Acompanha: Ensino da física e aprendizagem significativa: roteiro para a elaboração de uma aula / O presente estudo teve como objetivo propor um roteiro para a elaboração de uma aula significativa. Do ponto de vista metodológico, por visar o desenvolvimento de um produto, o estudo caracteriza-se como aplicado e de natureza prática. Observou-se, na montagem do produto, a sequências das etapas para sua construção e aspectos relacionados com sua validade e possibilidade de utilização por outros docentes como uma ferramenta de ensino. O “roteiro para a elaboração de uma aula” foi estruturado em seis etapas principais, definição do conteúdo da aula, determinação dos aspectos mais relevantes do conteúdo e dos organizadores prévios, sequenciação do conteúdo curricular, avaliação da aprendizagem, estratégia e recursos instrucionais e montagem do plano de aula. Em cada etapa foram estabelecidas as atividades a serem cumpridas. Concluí-se que o roteiro proposto é uma ferramenta que tem alinhamento com a teoria de Ausubel, o que possibilita a montagem de uma aula significativa. / The current study had as a goal to purpose a guide for building a meaningful class. From the methodological point of view, by targeting the development of a product, the study characterized as applied and practical. It was observed, during assembly of the product, the sequences of steps for its construction and aspects related to its validity and possibility of being used by other lecturers as a teaching tool. The “guide for the elaboration of a class” was structured in six main steps, namely, definition of the class content, determination of the most relevant aspects from the content and from the previous organizers, sequencing of curriculum content, knowledge evaluation, strategy and instructional resources and lesson plan assembly. In each step were established the activities to be accomplished. It is concluded that the purposed script is a tool that has alignment with the Ausubel theory, allowing the composition of a substantial class.

O processo de ensino-aprendizagem visa que sujeitos-professores promovam o ensino a alunos, com o objetivo que eles adquiram um conhecimento. Entretanto, este processo é influenciado por diversas variáveis: estrutura curricular, perfil dos alunos, direção e coordenação pedagógica, corpo docente, comunidade onde estão inseridos, duração e planejamento das aulas, recursos disponíveis, etc. O planejamento permite que o professor organize e estabeleça como as aulas ocorrerão, bem como o tempo necessário, a fim de garantir a aprendizagem. Neste processo, o professor faz uso de recursos didáticos, como mediadores. Dentre as diversas possibilidades de recursos educativos, encontram-se os objetos de aprendizagem. Eles consistem em recursos físicos ou digitais, que tem como diferencial, o uso de um conjunto de metadados com informações relacionadas ao objeto de aprendizagem. Os metadados são arquivos padronizados que seguem especificações que orientam como estes devem estar descritos, de forma a permitir a indexação e recuperação em repositórios. Dentre as especificações para metadados, destacam-se: a Dublin Core, IEEE LOM e OBAA. O Dublin Core é a especificação mais utilizada por repositórios, entretanto, foi desenvolvida para descrever qualquer recurso, sendo educacional ou não. O IEEE LOM é considerada a especificação mais completa, e permite a descrição de objetos de aprendizagem físicos e digitais. O OBAA é uma proposta brasileira que se baseia no IEEE LOM e apresenta como diferencial, por exemplo, a descrição de objetos de aprendizagem multiplataforma e maior detalhamento das características pedagógicas. Os atuais estudos relacionados a objetos de aprendizagem e metadados concentram-se no desenvolvimento e uso destes recursos. Logo, não há pesquisas que relacionem o uso dos metadados como suporte ao planejamento pedagógico. Em face deste cenário, a presente tese investiga como os usuários-professores fazem uso dos metadados no planejamento pedagógico que inclui o uso de objetos de aprendizagem. Ainda, é investigado como os metadados da especificação OBAA auxilia na definição dos requisitos técnicos e pedagógicos, comparado ao Dublin Core e IEEE LOM. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, usando as técnicas de grupo focal e o estudo de casos múltiplos, com a participação de dois tipos de sujeitos: especialistas e usuários professores. A pesquisa com os especialistas foi realizada sob a abordagem do grupo focal não estruturado, onde quatro casos foram analisados e discutidos. Já os usuários-professores participaram dos grupos focais semiestruturado e estruturado. Inicialmente, eles conceitualizaram os termos “recursos didáticos” e “planejamento pedagógico” para então desenvolver planos de aula fazendo uso de objetos de aprendizagem, onde se foi observado como os metadados se fizeram presentes no planejamento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a especificação OBAA atende os requisitos técnicos e pedagógicos, embora são propostas algumas modificações. Também foi possível identificar quais metadados realmente auxiliaram os professores no planejamento, destacando os que descrevem o recurso pedagogicamente. Ainda, percebeu-se que a especificação OBAA melhor auxiliou os professores neste processo, e neste sentido, foi proposto um conjunto reduzido de metadados OBAA contemplando os elementos essenciais para a descrição de um objeto de aprendizagem em um repositório e que assista o professor no planejamento. / The teaching-learning process aims to the teachers teach students, in order that they acquire knowledge. However, this process is influenced by several variables: curriculum structure, students background, direction and pedagogical coordination, its community, class duration and lesson planning, resources, etc.. The planning allows the teacher to organize and establish how the classes will occur, and the time necessary to ensure learning. In this process, the teacher makes use of pedagogical resources as mediators. Among the various possibilities of educational resources, are the learning objects. They consist of physical or digital resources, which has the advantage, the use of a set of metadata with information related to the learning object. The metadata files are standardized specifications that follow that guide how they should be described, to allow indexing and retrieval in repositories. Among the specifications for metadata include: the Dublin Core, IEEE LOM and OBAA. The Dublin Core is a specification used by many repositories, however, was developed to describe any resource, and educational or not. The IEEE LOM is considered the most complete specification, and allows the description of physical objects and digital learning. The OBAA a Brazilian proposal is based on the IEEE LOM and has unique features, for example, the description of learning objects and greater detail of multiplatform pedagogical features. The current studies related to learning objects and metadata focus on the development and use of these resources. Thus, there is no research that relate to the use of metadata to support educational planning. Given this scenario, this thesis investigates how users-teachers make use of metadata on educational planning that includes the use of learning objects. In addiction, it is investigated how the metadata specification OBAA assists in defining the technical and pedagogical requirements, compared to the Dublin Core and IEEE LOM. For this, we performed a qualitative study using focus group techniques and the study of multiple cases involving two types of subjects: teacher experts and users. The research was conducted with experts in the focus group approach is not structured, where four cases were analyzed and discussed. The users-teachers participated in semi-structured focus groups and structured. Initially, they conceptualized the term "educational resources" and "lesson planning" and then develop lesson plans using learning objects, which was observed as the metadata were present in the planning. The results showed that the specification meets the technical requirements OBAA and teaching, although some modifications are proposed. It was also possible to identify what metadata really helped the teachers in planning, highlighting that describe the teaching resources. Still, it was realized that the best specification OBAA assisted the teachers in this process, and in this sense, we proposed a reduced set of metadata OBAA contemplating the essential elements for describing a learning object in a repository and to assist the teacher in planning.

