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Published Aticle / This article reports on the experiences of Mathematics educators during the implementation of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) in Grades 10 - 12. The study is contained in five different, but educationally related constructs addressing training, problem areas which challenge or appeal to Mathematics educators, lesson planning, assessment strategies and the effective integration of OBE in the teaching of Mathematics. A mixed methods design was used, with data being collected and collated using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data employed descriptive data analysis, while the qualitative data was analysed by identifying differences and similarities. The study revealed that educators differed in terms of the problems they encountered with implementing the NCS in Mathematics. They agreed, however, that the implementation was successful and that it contributed to better teaching.

The implementation of outcomes-based education (OBE) in South African schools brought radical changes to the teaching profession. The transition to an OBE curriculum exerted a great impact on teachers' assessment practices and required a major revision of teaching and learning activities. Outcomes-based assessment (OBA) does not only require of teachers to design appropriate assessment plans, assessment programmes and assessment strategies, but it also implies that learners should be provided with expanded and 89Propriate opportunities to achieve in accordance with their abilities. Thus, it is of the utmost importance that the training of teachers should not only focus on the demands that OBA make on the learner, but specifically on what OBA expects from the teacher. The main aim of assessment is to promote teaching and learning, which implies that teachers must assess in such a way that quality information about learner performance will be produced. The teacher must record and interpret this information carefully, in order to enable professional and accountable decisions about learner performance and to give constructive feedback to learners and their parents. Easier said than done! The implementation of OBE and specifically OBA elicited serious debates and fierce criticism from a variety of sources. Since the implementation of OBE, quite a number of newspaper reports reflected the negativity of teachers, educationists and other role players towards OBE and particularly OBA. OBE and OBA have become problematic and controversial issues in South Africa. In light of the above mentioned the purpose of this study was to determine the nature, scope and causes of the problems experienced with OBA in South African schools and come forward with practical, supportive recommendations that could alleviate and/or improve the situation. In order to determine the difficulties experienced with OBA empirical, quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilised. A structured questionnaire, with closed and open items, was sent to a representative sample of South African public schools. The resultant data was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed and the following main findings emerged from the research: 1. The training that teachers receive from the education department is inadequate for the successful implementation of OBA in South African schools. 2. Teachers' knowledge of OBE, and more specifically OBA, is too superficial to implement OBA successfully. 3. The assessment practices of teachers reflect that they have not yet made the transition from traditional and conventional types of assessment to authentic OBA. Assessment is primarily used for summative purposes and not for formative purposes, as is supposed to be the case. 4. The education department do not adequately support and empower teachers for the successful implementation of OBA. In light of the research findings, recommendations were made to promote the implementation of OBA in schools. / Die implementering van uitkomsgebaseerde onderwys (UGO) in Suid-Afrikaanse skole het radikale veranderinge vir die onderwysprofessie teweeggebring. Die oorgang na 'n UGOkurrikulum het 'n diepgaande impak op onderwysers se assesseringspraktyke gehad en het grootskaalse wysigings van onderrig-en leeraktiwiteite ingehou. Uitkomsgebaseerde assessering (UGA) verlang nie net van onderwysers om toepaslike assesseringsplanne, assesseringsprogramme en assesseringstrategiee te ontwerp nie, maar ook om aan leerders uitgebreide en toepaslike geleenthede te bied om volgens hulle vermoe te presteer. Dit is dus uiters belangrik dat daar in die opleiding van onderwysers nie net gelet sal word op wat UGA van die leerder vereis nie, maar spesifiek op wat UGA van die onderwyser verwag. Die hoofdoel van assessering is om onderrig en leer te bevorder en onderwysers moet dus op so 'n wyse assesseer dat dit kwaliteitinligting oor leerderprestasie lewer. Die onderwyser moet hierdie inligting noukeurig rekordeer en interpreteer, sodat professionele en verantwoordbare besluite oor leerderprestasie geneem kan word en op 'n konstruktiewe wyse aan leerders en hulle ouers oorgedra kan word. Makliker gese as gedaan! Die implementering van UGO, en in besonder UGA, het 'n hewige debat en felle kritiek uit verskillende oorde ontlok. Talle koerantberigte het sedert die implementering van UGO die negatiwiteit van onderwysers, opvoedkundiges en ander rolspelers teenoor UGO en in die besonder UGA weerspieel. UGO en UGA het 'n problematiese en kontroversiele aangeleentheid in Suid-Afrika geword. Teen die agtergrond van bogenoemde, was die doel van hierdie ondersoek om die aard, omvang en oorsake van die UGO-assesseringsknelpunte in Suid-Afrikaanse skole te bepaal en om met praktykgerigte, hulpverlenende aanbevelings na vore te kom om die situasie te verlig en/of te verbeter. Ten einde die problematiek van UGA empiries te bepaal is daar van beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes gebruik gemaak. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys (met geslote en oop items) is aan 'n verteenwoordigende steekproef van Suid-Afrikaanse staatskole gestuur. Die ingesamelde data is kwalitatief en kwantitatief geanaliseer en die volgende hoofbevindinge het uit die ondersoek voortgespruit: 1. Die opleiding wat onderwysers van die onderwysdepartement ontvang, is ontoereikend vir die suksesvolle implementering van UGA in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. 2. Onderwysers se kennis van UGO, en meer spesifiek UGA, is te oppervlakkig om UGA prakties suksesvol te implementeer. 3. Die assesseringspraktyke van onderwysers weerspieel dat hulle nog nie van die tradisionele en konvensionele tipes van assessering wegbeweeg het, na outentieke UGA toe nie. Assessering word ook oorwegend vir summatiewe doeleindes aangewend en nie vir formatiewe doeleindes, so os dit veronderstel is om te gebeur nie. 4. Onderwysers word ook nie toereikend deur die onderwysdepartement ondersteun en bemagtig om UGA suksesvol te implementeer nie. Aan die hand van die bevindinge is aanbevelings, te, bevordering van UGA-implementering in skole, gemaak. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The implementation of outcomes-based education (OBE) in South African schools brought radical changes to the teaching profession. The transition to an OBE curriculum exerted a great impact on teachers' assessment practices and required a major revision of teaching and learning activities. Outcomes-based assessment (OBA) does not only require of teachers to design appropriate assessment plans, assessment programmes and assessment strategies, but it also implies that learners should be provided with expanded and 89Propriate opportunities to achieve in accordance with their abilities. Thus, it is of the utmost importance that the training of teachers should not only focus on the demands that OBA make on the learner, but specifically on what OBA expects from the teacher. The main aim of assessment is to promote teaching and learning, which implies that teachers must assess in such a way that quality information about learner performance will be produced. The teacher must record and interpret this information carefully, in order to enable professional and accountable decisions about learner performance and to give constructive feedback to learners and their parents. Easier said than done! The implementation of OBE and specifically OBA elicited serious debates and fierce criticism from a variety of sources. Since the implementation of OBE, quite a number of newspaper reports reflected the negativity of teachers, educationists and other role players towards OBE and particularly OBA. OBE and OBA have become problematic and controversial issues in South Africa. In light of the above mentioned the purpose of this study was to determine the nature, scope and causes of the problems experienced with OBA in South African schools and come forward with practical, supportive recommendations that could alleviate and/or improve the situation. In order to determine the difficulties experienced with OBA empirical, quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilised. A structured questionnaire, with closed and open items, was sent to a representative sample of South African public schools. The resultant data was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed and the following main findings emerged from the research: 1. The training that teachers receive from the education department is inadequate for the successful implementation of OBA in South African schools. 2. Teachers' knowledge of OBE, and more specifically OBA, is too superficial to implement OBA successfully. 3. The assessment practices of teachers reflect that they have not yet made the transition from traditional and conventional types of assessment to authentic OBA. Assessment is primarily used for summative purposes and not for formative purposes, as is supposed to be the case. 4. The education department do not adequately support and empower teachers for the successful implementation of OBA. In light of the research findings, recommendations were made to promote the implementation of OBA in schools. / Die implementering van uitkomsgebaseerde onderwys (UGO) in Suid-Afrikaanse skole het radikale veranderinge vir die onderwysprofessie teweeggebring. Die oorgang na 'n UGOkurrikulum het 'n diepgaande impak op onderwysers se assesseringspraktyke gehad en het grootskaalse wysigings van onderrig-en leeraktiwiteite ingehou. Uitkomsgebaseerde assessering (UGA) verlang nie net van onderwysers om toepaslike assesseringsplanne, assesseringsprogramme en assesseringstrategiee te ontwerp nie, maar ook om aan leerders uitgebreide en toepaslike geleenthede te bied om volgens hulle vermoe te presteer. Dit is dus uiters belangrik dat daar in die opleiding van onderwysers nie net gelet sal word op wat UGA van die leerder vereis nie, maar spesifiek op wat UGA van die onderwyser verwag. Die hoofdoel van assessering is om onderrig en leer te bevorder en onderwysers moet dus op so 'n wyse assesseer dat dit kwaliteitinligting oor leerderprestasie lewer. Die onderwyser moet hierdie inligting noukeurig rekordeer en interpreteer, sodat professionele en verantwoordbare besluite oor leerderprestasie geneem kan word en op 'n konstruktiewe wyse aan leerders en hulle ouers oorgedra kan word. Makliker gese as gedaan! Die implementering van UGO, en in besonder UGA, het 'n hewige debat en felle kritiek uit verskillende oorde ontlok. Talle koerantberigte het sedert die implementering van UGO die negatiwiteit van onderwysers, opvoedkundiges en ander rolspelers teenoor UGO en in die besonder UGA weerspieel. UGO en UGA het 'n problematiese en kontroversiele aangeleentheid in Suid-Afrika geword. Teen die agtergrond van bogenoemde, was die doel van hierdie ondersoek om die aard, omvang en oorsake van die UGO-assesseringsknelpunte in Suid-Afrikaanse skole te bepaal en om met praktykgerigte, hulpverlenende aanbevelings na vore te kom om die situasie te verlig en/of te verbeter. Ten einde die problematiek van UGA empiries te bepaal is daar van beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes gebruik gemaak. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys (met geslote en oop items) is aan 'n verteenwoordigende steekproef van Suid-Afrikaanse staatskole gestuur. Die ingesamelde data is kwalitatief en kwantitatief geanaliseer en die volgende hoofbevindinge het uit die ondersoek voortgespruit: 1. Die opleiding wat onderwysers van die onderwysdepartement ontvang, is ontoereikend vir die suksesvolle implementering van UGA in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. 2. Onderwysers se kennis van UGO, en meer spesifiek UGA, is te oppervlakkig om UGA prakties suksesvol te implementeer. 3. Die assesseringspraktyke van onderwysers weerspieel dat hulle nog nie van die tradisionele en konvensionele tipes van assessering wegbeweeg het, na outentieke UGA toe nie. Assessering word ook oorwegend vir summatiewe doeleindes aangewend en nie vir formatiewe doeleindes, so os dit veronderstel is om te gebeur nie. 4. Onderwysers word ook nie toereikend deur die onderwysdepartement ondersteun en bemagtig om UGA suksesvol te implementeer nie. Aan die hand van die bevindinge is aanbevelings, te, bevordering van UGA-implementering in skole, gemaak. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Bakgrund: På slutenvårdsavdelningarna vid Astrid Lindgrens barnsjukhus arbetar få specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor vilket kan utgöra en risk för patientsäkerheten. Studier visar att det föreligger behov av fler preventiva åtgärder för att förbättra vårdkvaliteten för de inneliggande pediatriska patienterna. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors strategier i bedömningen och omvårdnaden av pediatriska patienter. Metod: En deskriptiv, kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på åtta sjuksköterskor från tre slutenvårdsavdelningar. Kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys användes. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i två huvudkategorier: interna strategier och externa strategier. Otillräckliga kunskaper av pediatrisk vård från sjuksköterskornas grundutbildning ledde till att informanterna utförde olika subjektiva interna strategier i bedömning och omvårdnad. När interna strategier inte räckte till använde informanterna externa strategier som innefattade stöd från kollegor, läkare och föräldrar. Samtliga informanter sökte sällan eller aldrig stöd av intensivvårdsavdelningen. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor utan specialistutbildning har svårigheter att klara av sina åtaganden. Det finns således utrymme för förbättringar i både interna och externa strategier samt ett ökat stöd från intensivvården. / Background: At Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital, there is a lack of specialized nurses in the inpatient wards. This could pose a risk to patient safety. Studies show that there is a need for more preventative measures, to improve the quality of care for hospitalized pediatric patients. Objective: To investigate the strategies, used by nurses in the assessment and care of pediatric patients. Method: A descriptive, qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Eight nurses from three inpatient wards were interviewed. Qualitative, manifest content analysis were used. Results: The results are presented in two main categories Internal Strategies and External Strategies. The informants felt that their basic education had given them insufficient knowledge and training in pediatric care. They used subjective, internal strategies when assessing and providing care. External strategies, such as turning to colleagues, doctors and the children´s parents for advice were used when the internal strategies were insufficient. Seeking help and support from the Intensive Care Unit was something the informants rarely or never considered. Conclusion: Non-specialized nurses frequently meet with difficulties in managing their commitments. Our conclusion is that there is room for improvement in internal and external strategies and the need for an increased support from the Intensive Care Unit.

