by Po Chu, Leung. / Thesis submitted in: December 1999. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abbreviation --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.vii / Chinese Abstract --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The Development of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hematopoietic Growth Factors --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Transcriptionl Factors Involved in Lineage Commitment of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Occurrence and Classification of Leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The Pathological Features and Etiology of Leukemia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The Molecular Basis of Leukemia --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Current Therapeutic Strategies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Conventional Therapies for Leukemia --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Induction of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis for Treatment of Leukemia --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- The Use of Murine Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells As a Model for the Study of Leukemia Cell Proliferation， Differentiation and Survival --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Taxol: A Novel Anti-cancer Agent --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Discovery and Action Mechanism --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Metabolism and Toxicity of Taxol --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- The Biological Activities of Taxol --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- The Anti-tumor Effects of Taxol --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- The Effects of Taxol on Leukemia --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims and Scopes of This Investigation --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mice --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Culture Media,Buffer and Other Solutions" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Radioisotope and Scintillation Fluid --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Taxol --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Recombinant Cytokines --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Vitamin Analogs --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Various Signal Transduction Pathway Activators and Inhibitors --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Monoclonal Antibodies and Buffers for Flow Cytometry --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Reagents and Chemicals for Gene Expression Study --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.11 --- Chemical Solutions and Buffers for Western Blot --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.12 --- Reagents for Colony Assay --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of Leukemia Cell Lines --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Treatment of Leukemia Cells with Various Drugs and Cytokines --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cell Morphological Study --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of Leukemia Cell Survival and Proliferation --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Colony Assay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Flow Cytometry Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Surface Antigen Immunophenotyping --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Assay of Endocytic Activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Cell Cycle /DNA Content Evaluation --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Gene Expression Study --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Preparation of Total Cellular RNA --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Reverse Transcription --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.7.4 --- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- DNA Fragmentation Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Protein Expression Study --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Protein Extraction --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Quantification of the Protein --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.9.3 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of Taxol on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of the Murine Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Growth-Inhibitory Effects of Taxol on Murine Myeloid Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Cytotoxic Effects of Taxol on Murine Bone Marrow Cells and Myeloid Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Anti-proliferative Effect of Taxol on Different Leukemia Cell Lines --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effects of Taxol on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation of WEHI-3B JCS cells by Taxol --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Effect of Taxol on the Clonogenicity of WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro and Tumorigenicity In Vivo --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of Taxol on the Induction of Monocytic Cell Differentiation in Murine Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Morphological Changes in Taxol-Treated Murine Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Surface Antigen Immunophenotyping of Taxol-treated WE HI-3B cells --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Endocytic Activity of Taxol-treated WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3 --- Modulatory Effect of Taxol and Cytokines on the Proliferation of WEHI- 3B JCS Cells --- p.96 / Chapter 3.4 --- Modulatory Effect of Taxol and Physiological Differentiation Inducers on the Proliferation of WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Possible Involvement of Protein Kinase C in the Anti-proliferative Activity of Taxol on WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.106 / Chapter 3.6 --- Modulation of Apoptotic Gene Expression in Taxol-treated WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7 --- Modulatory Effects of Taxol on the Protein Expression of WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion and Conclusions / Chapter 4.1 --- "Effects of Taxol on the Proliferation,Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Murine Myeloid Leukemia Cells" --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Modulatory Effects of Taxol, Cytokines and Physiological Differentiation Inducers on the Proliferation of the Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells" --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Possible Involvement of Protein Kinase C in Anti-proliferative Activity of Taxol on WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.136 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Modulation of Apoptosis Gene Expression in Taxol-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Modulation of Protein Expression in Taxol-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.138 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusions and Future Perspectives --- p.139 / References --- p.141

Chan Sin-Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iv / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.vi / Contents --- p.viii / Abbreviations --- p.xiii / List of Figures and Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter One --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Ontogeny of hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hiercharay of hematopoiesis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Regulation of hematopoiesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Bone marrow stromal cell --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Hematopoietic growth factor --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Hematopoietic growth factor receptors and signal transduction --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Transcriptional regulation of myeloid cell development --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Deregulated hematopoiesis - Leukemia --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Classification of leukemia --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Molecular basis of leukemia --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Prostaglandin E2 induced WEHI-3B JCS and JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Induced leukemia cell differentiation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Inducer of cell differentiation - Prostaglandin E2 --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- WEHI-3B JCS and subline JCS-14 cells --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- The aims of study --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Identification of differentially expressed genes during PGE2-induced WEHI-3B JCS-14 cell differentiation / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Strategy for studying PGE2-induced JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Method for studying differential gene expression: Microarry Technology --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- AtlasT M Mouse cDNA Expression Array --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Reagents --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Morphological study of PGE2-induced JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of total RNA from PGE2-induced JCS-14 cells --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Preparation of cell lysates --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Preparation of cDNA probes --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Probe synthesis from total RNA --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Purification of the labeled cDNA probes --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Hybridization cDNA probes to the Atlas Array and stringency wash --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Morphological changes in PGE2-treated JCS-14 cells --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Analysis of total RNA from PGE2-induced JCS-14 cells --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Hybridization of cDNA probes to AtlasT M cDNA Expression Array --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Morphological study of JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.73 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Differentiation commitment of JCS-14 cell under PGE2 induction --- p.73 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Gene expression profile by microarray --- p.74 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Gene expression profile of 5 hours PGE2-induced JCS-14 cells --- p.74 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Further analysis of regulatory genes in PGE2-induced JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Expression profile of identified genes in WEHI-3B JCS-14 and JCS cell differentiation / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Quantitation of mRNA by Real time RT-PCR --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Relative quantitation of gene expression --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell lines --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- SYBR® Green PCR core kit --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Enzymes and nucleic acids --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of total RNA from PGE2-induced JCS-14 and JCS cells --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Preparation of cell lysates --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reverse transcription (RT) --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Design of real-time PCR primers --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of relative efficiency of target and reference amplification by validation experiment --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Confirmation of expression profile of identified genes in JCS-14 and JCS cells by comparative CT method in real-time PCR --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Analysis of total RNA from PGE2-induced JCS-14 and JCS cells --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Validation experiment of real-time PCR primers --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Expression profile of specific genes in JCS-14 and JCS cells by comparative CT method --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.114 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Study of gene expression profiles in JCS-14 and JCS cell differentiation --- p.114 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Transcription analysis by real-time PCR --- p.114 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Gene expression profiles during PGE2-induced JCS-14 and JCS cell differentiation --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Inhibition of specific gene expression in WEHI-3B JCS-14 and JCS cells using antisense blocking technique / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Antisense technique --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Design of antisense oligonucleotides --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Transfer of oligonucleotides to cells --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cell lines --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Reagents --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Solutions --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Design of antisense oligonucleotides --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Transfection of oligonucleotides into cells --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Morphological study of PGE2-induced JCS-14 and JCS cells --- p.134 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of antisense oligonucleotides on JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of antisense oligonucleotides on JCS cell differentiation --- p.136 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effects of antisense B-myb on JCS-14 and JCS cell differentiation --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effects of antisense thyroid hormone receptor (c-erbA) and transcription terminator factor (TTF-1) on JCS-14 and JCS cell differentiation --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter Five --- General Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2 --- Differentiation program triggered by Prostaglandin E2 --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Lineage preference during differentiation --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Differentially expressed genes during PGE2-induced JCS-14 cell differentiation --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Expression patterns of the three differentially expressed genes in PGE2-induced JCS-14 and JCS cells --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Antisense blocking during differentiation --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further studies --- p.152 / References --- p.154

by Lau Kwok Wing, Wilson. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-188). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 : --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter (1.1) --- Hematopoiesis : An Overview --- p.2 / Chapter (1.1.1) --- Development of Blood Cells and Sites of Hematopoiesis --- p.2 / Chapter (1.1.2) --- Hematopoietic Cytokine Network --- p.4 / Chapter (1.1.3) --- Molecular Control of Hematopoietic Cell Development --- p.5 / Chapter (1.2) --- Leukemia : An Overview --- p.8 / Chapter (1.2.1) --- Leukemia : Abnormalities in Blood Cell Formation --- p.8 / Chapter (1.2.2) --- Pathophysiology and Etiology of Leukemia --- p.10 / Chapter (1.2.3) --- New Avenues for Therapy : Induction of Differentiation and Apoptosis --- p.12 / Chapter (1.3) --- Induction of Differentiation in Myeloid Leukemia Cells --- p.14 / Chapter (1.3.1) --- Inducers of Leukemic Cell Differentiation --- p.14 / Chapter (1.3.2) --- Cytokines as Inducers of Myeloid Leukemic Cell Differentiation --- p.17 / Chapter (1.3.3) --- Phenotypic Changes and Functional Characterizations --- p.20 / Chapter (1.3.4) --- Modulation of Gene Expression in Myeloid Leukemic Cell Differentiation --- p.22 / Chapter (1.4) --- Apoptosis and Leukemic Cell Death --- p.23 / Chapter (1.4.1) --- Apoptosis : An Overview --- p.23 / Chapter (1.4.2) --- Cytokines and Apoptosis in Myeloid Leukemia --- p.26 / Chapter (1.5) --- Objectives and Research Strategy --- p.27 / Chapter (1.5.1) --- The Murine Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line (Ml) as an Experimental Cell Model for Acute Myeloid Leukemia --- p.27 / Chapter (1.5.2) --- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) as a Differentiation Inducer --- p.28 / Chapter (1.5.3) --- Aims and Scopes of This Investigation --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 ： --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.33 / Chapter (2.1) --- Materials --- p.34 / Chapter (2.1.1) --- Mice --- p.34 / Chapter (2.1.2) --- Cell Lines --- p.34 / Chapter (2.1.3) --- Recombinant Cytokines --- p.34 / Chapter (2.1.4) --- Monoclonal Antibodies --- p.36 / Chapter (2.1.5) --- Oligonucleotide Primers and Internal Probes --- p.37 / Chapter (2.1.6) --- "Buffers, Culture Medium and Other Reagents" --- p.39 / Chapter (2.1.7) --- Reagents and Solutions for Gene Expression Study --- p.41 / Chapter (2.2) --- Methods --- p.46 / Chapter (2.2.1) --- Culture of Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines --- p.46 / Chapter (2.2.2) --- Induction of Leukemic Cell Differentiation --- p.46 / Chapter (2.2.3) --- Determination of Cell Growth and Proliferation --- p.46 / Chapter (2.2.4) --- Cell Morphological Study --- p.47 / Chapter (2.2.5) --- Assessment of Differentiation-Associated Characteristics --- p.48 / Chapter (2.2.5.1) --- Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction Assay --- p.48 / Chapter (2.2.5.2) --- Phagocytosis Assay --- p.48 / Chapter (2.2.5.3) --- Assay of Plastic Adherence --- p.49 / Chapter (2.2.6) --- Flow Cytometric Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter (2.2.6.1) --- Surface Antigen Immunophenotyping --- p.49 / Chapter (2.2.6.2) --- Assay of Endocytic Activity --- p.50 / Chapter (2.2.6.3) --- Assay of Non-specific Esterase Activity --- p.50 / Chapter (2.2.6.4) --- Cell Cycle / DNA Content Evaluation --- p.51 / Chapter (2.2.7) --- Gene Expression Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter (2.2.7.1) --- Preparation of Cell Lysate --- p.52 / Chapter (2.2.7.2) --- RNA Isolation --- p.52 / Chapter (2.2.7.3) --- Reverse Transcription --- p.53 / Chapter (2.2.7.4) --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PGR) --- p.54 / Chapter (2.2.7.5) --- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.55 / Chapter (2.2.7.6) --- 3' End Labelling of Oligonucleotide Probes --- p.56 / Chapter (2.2.7.7) --- Dot Blot Hybridization --- p.56 / Chapter (2.2.7.8) --- Digoxigenin (DIG) Chemiluminescent Detection --- p.57 / Chapter (2.2.8) --- DNA Fragmentation Analysis --- p.58 / Chapter (2.2.9) --- Statistical Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 ： --- "EFFECTS OF LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR ON THE PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND APOPTOSIS OF MURINE MYELOID LEUKEMIA Ml CELLS" --- p.60 / Chapter (3.1) --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter (3.2) --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter (3.2.1) --- Induction of Growth Arrest in rmLIF-Treated Ml Cells --- p.63 / Chapter (3.2.2) --- Induction of Monocytic Differentiation of Ml cells by rmLIF --- p.66 / Chapter (3.2.2.1) --- Morphological Changes --- p.66 / Chapter (3.2.2.2) --- Induction of Plastic Adherence --- p.70 / Chapter (3.2.2.3) --- Surface Antigen Immunophenotyping --- p.70 / Chapter (3.2.2.4) --- NBT-Reducing Activity of rmLIF-Treated Ml Cells --- p.76 / Chapter (3.2.2.5) --- Non-specific Esterase Activity of rmLIF-Treated Ml Cells --- p.77 / Chapter (3.2.2.6) --- Endocytic Activity of rmLIF-Treated Ml Cells --- p.78 / Chapter (3.2.2.7) --- Phagocytic Activity of rmLIF-Treated Ml Cells --- p.79 / Chapter (3.2.3) --- Induction of Differentiation-Associated DNA Fragmentation --- p.80 / Chapter (3.2.4) --- Production of Differentiation-Inducing Factors --- p.84 / Chapter (3.3) --- Discussion --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 : --- CYTOKINE INTERACTIONS IN REGULATING THE PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MURINE MYELOID LEUKEMIA Ml CELLS --- p.94 / Chapter (4.1) --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter (4.2) --- Results --- p.97 / Chapter (4.2.1) --- Synergistic Effect of LIF and IL-6 on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Ml Cells --- p.97 / Chapter (4.2.2) --- Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation of Ml Cells by LIF and OSM --- p.101 / Chapter (4.2.3) --- Effects of LIF and TNF-α on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Ml Cells --- p.104 / Chapter (4.2.4) --- Synergistic Effect of LIF and IL-1 on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Ml Cells --- p.107 / Chapter (4.3) --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 ： --- MODULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN LIF- INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF MURINE MYELOID LEUKEMIA Ml CELLS --- p.120 / Chapter (5.1) --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter (5.2) --- Results --- p.123 / Chapter (5.3) --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 ： --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.158 / REFERENCES --- p.166

by Chan Yick Bun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-165). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.II / Abstract --- p.IV / Contents --- p.VIII / Abbreviations --- p.XIV / List of Figures --- p.XVI / List of Tables --- p.XVII / Chapter Chapter One --- General introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Leukemia: an overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Classification of leukemia --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Origin of leukemia --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Treatment of leukemia --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction of leukemia cell re-differentiation --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Inducers of cell differentiation --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Genes involved in myeloid leukemia cell differentiation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Transcription factors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Signal transduction cascades --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Receptors --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Cytokines --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3 --- Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced WEHI 3B JCS cell differentiation --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Tumor necrosis factor alpha --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- WEHI 3B JCS cells --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of study --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Isolation of differentially expressed genes during TNF-α induced WEHI 3B JCS cell differentiation / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Overview of differential genes screening methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Differential hybridization for analysis of gene expression profiles --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Factors affect differential hybridization --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mouse brain cDNA library --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- E.coli strains --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Kits --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Chemicals --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Enzymes and reagents --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Preparation of total RNA from TNF-a induced WEHI 3B JCS cells --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Preparation of cell lysates --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Extraction of total RNA --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of cDNA clones from cDNA library --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Rescue of phagemids from cDNA library --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Preparation of plasmids --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Primary differential hybridization --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Preparation of cDNA blots --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Preparation of cDNA probes --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Primary differential hybridization --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Subcloning of putative differential cDNA clones --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Preparation of DH5a competent cells --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Transformation of cDNA clones --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Secondary differential hybridization --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Preparation ofcDNA blots --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Secondary differential hybridization --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Analysis of total RNA prepared from TNF-α induced WEHI 3B JCS cells --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of plasmid DNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Primary differential hybridization --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Secondary differential hybridization --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Comparison of two rounds of differential hybridization --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussions --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Study of gene expression profile by differential hybridization --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- cDNA library --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Blots --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Two rounds of differential hybridization --- p.66 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Comparison of two rounds of differential hybridization --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Sequence analysis of putative differentially expressed genes / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Basic structure of cDNA clones --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Strategies for DNA sequencing --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Primer walking --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Restriction digestion and subcloning --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Nested deletion sets --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Shotgun sequencing --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.2.5 --- Other sequencing strategies --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sequence alignment and database search --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Sequence database --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- BLAST algorithm --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Kits --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Restriction enzymes --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Enzymes and reagents --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Restriction digestion --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Subcloning --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Gel purification --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Ligation --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Transformation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Shotgun sequencing --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Sequencing reaction --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Preparation of sequencing gel --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Sequencing reaction --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Restriction mapping of cDNA inserts --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Sequencing results --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sequence analysis --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussions --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sequencing strategies --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Sequence analysis --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Characterization of the putative differentially expressed genes / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Midazolam induced WEHI 3B JCS cells differentiation --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Gene expression profiles in embryogenesis --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Mouse embryo multiple tissue Northern (MTN´ёØ) blot --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Megaprime´ёØ DNA labelling system --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preparation of Northern blots --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Preparation of total RNA from midazolam induced WEHI 3B JCS cells --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Preparation of Northern blots --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Preparation of DNA probes --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Preparation of DNA templates --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Preparation of 32P labelled probes --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Northern blot analysis --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Northern hybridization --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Stripping of Northern blot --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Analysis of midazolam induced JCS cells total RNA --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Preparation of DNA templates for probe syntheses --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Northern Hybridization --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Comparison of the results of differential hybridization and Northern hybridization --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussions --- p.127 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Northern hybridization --- p.127 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Gene expression patterns under TNF-α induction --- p.127 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Normalization of Northern hybridization --- p.129 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Gene expression patterns under midazolam induction --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Gene expression pattern during embryo development --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter Five --- General discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of differentially expressed genes in TNF-α induced WEHI 3B JCS diffentiation --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2 --- Differentially expressed genes and myeloid leukemia cell differentiation --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3 --- Differentially expressed genes and embryogenesis --- p.142 / Chapter 5.4 --- Further studies --- p.144 / References --- p.145

by Yip Mei Chu Pandora. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-233). / Abstract also in Chinese. / STATEMENT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ABSTRACT (CHINESE VERSION) --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xiii / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.xvii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE ... --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- the blood cells formation - hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Hierarchy of hematopoiesis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Malfunction in the process of hematopoiesis - hematologic neoplasia - Leukemia --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Classification of leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Differentiation therapy ´ؤ a new hope in the treatment of leukemia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Understanding the pathogenesis of leukemia --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- General regulation of hematopoiesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Regulation of the differentiation of myeloid lineage --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Regulation of myeloid cell differentiation by hematopoietic regulatory protein --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Signal transduction pathways in myeloid cell differentiation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Gene regulation of myeloid cell differentiation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.1 --- Transcription factors --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.2 --- Myeloid specific genes --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.3 --- Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes --- p.37 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.4 --- Homeobox genes --- p.42 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.5 --- Cell cycle control in myeloid growth and differentiation --- p.47 / Chapter 1.3 --- Induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemia cell --- p.48 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation --- p.48 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Inducers of myeloid cell differentiation --- p.52 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Chemical inducers ´ؤ Flavonoids --- p.57 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Murine myeloid leukemia cell ´ؤ WEHI-3B JCS --- p.60 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of study --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO ... --- ISOLATION OF GENES THAT ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED DURING BIOCHANIN A INDUCED WEHI-3B (JCS) MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL DIFFERENTIATION / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Strategy for searching differentially expressed genes - RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP- PCR) --- p.65 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Reamplification of PCR products by Touchdown PCR --- p.67 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Methods for eliminating false positives : Dot blot hybridization screening --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Cell line, Bacterial strain and Vector" --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Reagents and nucleic acids --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Kits --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Solutions --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Equipments --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Induction of murine myeloid leukemia cell line -WEHI-3B (JCS) cells by biochanin-A --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Isolation of total RNA by guanidium thiocyanate cesium chloride ultracentrifugation --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Synthesis of first strand cDNA --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Normalization of RNA samples --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- RAP-PCR --- p.76 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Reamplification of differentially amplified fragment --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- First round dot blot hybridization screening --- p.78 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Dot blot --- p.78 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Preparation of cDNA probe --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- 32P-labelling of cDNA probe --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Removal of unincorporated probe by NICK´ёØ column --- p.80 / Chapter 2.3.4.5 --- Estimation of 32P labelling efficiency by scintillation counting --- p.80 / Chapter 2.3.4.6 --- Prehybridization and hybridization --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.4.7 --- Quantitation of hybridization signal by scanning densitometry --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Second round dot blot hybridization screening --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Subcloning of differentially amplified fragments --- p.82 / Chapter 2.3.5.1.1 --- Preparation of vector DNA --- p.82 / Chapter 2.3.5.1.2 --- Synthesis of blunt end PCR product --- p.84 / Chapter 2.3.5.1.3 --- Blunt end ligation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.5.1.4 --- Transformation --- p.85 / Chapter 2.3.5.1.5 --- Selection and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction --- p.85 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Dot blot hybridization screening --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.87 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of total RNA --- p.87 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Normalization of RNA samples --- p.88 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Reamplification of isolated RAP-PCR products --- p.91 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- First round of dot blot hybridization screening --- p.92 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Subcloning of differentially amplified fragments --- p.100 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Second round of dot blot hybridization screening --- p.102 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Comparison of the first and second round of dot blot hybridization screening --- p.106 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR --- p.108 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Limitation of RAP-PCR --- p.110 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Two rounds of dot blot hybridization screening --- p.111 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE... --- CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ISOLATED GENE FRAGMENTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.113 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Automated DNA sequencing and analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- GenBank and the BLAST homology search --- p.115 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Selected recombinant plasmids --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reagents --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Kits --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Solutions --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Equipment --- p.119 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of selected recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Restriction digestion of recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Automated DNA sequencing --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Primer annealing to template --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Sequencing reactions --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Data analysis by ALF manager and DNAsis --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Sequence homology search with databases --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of selected recombinant plasmid DNAs subcloned with differentially amplified fragments --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Restriction digestion of selected recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sequences of the subcloned differentially amplified fragments --- p.126 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Sequence analysis of the subcloned differentially amplified fragments --- p.144 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.157 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sequence analysis of the isolated gene fragment --- p.157 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR … --- "EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ISOLATED GENES FRAGMENTS IN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL, MOUSE EMBRYO, AND TISSUES" / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.162 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Quantitation of mRNA by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction --- p.162 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Internal primer design by OLIGO´ёØ ver 34 --- p.167 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials --- p.168 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Mice --- p.168 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Cell lysate --- p.168 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Total RNAs --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Internal primer design by OLIGO´ёØ ver 34 --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Isolation of total RNA from biochanin A induced JCS cells, mouse embryos and tissue" --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Preparation of cell lysate from mouse embryo and postnatal mouse brain --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Isolation of RNA by guanidium thiocyanate cesium chloride method --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Preparation of saggital section of mouse embryo --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Confirmation of differential expression of isolated genes fragments during biochanin A and midazolam induced WEHI 3B (JCS) differentiation and the expression profile in mouse tissues and during mouse embryo development by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction --- p.171 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.173 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Internal primer design of the sequenced fragments --- p.173 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of total RNA --- p.175 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Saggital section of mouse embryo --- p.176 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Normalization of RNA samples --- p.180 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Analysis of mRNA expression of differentially amplified fragmentsin biochanin A or midazolam induced JCS cells and mouse embryos by RT- PCR --- p.182 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- "Genes downregulated at 1 hour, 5 hours and 48 hours after biochanin A induction of JCS cells" --- p.183 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- Genes up-regulated at 48 hours after biochanin A induction --- p.183 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- Genes constitutively expressed during the course of biochanin A treatment --- p.184 / Chapter 4.4.5.4 --- Genes showing undetectable level of expression in biochanin A induced JCS cells --- p.184 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Tissue expression of the biochanin A induced-differentially expressed fragments by RT-PCR --- p.188 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.191 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Expression profiles of isolated differentially amplified fragments --- p.191 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Comparison of the expression profiles of the isolated gene fragments analyzed by dot blot hybridization screening and RT-PCR --- p.197 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE ... --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.200 / REFERENCES --- p.207 / APPENDIX --- p.234

by Szeto Yuk Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-283). / Statement --- p.iii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.ix / Contents --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoies --- p.is / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Ontogeny of the hematopoietic system --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hierarchy of hematopoietic cells --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Characteristics of a functional blood system and the need for regulation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Interrupted hematopoiesis -- Leukemia --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Regulation of myeloid cell differentiation / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Regulation of hematopoiesis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Models of hematopoiesis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Genes regulation of myeloid cell differentiation and its study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Genes differentially expressed and involved in myeloid cell differentiation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3 --- Induced myeloid cell differentiation / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Induced myeloid cell differentiation --- p.46 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.48 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Chemical inducers -- Flavonoids and benzodiazepines --- p.51 / Chapter 1.4 --- The aim of study --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Cytokine Expression in Biochanin A- and Midazolam-treated JCS cells / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cytokine and myeloid differentiation --- p.62 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Phenotypic studies biochanin A- and midazolam-treated JCS cells --- p.65 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cytokine regulation at transcriptional level --- p.68 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cytokine mRNA phenotyping by a semi-quantitative approach --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemicals and buffers --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- DIG system --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Enzymes and nucleic acids --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Solutions --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Isolation of total RNA by guanidinium thiocyanate/cesium chloride isopycnic gradient --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.76 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Southern blotting --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Cycle titration and dot blotting --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- DIG 3' end labeling of probes --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Hybridization and stringency wash --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Chemiluminescent detection --- p.82 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Quantitation by densitometry --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Analysis of total RNA --- p.83 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- mRNA phenotyping --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Summary of mRNA phenotyping results --- p.98 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 2.5.1 --- mRNA phenotyping --- p.100 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Cytokine gene regulation --- p.106 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- mRNA quantitation using the current method --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Identification and Isolation of Genes that are Differentially Expressed during Midazolam-induced JCS Cell Differentiation / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Methods for studying differentially expressed genes --- p.110 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily-primed PCR (RAP-PCR) and differential display (DDRT-PCR) --- p.113 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Re-amplification of PCR products by touchdown PCR --- p.118 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Strategies to avoid false positives --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell line and bacterial culture --- p.121 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.121 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Enzymes and nucleic acids --- p.122 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Kits --- p.122 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Solutions --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily-primed PCR --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- First round cDNA probe screening --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Subcloning of differentially amplified fragments --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Second round cDNA probe screening --- p.133 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of total RNA --- p.134 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Normalization of samples --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- RNA fingerprinting of arbitrarily-primed PCR --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Re-amplification of PCR products --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- First round cDNA probe screening --- p.139 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Subcloning of the differentially amplified fragments --- p.143 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Second round cDNA probe screening --- p.145 / Chapter 3.4.8 --- A comparison of the first and second screening --- p.149 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Towards the steps to isolate differentially expressed genes --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Expression profiles predicted at different stage of the procedures --- p.156 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Representation of the total mRNA in the cell --- p.158 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comparison of the original and modified protocol of RAP-PCR --- p.159 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Advantages of the modified protocol and further refinements --- p.163 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Characterization of the Putative Differentially Expressed Genesin Midazolam-induced JCS cells / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.1.1 --- DNA sequencing --- p.165 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Automated DNA sequencing and analysis --- p.168 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Genbank and BLAST homology search --- p.171 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Internal primer design for RT-PCR --- p.174 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Genes involved in both myeloid cell differentiation and embryonic development --- p.177 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Selected recombinant plasmids --- p.180 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Total RNAs --- p.180 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.180 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Enzymes and nucleic acids --- p.181 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Kits --- p.181 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Solutions --- p.181 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preparation of selected recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.182 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequencing --- p.182 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Data analysis and assessment by ALF manager and DNAsis --- p.184 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Sequence search by BLASTN program --- p.185 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Primer design by Oligo´ёØ ver. 34 --- p.186 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Differential expression confirmed by RT-PCR --- p.186 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Analysis of selected recombinant plasmid DNA --- p.187 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Sequencing results --- p.191 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- BLASTN search results --- p.212 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Primer design of the sequenced fragments --- p.222 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- "Expression profile of the isolated genes in midazolam-, biochanin A- induced JCS cells and mouse embryos" --- p.223 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Sequence analysis of the isolated gene fragments --- p.233 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Expression profiles of the isolated genes --- p.236 / Chapter Chapter Five --- General Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Studies on leukemic cell differentiation / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Differentiation pathways revealed by different inducers --- p.241 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Lineage preference during differentiation --- p.243 / Chapter 5.2 --- Differentiation program triggered by midazolam / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Signaling pathways initiated by biochanin A and midazolam --- p.245 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Differentially expressed genes during midazolam-induced differentiation --- p.247 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Expression patterns of the isolated differentially expressed genesin midazolam and biochanin A-induced JCS cells --- p.248 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Myeloid genes in embryonic development --- p.250 / Chapter 5.3 --- Future studies of the isolated fragments --- p.252 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.256 / Reference --- p.257 / Append --- p.ix / Chapter A1. --- Ambiguity codes for sequencing --- p.i / Chapter A2. --- Myeloid cell lines --- p.ii / Chapter A3. --- Details of manufacturer's products --- p.iii / Chapter A4. --- List of machine and equipment --- p.v

Chiu Lai-Ching. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-152). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.II / Abstract --- p.IV / Contents --- p.VIII / Abbreviations --- p.XIV / Chapter Chapter One --- General introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Haemopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Regulation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Stromal cells --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Haemopoietic regulator --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Haemopoietic regulator receptors and signal transduction --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Disorder of haemopoiesis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Causes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Types of leukemia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Treatment of leukemia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Prostaglandins --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Types and biosynthesis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Prostaglandin receptors --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Prostaglandins and cell differentiation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- PGD2 and cell differentiation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- PGE2 and cell differentiation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- PGJ2 and cell differentiation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aims of study --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Roles of Prostaglandin D2，E2 and J2 in WEHI-3B JCS myeloid leukemia cell differentiation / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Morphological studies of JCS cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Methods in determining cell proliferation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Methods in determining differentiated cells --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Microscopic studies of the JCS cells --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Histochemical staining of JCS --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Transmission electronic microscopic --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- MTT assay --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Histochemical staining of JCS cells --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Electron microscopy --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- "Effect of PGD2, E2 and J2 on JCS cells proliferation" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- "Effect of PGD2, E2 and J2 on JCS cells differentiation" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Morphological differentiation of JCS cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- The ultra-structures of JCS cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- "Effect of PGD2, E2 and J2 on JCS cells proliferation" --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- "Effect of PGD2, E2 and J2 on JCS cells differentiation" --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Roles of Prostaglandin E2 in normal haemopoiesis and the detection of PGE2 receptors expression in JCS and bone marrow cells / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Colony assay --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The use of RT-PCR --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Prostaglandin E receptors --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Bone marrow cells --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cell line --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Primers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Enzymes and reagents --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Titration of mouse IL-3 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Determination of suitable IL-3 concentration for growth of bone marrow cells in colony assay --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Preparation of bone marrow cells --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Preparation of culture medium for colony assay --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Investigation of the effect of PGE2 on normal haemopoiesis by colony assay --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Detection of PGE2 receptors expression on JCS cells and bone marrow cells --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Preparation of cell lysates --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Preparation of total RNA of JCS cells and bone marrow cells --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- RT-PCR --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Titration of mouse IL-3 --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of mouse IL-3 on normal haemopoiesis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of PGE2 on mouse IL-3 driven normal bone marrow cell differentiation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Analysis of total RNA prepared from uninduced JCS cells and bone marrow cells --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- "Expression of gapdh in heart, liver, spleen, JCS and bone marrow cells" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- "Expression of PGE2 receptors in heart, liver, spleen, JCS and bone marrow cells" --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of PGE2 on IL-3 driven normal bone marrow cells differentiation --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- "Expression of PGE2 receptors in heart, liver, spleen, JCS and bone marrow cells" --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Gene expression profile of JCS cells under 5 hours of PGE2 induction / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Review of methods studying differential gene expression --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The choice of method studying differential gene expression --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- The microarray --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Kits --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Solutions and buffers --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Reagents --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preparation of total RNA from PGE2 induced JCS cells --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Preparation of cDNA probes --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Probe synthesis from total RNA --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Column chromatography --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Hybridizing cDNA probes to the Atlas Array --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Spectrophotometric analysis of total RNA after ethanol precipitation --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Hybridization of cDNA probes to Atlas Array --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.121 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Genes with increased expression --- p.121 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Genes with decrease expression --- p.127 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Study of gene expression profile by microarray --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter Five --- General discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2 --- Roles of PGE2 in JCS cells differentiation --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3 --- Roles of PGE2 in normal haemopoiesis --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4 --- Further studies --- p.135 / References --- p.137

Tsang Yuen-Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-218). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.vii / CHINESE ABSTRACT --- p.xi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- An Overview on Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Role of Cytokines in the Control of Hematopoiesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Leukemia --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Abnormalities in Hematopoietic Cell Development --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Classification of Leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Etiology and Symptoms of Leukemia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Therapeutic Strategies for Leukemia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Conventional Therapies --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Differentiation Therapy and Induction of Apoptosis in Leukemia --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Regulation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Progression --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Apoptosis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Cell Cycle --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- Disregulation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Contribute to the Development of Leukemia --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Licorice --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Chemistry of Licorice --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Pharmacological Activities of Glycyrrhizin and 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Mineralocorticoid Activity --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Anti-inflammatory Effect --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Anti-allergic Effect --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Enhancement of Immune Response --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2.5 --- Anti-hepatotoxic Effects --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.2.6 --- Anti-viral Activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.2.7 --- Anti-carcinogenic and Anti-tumor Effects --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Other Biological Activities of Licorice --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- A 96-kDa Glycyrrhizin-Binding Protein (gb96) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Evaluation of Health Hazard --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims and Scopes of This Research --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cell Lines --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Cell Culture Medium, Buffers and Reagents" --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Recombinant Cytokines --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- [methyl-3H] Thymidine (3H-TdR) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Liquid Scintillation Cocktail --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Reagents and Buffers for Flow Cytometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Monoclonal Antibodies --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Reagents for DNA Extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Reagents for Total RNA Isolation --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.11 --- Reagents and Buffers for RT-PCR Study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1.12 --- Reagents and Buffers for Gel Electrophoresis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.1.13 --- Reagents and Buffers for Western Blot Analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of the Tumor Cell Lines --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Isolation, Preparation and Culture of Primary Mouse Cells" --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of Cell Proliferation by [3H]-TdR Incorporation Assay --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of Cell Viability --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Cell Morphology Study --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Apoptosis Study by DNA Fragmentation --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Flow Cytometric Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Cell Cycle/DNA Content Evaluation --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Gene Expression Study --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Protein Expression Study --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- THE ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS OF GLYCYRRHIZIN AND 18-β GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID ON VARIOUS LEUKEMIC CELL LINES / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Growth Inhibitory Effects of Glycyrrhizin on Various Leukemic Cell Lines --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Differential Anti-proliferative Effects of Glycyrrhizin on Various Leukemic Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Effects of Glycyrrhizin on the Viability of Various Leukemic Cell Lines and Normal Hematopoietic Cells In Vitro --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation in Leukemia Cells by Glycyrrhizin --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Effect of Glycyrrhizin on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Effect of Glycyrrhizin on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Effect of Glycyrrhizin on the In Vivo Tumorigenicity of the Murine Myeloid Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Growth Inhibitory Effects of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Various Leukemic Cells Lines --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Differential Anti-proliferative Effect of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Various Leukemic Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Effects of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Viability of Various Leukemic Cell Lines and Normal Hematopoietic Cells In Vitro --- p.115 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation in Leukemia Cells by 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid --- p.120 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Effect of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.123 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Effect of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Cell Cycle Kinetics of JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.126 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Effect of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic acid on the In Vivo Tumorigenicity of the Murine Myeloid Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- THE DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCING EFFECTS OF GLYCYRRHIZIN AND 18-β GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID ON MURINE MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Morphological Changes in Glycyrrhizin or 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid-treated JCS Cells --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Surface Antigen Immunophenotyping of Glycyrrhizin or 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid-treated JCS Cells --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Endocytic Activity of Glycyrrhizin or 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid-treated JCS Cells --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.158 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE ANTI LEUKEMIC ACTIVITIES OF GLYCYRRHIZIN AND 18-P GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.164 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Combining Effect of Glycyrrhizin or 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid with Hematopoietic Cytokines in Modulating the Proliferation of the Murine Myeloid Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.164 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Combining Effect of Glycyrrhizin and IL-lα on the Proliferation of JCS Cells --- p.164 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Combining Effects of Glycyrrhizin with IFN-γ or TNF-α on the Proliferation of JCS Cells --- p.166 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Combining Effect of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid and IL-lα on the Proliferation of JCS Cells --- p.169 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Combining Effects of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid with IFN-γ or TNF-α on the Proliferation of JCS Cells --- p.169 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizin or 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Leukemic Cell Differentiation and Growth Arrest --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Modulatory Effects of Glycyrrhizin and 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Expression of Cytokine Genes in the Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Modulatory Effects of Glycyrrhizin and 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Expression of PKC Isoforms in the Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.176 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Modulatory Effects of Glycyrrhizin and 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Expression of Growth- regulatory Genes in the Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.180 / Chapter 5.2.2.4 --- Modulatory Effects of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Expression of Apoptosis-related Genes in the Leukemia JCS Cells --- p.183 / Chapter 5.2.2.5 --- Modulatory Effects of 18-β Glycyrrhetinic Acid on the Expression of Growth-regulatory and Apoptosis-related Proteins in JCS Cells --- p.185 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.187 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.194 / REFERENCES --- p.200

RUNX3是RUNX轉錄因子家族的其中一位成員。RUNX轉錄因子家族是負責調控細胞的增殖和分化。最近研究表明RUNX3可能在造血過程中扮演其中一個角色。可是，它在髓系細胞中的調節角色依然未明。此前，我們發現在核心結合因子急性骨髓性白血病中的融合蛋白RUNX1-ETO和CBFB-MYH11會抑制RUNX3基因表達，並且RUNX3表達水平對兒童急性骨髓性白血病的預後有顯著影響。本研究的目的是要調查RUNX3在成人急性骨髓性白血病的預後價值，並透過闡明RUNX3的轉錄調節去了解其在髓系細胞分化扮演的角色。 / 首先，我們透過實時定量聚合鏈反應去量化在174個成人急性骨髓性白血病的患者骨髓中的RUNX3表達，從而調查RUNX3表達與成人急性骨髓性白血病預後的關係。我們發現低RUNX3表達與較好預後的核型(P=0.045)，NPM1基因突變(P=0.014) 和較年青患者(P=0.084) 有關聯。在存活分析中，我們把有完整生存數據的非急性前骨髓性白血病病人分成高RUNX3表達和低RUNX3表達兩組。在成人急性骨髓性白血病中，高RUNX3表達和較差整體存活率(OS) (P=0.011)和無事件存活率(EFS) (P=0.003)有顯著的關聯，這和我們在兒童急性骨髓性白血病所觀察的一致。高RUNX3表達和較差存活率的關係在有野生型FLT3基因的病人中更為明顯(OS, P=0.004; EFS, P=0.001)。由於低RUNX3表達和較好預後核型有關聯，我們進一步只對擁有較差預後核型的病人作將存活分析，發現RUNX3表達仍是影響EFS的一個顯著因素(P=0.017)。在多元分析中，高RUNX3表達在所有病人(EFS, P=0.026, HR=2.433, 95%CI = 1.114-5.356)，野生v 型FLT3基因的病人(OS, P=0.016, HR=4.830, 95%CI = 1.335-17.481; EFS, P=0.007, HR=4.103, 95%CI = 1.480-11.372)和較差預後核型的病人(EFS, P=0.024,HR=2.339, 95%CI = 1.117-4.896) 中都是一個獨立的不利預後因素。 / 接著，我們研究RUNX3基因的表達調控。我們鑒定出一個最小啟動子區對於在髓系細胞的基因表達有關鍵作用。透過預測啟動子區和轉錄因子結合位點的分析，顯示這個活性區域含有PU.1，AP-1和Sp1轉錄因子結合位點。我們透過報告基因系統研究，染色質免疫沈澱技術及電泳遷移率改變分析去闡明PU.1，c-Jun及Sp1和相對的轉錄因子結合位點參與RUNX3基因的表達調控。我們進一步透過PU.1基因剔除去證實RUNX3是PU.1的直接下遊靶基因並發現PU.1與RUNX3表達在急性骨髓性白血病人中呈正相關性。 / 由於RUNX3基因表達受到PU.1, c-Jun及Sp1的控制，我們繼續研究RUNX3在髓系細胞分化的功用。我們透過實時定量聚合鏈反應及流式細胞儀檢測發現RUNX3過度表達誘導K562細胞株作單核細胞及粒細胞分化。RUNX3能激活髓系基因的啟動子。它在成熟髓系細胞的表達水平明顯比血幹細胞為高。根據以上結果，RUNX3也許在單核細胞及粒細胞分化中有一定功能。但是，有別於其他癌細胞，RUNNX3不能在髓系細胞誘導細胞凋亡和周期阻滯。 / 總括而言，RUNX3表達在成人急性骨髓性白血病中是一個獨立的預後因素。除此之外，本研究表明RUNX3受到PU.1，c-Jun及Sp1的表達調控並在單核細胞及粒細胞分化中有一定功能。 / RUNX3 is a member of Runt-related domain (RUNX) transcription factor family, which regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent studies have suggested a role of RUNX3 in hematopoiesis. However, its regulatory function in myeloid cells remains unclear. Our group previously showed that RUNX3 expression was repressed by the fusion proteins RUNX1-ETO and CBFB-MYH11 in core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) and had prognostic implication in childhood AML patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of RUNX3 in adult AML patients and its role in myeloid differentiation by elucidating its transcriptional control. / To investigate the relationship between RUNX3 expression and prognosis of adult AML, RUNX3 expression in the diagnostic bone marrow samples from 174 adult AML patients were quantified by real time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). Low RUNX3 expression was found to be associated with favorable cytogenetic group (P=0.045), NPM1 mutations (P=0.014) and younger age (P=0.084). For the survival analysis, 110 non-acute promyelocytic leukemia (non-APL) patients with complete survival data were dichotomized into high and low expression groups. Concordant with our previous observation in childhood AML, a significant association between high RUNX3 expression and poorer overall survival (OS) (P=0.011) and event-free survival (EFS) (P=0.003) was observed. The association between high RUNX3 expression and poorer survival was further strengthened in patients with wild-type FLT3 (P=0.004 and 0.001 for OS and EFS respectively). Since low RUNX3 expression was associated with favorable cytogenetics, the analysis was next restricted to patients with non-favorable cytogenetics and RUNX3 expression remained as a significant factor for EFS (P=0.017). In multivariate analysis, high RUNX3 expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor in the whole cohort (EFS, P=0.026, HR=2.433, 95%CI = 1.114-5.356), patients with wild-type FLT3 (OS, P=0.016, HR=4.830, 95%CI = 1.335-17.481; EFS, P=0.007, HR=4.103, 95%CI = 1.480-11.372) and patients with non-favorable genetics (EFS, P=0.024,HR=2.339, 95%CI = 1.117-4.896). / Next, the transcriptional regulation of RUNX3 in myeloid cells was investigated. A minimal promoter region was identified to be critical for myeloid-specific promoter activity. Sequence analysis of the fragment revealed potential transcription factor binding sites for PU.1, AP-1 and Sp1.The involvement of these putative binding sites and corresponding transcription factors in transcriptional regulation of RUNX3 was demonstrated by promoter reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).Furthermore, PU.1 knockdown in U937 cells confirmed RUNX3 was a direct downstream target of PU.1 and a positive correlation between PU.1 and RUNX3 expression was observed in AML patient samples. / As RUNX3 was shown to be transcriptionally regulated by PU.1, c-Jun and Sp1, a role of RUNX3 in myeloid differentiation was postulated. Overexpression of RUNX3 induced both monocytic and granulocytic markers in K562 myeloid cells as detected by flow cytometry and RQ-PCR. RUNX3 was also found to activate myeloid-specific gene promoters and its expression was significantly higher in mature myeloid cells than in hematopoietic stem cells. This suggested a role of RUNX3 in both monocytic and granulocytic differentiation. However, unlike in other solid tumors, RUNX3 did not induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in myeloid cells. / In conclusion, RUNX3 expression was an independent prognostic factor in adult AML. Furthermore, our findings showed that RUNX3 was transcriptionally regulated by the master myeloid regulator PU.1 along with c-Jun and Sp1 and implicated a role in monocytic and granulocytic differentiation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Kwan, Tsz Ki. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-202). / Abstracts also in Chinese.