O processo de ensino-aprendizagem visa que sujeitos-professores promovam o ensino a alunos, com o objetivo que eles adquiram um conhecimento. Entretanto, este processo é influenciado por diversas variáveis: estrutura curricular, perfil dos alunos, direção e coordenação pedagógica, corpo docente, comunidade onde estão inseridos, duração e planejamento das aulas, recursos disponíveis, etc. O planejamento permite que o professor organize e estabeleça como as aulas ocorrerão, bem como o tempo necessário, a fim de garantir a aprendizagem. Neste processo, o professor faz uso de recursos didáticos, como mediadores. Dentre as diversas possibilidades de recursos educativos, encontram-se os objetos de aprendizagem. Eles consistem em recursos físicos ou digitais, que tem como diferencial, o uso de um conjunto de metadados com informações relacionadas ao objeto de aprendizagem. Os metadados são arquivos padronizados que seguem especificações que orientam como estes devem estar descritos, de forma a permitir a indexação e recuperação em repositórios. Dentre as especificações para metadados, destacam-se: a Dublin Core, IEEE LOM e OBAA. O Dublin Core é a especificação mais utilizada por repositórios, entretanto, foi desenvolvida para descrever qualquer recurso, sendo educacional ou não. O IEEE LOM é considerada a especificação mais completa, e permite a descrição de objetos de aprendizagem físicos e digitais. O OBAA é uma proposta brasileira que se baseia no IEEE LOM e apresenta como diferencial, por exemplo, a descrição de objetos de aprendizagem multiplataforma e maior detalhamento das características pedagógicas. Os atuais estudos relacionados a objetos de aprendizagem e metadados concentram-se no desenvolvimento e uso destes recursos. Logo, não há pesquisas que relacionem o uso dos metadados como suporte ao planejamento pedagógico. Em face deste cenário, a presente tese investiga como os usuários-professores fazem uso dos metadados no planejamento pedagógico que inclui o uso de objetos de aprendizagem. Ainda, é investigado como os metadados da especificação OBAA auxilia na definição dos requisitos técnicos e pedagógicos, comparado ao Dublin Core e IEEE LOM. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, usando as técnicas de grupo focal e o estudo de casos múltiplos, com a participação de dois tipos de sujeitos: especialistas e usuários professores. A pesquisa com os especialistas foi realizada sob a abordagem do grupo focal não estruturado, onde quatro casos foram analisados e discutidos. Já os usuários-professores participaram dos grupos focais semiestruturado e estruturado. Inicialmente, eles conceitualizaram os termos “recursos didáticos” e “planejamento pedagógico” para então desenvolver planos de aula fazendo uso de objetos de aprendizagem, onde se foi observado como os metadados se fizeram presentes no planejamento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a especificação OBAA atende os requisitos técnicos e pedagógicos, embora são propostas algumas modificações. Também foi possível identificar quais metadados realmente auxiliaram os professores no planejamento, destacando os que descrevem o recurso pedagogicamente. Ainda, percebeu-se que a especificação OBAA melhor auxiliou os professores neste processo, e neste sentido, foi proposto um conjunto reduzido de metadados OBAA contemplando os elementos essenciais para a descrição de um objeto de aprendizagem em um repositório e que assista o professor no planejamento. / The teaching-learning process aims to the teachers teach students, in order that they acquire knowledge. However, this process is influenced by several variables: curriculum structure, students background, direction and pedagogical coordination, its community, class duration and lesson planning, resources, etc.. The planning allows the teacher to organize and establish how the classes will occur, and the time necessary to ensure learning. In this process, the teacher makes use of pedagogical resources as mediators. Among the various possibilities of educational resources, are the learning objects. They consist of physical or digital resources, which has the advantage, the use of a set of metadata with information related to the learning object. The metadata files are standardized specifications that follow that guide how they should be described, to allow indexing and retrieval in repositories. Among the specifications for metadata include: the Dublin Core, IEEE LOM and OBAA. The Dublin Core is a specification used by many repositories, however, was developed to describe any resource, and educational or not. The IEEE LOM is considered the most complete specification, and allows the description of physical objects and digital learning. The OBAA a Brazilian proposal is based on the IEEE LOM and has unique features, for example, the description of learning objects and greater detail of multiplatform pedagogical features. The current studies related to learning objects and metadata focus on the development and use of these resources. Thus, there is no research that relate to the use of metadata to support educational planning. Given this scenario, this thesis investigates how users-teachers make use of metadata on educational planning that includes the use of learning objects. In addiction, it is investigated how the metadata specification OBAA assists in defining the technical and pedagogical requirements, compared to the Dublin Core and IEEE LOM. For this, we performed a qualitative study using focus group techniques and the study of multiple cases involving two types of subjects: teacher experts and users. The research was conducted with experts in the focus group approach is not structured, where four cases were analyzed and discussed. The users-teachers participated in semi-structured focus groups and structured. Initially, they conceptualized the term "educational resources" and "lesson planning" and then develop lesson plans using learning objects, which was observed as the metadata were present in the planning. The results showed that the specification meets the technical requirements OBAA and teaching, although some modifications are proposed. It was also possible to identify what metadata really helped the teachers in planning, highlighting that describe the teaching resources. Still, it was realized that the best specification OBAA assisted the teachers in this process, and in this sense, we proposed a reduced set of metadata OBAA contemplating the essential elements for describing a learning object in a repository and to assist the teacher in planning.

The selection of course content has political and sociological implications as well as educational significance. Since local curriculum development is increasingly prevalent, description of teachers' content decisions is an important concern. This study examined the content decision making of four Family Living teachers in a natural school setting.

M.Ed. (Teaching Studies) / Hierdie navorsing is gebaseer op die onderrigvaardighede wat tydens lesvoorbereiding en lesbeplanning benodig word. Onderwysers benodig sekere toepaslike en relevante onderrigvaardighede binne die onderwys professie. Daar word gepoog om die basiese onderrigvaardighede te identifiseer wat benodig word tydens lesvoorbereiding en -beplanning, hoe 'n onderwysstudent hierdie vaardighede kan bemeester en om te bepaal of die vaardighede deur die onderwysers aangewend word in die werklike onderrigsituasie. Die doeI van hierdie studie word volledig in hoofstuk 1 uiteengesit. Die doelstellings is as volg: * om 'n verskeidenheid van vaardighede wat tydens lesvoorbereiding en beplanning benodig word, te identifiseer; om ondersoek in te stel of hierdie vaardighede aan onderwyskolleges en universiteite wei onderrig word; om te bepaal of onderwyskolleges en universiteite (volgens die respondente) die nodige aandag, prakties sowel as teoreties, aan die onderrig van genoemde vaardighede bestee, en om te bepaal of die vaardighede, indien wei onderrig is, in die klaskamersituasie aangewend word. 'n Vraelys is saamgestel wat op die basiese onderrigvaardighede gebaseer is en wat onder andere die volgende insluit: besluitnemingsvaardighede; onderrigvaardighede betreffende die leerling se beginsituasie; vaardighede om die doel, doelstellings, lesinhoud, leerling-onderwyseraktiwiteite, leerinhoud, organisasie, evaluasie en terugvoer korrek te selekteer. Die vraelys is deur onderwysers van verskillende jaargroepe in verskillende skole voltooi om sodoende data van onderwysvaardighede tydens lesbeplanning en -voorbereiding in te same!. Die bevinding van die vraelys weerspieel die opinie dat aile jaargroepe van onderwysers saamstem dat die teoretiese aspek van hul opleiding genoegsame aandag geniet, maar dat die praktiese opleiding van onderwysers nie dieselfde aandag geniet nie. Die bevindings dui daarop dat 'n ongebalanseerdheid bestaan tussen die teorie en die praktyk. In die lig hiervan het die navorser dit nodig geag om sekere aanbevelings aan kolleges en universiteite te maak, ter bevordering van die status quo. Daar word onder andere voorgestel dat tersiere inrigtings hul huidige onder-wysersopleiding kurrikula en opleidingsprogramme hersien, ten einde meer effektiewe praktiese ondervinding aan onderwysstudente te bied, en hulle sodoende beter toerus met die vereiste onderrigvaardighede wat hulle in staat sal stel om hulle taak met beter bevoegdheid, meer effektiwiteit en sukses te verrig.

High novice teacher turnover rate and shortage of skilled novice teachers continue to be an unsolved issue in the U.S. educational system. Novice teachers often suffer low teaching efficacy which may reduce their teacher resiliency and lead to teacher turnover. Past studies suggested that novice teachers’ low teaching efficacy results from their scant teaching experience and their inability to assess impacts of their teaching on students. The failure for novice teachers to utilize effective pedagogies and improve student learning often results in elevated professional anxiety, frustration, and motivation to quit teaching. Recent studies pointed out that learning analytics could help novice teachers to teach more effectively by tapping into student data and data analytics. But how to structure a professional development for novice teachers to learn to utilize learning analytics in teaching remains a question. To address these issues, a survey study and a case study are conducted in this research. The survey study analyzed 72 teachers’ perceptions and experience of using learning analytics in teaching. The results indicated common barriers for teachers to use learning analytics such as lack of awareness of learning analytics, insufficient computer skills and math/statistics knowledge. Also, when teachers considered learning analytics useful their usage of learning analytics correlated positively with teaching efficacy and teacher resiliency. Built upon insights from the survey study, the case study recruited five novice teachers and investigated the effects of a learning analytics professional development. The results suggested that after the learning analytics professional development, all participants have generally improved their learning analytics knowledge, teaching efficacy, teacher resiliency, and developed higher confidence and intention to use learning analytics in future teaching. One implication of these results is that using teaching scenario could be an effective format to structure learning analytics professional development to improve novice teachers’ competence in assessing teaching practices and their teaching efficacy. Another implication is that learning analytics professional development could be implemented as intervention in teacher education programs to reduce the likelihood of teacher turnover before novice teachers start teaching formally.

Demands of the workplace and society have made 21st-century knowledge and skills critical elements for success. As a result, the role of teachers in adequately preparing students to meet these demands continues to grow. National and state standards also call for increased attention to multimodal reading and writing. Today’s teachers must have the skills to effectively integrate technology into teaching and learning, supporting student development of digital reading and writing skills. Unfortunately, many teachers do not feel adequately prepared to do this (Hutchison & Reinking, 2011). Teacher education preparation programs must intentionally design programs to prepare teacher candidates for this challenging task (Starkey & Yates, 2020). The purpose of this study was to determine teacher candidates’ perceptions of technology integration and to understand their preparedness to integrate technology into a disciplinary literacy lesson. The conceptual framework for this study consisted of 4 interwoven theoretical perspectives. Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986) was used as the overarching foundational framework, with the New Literacy Perspective (Leu et al., 2004), the SAMR Model (Puentedura, 2006), and the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) as additional lenses for interpretation of the findings. This qualitative case study examined 11 Elementary Education teacher candidates as they planned for and created a disciplinary literacy lesson plan. A variety of data sources were collected, including pre- and post-technology surveys, documents, verbal protocols, and semi-structured interviews. First and second-cycle coding was applied to the data to determine themes. The data revealed that participants’ technology integration was generally inconsistent across the SAMR levels. Often, participants’ thinking processes revealed a deeper level of technology integration than their actual integration in lesson plans did. Additionally, 4 participant profiles emerged as a result of the levels of technology integration in participants’ disciplinary literacy lesson plans: (a) Minimal Integrators, (b) Inconsistent Integrators, (c) Consistent Integrators, and (d) Insightful Integrators.