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Denna licentiatuppsats handlar om hur lärare dokumenterar elevers kunskaper i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur lärare arbetar med dokumentation, hur detta arbete upplevs utifrån olika förutsättningar samt om det finns skillnader i lärares erfarenheter av dokumentationsarbetet och vad dessa skillnader i så fall består i. I dagens skola ställs allt högre krav på dokumentation av elevernas kunskaper som underlag för en rättssäker bedömning och betygsättning.  Många lärare upplever att det är ett problem i ämnet idrott och hälsa där det inte finns någon direkt tradition av skriftliga underlag för bedömning. De ökade kraven på dokumentation och att bedriva en traditionellt utformad undervisning i ämnet uppfattas av många lärare som en omöjlig ekvation. Studiens perspektiv är läroplansteoretiskt. Begrepp som transformering och realisering av undervisningsinnehåll, ramfaktorer för undervisningen samt former av pedagogik, har använts för att analysera problematiken kring dokumentation i idrott och hälsa. Studiens resultat visar att en stor andel av lärarna upplever dokumentation av elevers kunskaper som svårt. Det som framstår som lätt att dokumentera blir också lärarnas underlag för bedömning snarare än det som styrdokumenten stipulerar. En grupp lärare upplever dock inte alls samma problem med dokumentation, trots att de står inför samma utmaningar i form av undervisningstid, schema och elevgrupper som andra lärare. Vad som utmärker dessa lärare, de systematiska planerarna, är att deras undervisningspraktik, innefattande planering, undervisning och bedömning, i stora delar skiljer sig från övriga lärares vilket skapar andra möjligheter för dokumentation. / In several Swedish research studies about the school subject physical education and health (PEH), assessment emerges as a difficult task for teachers. Assessment and grading is largely based on observation and teachers’ gut feeling, even though a reliable assessment process requires some form of documentation. The aim of this study is to examine how teachers in the Swedish primary and secondary schools document the students' knowledge and how this work is perceived in relation to influencing factors. The theoretical framework consists of curriculum theory with a focus on frame factors and the transformation and realization of the subject content. In the first part of the data collection 144 PE teachers completed a survey about their perceptions of the documentation process. The second part was conducted as semi-structured interviews with ten PE teachers focusing on the teachers’ work with the documentation of students’ knowledge in PEH. The results show that a large majority of the teachers experience the documentation of students' knowledge as difficult. The main obstacles are frame factors such as time, schedule and class numbers. The teachers, however, have a broad repertoire of documentation methods that they use. The analysis indicates that the teachers' documentation of the students’ performances is guided by what is possible to document rather than what learning objectives the curriculum stipulate. However, exceptions emerged among some of the interviewed teachers whose teaching clearly differed from the other teachers. These “systematic planners” had already decided in the planning stages of teaching what content should be assessed, how it should be made, and what kind of information that should be collected and documented. For "the systematic planners" the frame factors did not constitute a major obstacle. The national PE curriculum has undergone significant changes over the last 20 years and the teachers have problems transforming the curriculum into daily practice. The teaching is characterized by a wide variety of content but with few lessons per activity. The collision between the realization of the subject content, and the increased demands for a legally secure assessment practice, is perceived by many teachers as an impossible equation. Having enough time to observe, assess and document all the students' knowledge of a specific subject content, delivered over two to three lessons, is problematic. However in the perspective of "the systematic planners", with perhaps six to eight lessons in the same subject matter, this does not seem to be a problem. / Forskarskolan idrott och hälsas didaktik / Forskningslinjen Utbildning

Denna studie undersöker bedömning och strategier i bildundervisningen. Forskningsfrågorna syftar till att synliggöra vad verksamma bildlärare bedömer i elevernas arbeten, vilka bedömningsstrategier de använder sig av samt vilka utmaningar som kan urskiljas vid bedömningsarbete och betygssättning. Studiens empiri består av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju bildlärare där materialet har bearbetats och analyserats utifrån en innehållsanalys och med studiens två teorier, läroplansteorin samt ramfaktorteorin, som utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att det som lärarna bedömer är arbetsprocessen och slutresultatet, planering och självständighet samt närvaro under lektionstid. De bedömningsstrategier lärarna använder i formativ- och summativ bedömning är: observationer och frågor, sortering i betygsnivåer, färgkodning, matriser, digitala portföljer och kollegial sambedömning. Slutligen visar studien de utmaningar som förekommer vid bedömningsarbete och betygsättning, som främst handlar om olika ramfaktorer. Dessa är tillgången till bildsal och material, digitala verktyg, elevantal, tidsaspekt, kursplanens formulering samt avvägning vid bedömning.