestapelten Einzellinsen realisieren. Die so genannten refraktiven nanofokussierenden Linsen (NFLs) besitzen eine parabolische Zylinderform mit lateralen Strukturgrößen im Mikrometerbereich. NFLs werden mittels spezieller Technologien der Mikroprozessierung hergestellt. Diese Mikrostrukturierungsverfahren werden mit ihren jeweiligen Prozessschritten und zugehörenden Technologien vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Optimierung und der endgültige Mikrostrukturierungsprozess für Siliziumlinsen werden dargelegt. Im Anschluss daran werden zwei Experimente erläutert, die beispielhaft für die Anwendung von NFLs stehen. Ersteres ist ein ortsaufgelöstes Fluoreszenzrasterexperiment einer geologischen Probe und das zweite ein kohärentes Röntgen-Beugungsexperiment (CXDI). CXDI ist in der Lage, aus kohärent aufgenommen Beugungsbildern das beleuchtete Objekt zu rekonstruieren. Kombiniert mit einem rasternden Verfahren, welches Ptychographie genannt wird, ist diese Methode in der Lage, die Beleuchtungsfunktion und das Objekt gleichzeitig zu rekonstruieren. Besonderes die rekonstruierte Beleuchtungsfunktion und die Möglichkeit der computergestützten Propagation des Wellenfeldes entlang des fokussierten Strahls, geben aufschlussreiche Informationen über die verwendete Optik. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Linsen und deren Aberrationen können so gewonnen werden. Vergleiche von simulierten mit gemessenen Daten zeigen gute Übereinstimmung. Daran anschließend erfolgt die Beschreibung der Entwicklung eines Fabrikationsprozess für Diamantlinsen. Diamant mit seinen außergewöhnlichen Materialeigenschaften ist besonders gut als Linsenmaterial für refraktive Röntgenlinsen geeignet. Abschliessend wird ein zusammenfassender Überblick über die derzeitigen und die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen bei refraktiven Linsen gegeben.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La focalización de ultrasonidos tiene muchas aplicaciones en una gran variedad de áreas tanto científicas como industriales. Los ultrasonidos focalizados son una de las herramientas principales usada por médicos en todo el mundo para obtener imágenes biomédicas de diferentes tipos de tejidos y órganos de manera no invasiva. En las últimas décadas, el uso de ultrasonidos focalizados de alta intensidad (HIFU, por sus siglas en inglés) ha surgido como una de las técnicas principales para el tratamiento de cáncer mediante la ablación térmica de tumores de manera no invasiva. Además, los ultrasonidos focalizados están emergiendo en los últimos años como uno de los métodos más prometedores para el tratamiento de las enfermedades cerebrales, con la aparición de nuevas técnicas disruptivas como la apertura reversible de la barrera hematoencefálica o la neuromodulación. En entornos industriales, los ultrasonidos son ampliamente utilizados como uno de los métodos principales para la evaluación no destructiva de materiales y estructuras, debido a que las ondas acústicas pueden penetrar en los objetos a distancias donde la luz no puede debido a la elevada absorción y dispersión. En este sentido, diseñar estructuras capaces de focalizar ultrasonidos es de una gran relevancia tanto para la comunidad científica como para los sectores médicos e industriales. Esta tesis presenta nuevos diseños de lentes acústicas capaces de controlar los parámetros principales del haz de ultrasonidos focalizados, proporcionando diferentes tipos de perfiles de focalización adecuados para una gran variedad de aplicaciones y escenarios. En particular, se han diseñado y adaptado al campo de los ultrasonidos las lentes de Fresnel (Fresnel Zone Plates, FZPs), ampliamente utilizadas en el campo de la óptica. Se ha presentado una nueva técnica de modulación espacio-temporal capaz de controlar la posición del foco de ultrasonidos tanto en espacio como en tiempo, aumentando así la versatilidad de este tipo de dispositivos. También se ha demostrado el funcionamiento en el campo de la acústica de nuevos diseños basados en aplicar secuencias binarias a una lente de Fresnel convencional, como las secuencias fractales de Cantor o las secuencias de M-bonacci generalizadas, capaces de modificar las propiedades de focalización de las lentes, incluyendo el número, posición y forma de los focos acústicos. Además, se introduce un nuevo diseño de lentes esféricas rellenas de líquido capaces de generar jets ultrasónicos, con mucho potencial en aplicaciones de imagen de alta resolución en campo cercano. Se ha demostrado que, cambiando el líquido interno de la lente o ajustando el ratio de mezcla entre dos líquidos, se pueden controlar los parámetros principales del jet. Los diseños propuestos en la tesis han sido validados tanto empleando simulaciones numéricas como realizando medidas experimentales, allanando el camino para el uso de este tipo de estructuras en aplicaciones de focalización de ultrasonidos. / [CA] La focalització d'ultrasons té moltes aplicacions en moltes àrees científiques i industrials. Els ultrasons focalitzats són una de les eines principals utilitzada per metges a tot el món per obtenir imatges biomèdiques de diferents tipus de teixits i òrgans de manera no invasiva. En les últimes dècades, els ultrasons focalitzats d'alta intensitat (HIFU, per les seues sigles en anglès) han aparegut com una de les tècniques principals per al tractament de càncer mitjançant l'ablació de tumors de manera no invasiva. A més, els ultrasons focalitzats estan emergint en els últims anys com un dels mètodes més prometedors per al tractament de les malalties cerebrals, amb l'aparició de noves tècniques disruptives com l'obertura reversible de la barrera hematoencefàlica o la neuromodulació. En entorns industrials, els ultrasons són àmpliament utilitzats com un dels mètodes principals per a l'avaluació no destructiva de materials i estructures, pel fet que les ones acústiques poden penetrar en els objectes a distàncies on la llum no pot a causa de l'elevada absorció i dispersió. En aquest sentit, dissenyar estructures capaces de focalitzar ultrasons és d'una gran rellevància tant per a la comunitat científica com per als sectors mèdics i industrials. Aquesta tesi presenta nous dissenys de lents acústiques capaços de controlar els paràmetres principals del feix d'ultrasons focalitzats, proporcionant diferents tipus de perfils de focalització adequats per a una gran varietat d'aplicacions i escenaris. En particular, s'han dissenyat i