The primary objective of this study was to describe the influences upon pre-service elementary teachers' preplanning, lesson planning, and bases for interactive decision making during their lesson implementation. Six female volunteer pre-service elementary teachers from the teacher preparation program at the University of North Texas planned and taught three separate lessons in one of the following content areas-social studies, language arts, mathematics, science, and safety, at six different schools in the north Texas area. Each element of the lesson plans (18 total) was classified for analysis. Following the presentation of each lesson, the pre-service teachers were asked to use the repertory-grid technique to sort out five decisions from a series of lesson-implementation decisions which had been observed and recorded by the investigator. Then the six pre-service teachers were interviewed by the investigator using the stimulated recall technique. During the interview, each decision was discussed with the pre-service teachers, who responded to seven structural questions that probed their concerns, attitude, type of concerns, and number of concerns. The six pre-service elementary teachers possessed some ability to direct students in their classroom learning using activities and instructional knowledge. This enabled them to notice individual student performance and that of students in the group or in the class. During their interactive teaching, pre-service elementary teachers made more decisions concerning the implementation of management strategies than decisions concerning instruction and activities, in their classroom management, the pre-service teachers focused the most attention on students' verbalization and performance. The study showed that the student's classroom behavior, the thing in which a student is interested, the student's relationship with other students, the feeling of a student, and a student's action caused the six pre-service elementary teachers to immediately modify their strategies.

Published Aticle / This article reports on the experiences of Mathematics educators during the implementation of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) in Grades 10 - 12. The study is contained in five different, but educationally related constructs addressing training, problem areas which challenge or appeal to Mathematics educators, lesson planning, assessment strategies and the effective integration of OBE in the teaching of Mathematics. A mixed methods design was used, with data being collected and collated using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data employed descriptive data analysis, while the qualitative data was analysed by identifying differences and similarities. The study revealed that educators differed in terms of the problems they encountered with implementing the NCS in Mathematics. They agreed, however, that the implementation was successful and that it contributed to better teaching.

According to the Constitution of South Africa (1996), as well as the Schools Act of South Africa (1996), everyone has the right to education in the language of their choice. The advantage of being educated in one’s home language is a well-known and accepted as a demonstrated fact (Oosthuizen, Rossouw & De Wet, 2004:22). Unfortunately, Oosthuizen et al. (2004:22) remark that the biggest problem in education today, is that home language education cannot be given to everyone in South Africa. As a result many parents choose English as the Language of Learning and Teaching (LOLT) for their children, since they believe English is the language of empowerment. Although English Second Language (ESL) learners pose a challenge to educators in the class, they still have a right to quality education. Therefore, thorough planning is essential to ensure that these learners are taught according to their needs. The primary aim of this research study was to determine if primary school educators designed their lesson planning to accommodate ESL learners with a limited English proficiency. The primary aim could only be determined if the following sub-aims were successfully analysed: *To determine through a literature investigation which specific language barriers ESL learners, with limited English language proficiency, experience during a lesson. *To determine through a literature investigation why lesson planning is important; *To determine to what extent educators accommodate language barriers to learning of ESL learners, with a limited English language proficiency, in their lesson plans. *To determine how educators reflect on their lesson plan, in order to determine whether ESL learners, with limited English language proficiency, coped with the lesson. *To establish which modifications, if any, educators make after reflection to accommodate ESL learners with limited English language proficiency in the follow lesson planning? A Qualitative research method was followed during the study. Data was collected for the research study by doing a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with primary school educators who are currently in the teaching profession and have ESL learners in their class. A convenience sample was used, where the nearest parallel medium school was chosen with participants readily available. The following findings emerged from the study: According to the literature study, the most common specific language barriers which ESL learners with limited English proficiency experience in the classroom are: *Experience it difficult to express themselves in English; *Educators disparity in language between learners and educators; *a limited English vocabulary; and *struggling with comprehension of English. Findings of the empirical study showed that the participants do not plan for accommodations for ESL learners who may experience barriers to learning. They indicated that since English is the LOLT of the school and because they feel that the learners should be proficient in the language they do not need to plan for possible misunderstandings or communication problems that could occur because of a language barrier. However, they did acknowledge that a limited vocabulary and ways of expression can cause communication problems. / MEd, Learner Support, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012