adaptat al camp dels ultrasons les lents de Fresnel (Fresnel Zone Plates, FZPs), àmpliament utilitzades en el camp de l'òptica. S'ha presentat una nova tècnica de modulació espai-temporal capaç de controlar la posició del focus d'ultrasons tant en espai com en temps, augmentant així la versatilitat d'aquest tipus de dispositius. També s'ha demostrat el funcionament en el camp de l'acústica de nous dissenys basats en aplicar seqüències binàries a una lent de Fresnel convencional, com les seqüències fractals de Cantor o les seqüències de M-bonacci generalitzades, capaces de modificar les propietats de focalització de les lents, incloent el nombre, posició i forma dels focus acústics. A més, s'introdueix un nou disseny de lents esfèriques plenes de líquid capaces de generar jets ultrasònics, amb molt potencial en aplicacions d'imatge d'alta resolució en camp proper. S'ha demostrat que, canviant el líquid intern de la lent o ajustant la ràtio de barreja entre dos líquids, es poden controlar els paràmetres principals del jet. Els dissenys proposats en la tesi han estat validats tant emprant simulacions numèriques com realitzant mesures experimentals, aplanant el camí per a l'ús d'aquest tipus d'estructures en aplicacions de focalització d'ultrasons. / [EN] Ultrasound focusing has many applications in a wide range of fields. Focused ultrasound is one of the main tools used by doctors all over the world to obtain biomedical images of different kind of tissues non-invasively. In the past decades, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) appeared as one of the fundamental techniques for cancer treatment through non-invasive thermal tumor ablation. In addition, focused ultrasonic waves are recently emerging as one of the main tools to treat brain diseases, with novel disruptive techniques such as blood-brain barrier opening or neuromodulation. In industrial environments, ultrasonic waves are widely employed as one of the primary methods for the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of materials and structures, as acoustic waves are able to penetrate deep into objects otherwise opaque using optical techniques. In this sense, designing structures capable of focusing ultrasonic waves is of great interest and relevance for the scientific, the industrial, and the biomedical sectors. This thesis devises new designs of acoustic lenses capable of controlling the main parameters of the focused ultrasound beam, achieving different kinds of focusing profiles suitable for a wide variety of scenarios. In particular, Fresnel Zone Plates (FZPs), commonly used in optics, are designed and adapted to the ultrasound domain. A novel spatio-temporal modulation technique capable of controlling the ultrasound focus location in both time and space is presented, increasing the versatility of this kind of devices. New design techniques based on applying a binary sequence to FZPs are also demonstrated, such as Cantor fractal sequences or generalized M-bonacci sequences, which modify the focusing properties of the lens, including the number, location, and shape of the different acoustic foci. In addition, acoustic jets generated by liquid-filled spherical lenses are devised for near-field high resolution imaging, demonstrating their applicability in the ultrasound domain. It is demonstrated that, by changing the inner liquid of the spherical lens or by tuning the mixing ratio between two liquids, the main focal parameters of the ultrasonic jet can be accurately controlled. The proposed designs are validated using both numerical simulations and experimental measurements, paving the way for the use of these kind of structures in focused ultrasound applications. / This work would not have been possible without the following funding sources: PAID-01-18 personal FPI grant from Universitat Politècnica de València; Spanish government MINECO TEC2015-70939-R project; Spanish government MICINN RTI2018-100792-B-I00 project; Generalitat Valenciana AICO/2020/139 project. / Pérez López, S. (2021). Design of Acoustic Lenses for Ultrasound Focusing Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/179907 / Compendio

The purpose of this research study is to explore how decision-makers at Born Global enterprises form their strategies during the pre-internationalisation phase. In this study the researcher has combined theories from two academic fields, namely the strategic management field and the international entrepreneurship field. The main theories inherent in the study are: the strategic lenses and the strategic schools of thought (theories that belong to the strategic management field) and Born Global (theory that belongs to the international entrepreneurship field). These recently mentioned theories has been combined, leading to a depiction of a general theoretical framework, illustrating for how the researcher has made use of the chosen theories in the study. In order to fulfil the study’s aim, the researcher has conducted a qualitative and multiple-case study, where seven different case companies (Algoryx Simulation AB, CodeMill AB, COS Systems AB, North Kingdom Design &amp; Communication AB, Oryx Simulations AB, Prediktera AB and Xore AB) from a peripheral area of northern Sweden (Umeå and Skellefteå) have been investigated through semistructured interviews. After performing the seven interviews, the obtained empirical data has been analysed by using the analysis strategy theoretical propositions and the analytical technique of cross-case analysis. From this study, the researcher has found out that in the pre-internationalisation phase decision-makers at Born Global enterprises form their strategies in accordance with the configuration school, where these individuals alternates by different strategic making procedures along the process. This in turn implies that these individuals make use of a mixture of proactive and reactive strategy making procedures along the process, where the character of the strategy is determined by their respective applied procedures. Moreover, the research findings have showed that the selection of strategy making procedures is highly dependent on the company’s context. Additionally, the research findings indicated that legitimate key individuals such as the company’s founder/-s or entrepreneur/-s are highly involved and influential in the companies’ strategy-making process during the pre-internationalisation phase.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy