This work has been performed at Outokumpu Stainless AB, QPE, in Degerfors where focus is on production of hot rolled tailor-made quarto plate in special stainless steel grades such as highly alloyed austenitics and duplex steel grades. After a period with low values in strength and a lot of deviations in tensile tests for the highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel, 254 SMO, there was a need to investigate what influence some parameters during process has on strength values. Process parameters during hot rolling and levelling have been examined to see if there is a connection between these and the strength. A statistical data base has been created to investigate the connection with strength. There has been experimental work involving two test plates in different dimensions to see how a double/extended heat treatment influence the sigma phase values and grain size, and if these can be connected to the strength values. The test plates have also been used to investigate how the position of the test coupon is affecting the tensile test result. Moreover, there have been tests performed in the cold plate leveller. The strength is a complex problem since there are many parameters that contribute to a variation in strength value. It is possible to see an influence from the investigated parameters, but their individual impact on strength varies. There are several indications in the results that the flatness seems to be a factor affecting the variation in strength. However, there is a need for more thorough investigations where the flatness can be measured to completely verify this / Det här arbetet har utförts på Outokumpu Stainless AB, QPE, i Degerfors där man inriktar sig på produktion av varmvalsad, skräddarsydd kvartoplåt i olika specialstål som höglegerade austeniter och duplexa stålsorter. Efter en period med låga värden i hållfasthet och många avvikelser i provning för ett höglegerat austenitiskt stål, 254 SMO, så fanns ett behov av att undersöka vissa parametrars inverkan på hållfastheten. Processparametrar vid valsning och riktning har undersökts för att se om det går att se ett samband mellan dessa och hållfastheten. Statistisk data har tagits fram för att undersöka sambandet med hållfastheten. Även experimentella försök har gjorts, främst på två testplåtar i olika dimensioner, för att se hur en dubbel/förlängd värmebehandling påverkar sigmafas och kornstorlek men även om dessa värden, genom försöken, kan kopplas till hållfasthetsvärden. Plåtarna har också använts till att se hur testresultatet påverkas av var i plåten som testkupongen tas ut. Dessutom har det gjorts försök i riktverket med olika parametrar. Hållfastheten är ett komplext problem att utreda eftersom det finns så många parametrar som ger en variation i resultaten. Det är möjligt att se en påverkan från flera av de undersökta parametrarna men deras individuella påverkan på hållfastheten varierar. Det finns många indikationer i resultaten som pekar på att planheten verkar vara en faktor som påverkar den variation som finns i resultat. Dock behövs det grundligare undersökningar där planheten kan mätas för att helt verifiera detta.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to determine the flatness of the floor using two methods, levelling and laser scanning, their subsequent comparison and evaluation of differences between them. The thesis deals mainly with laser scanning and namely the used scanner and the software for point cloud processing. Furthermore, there is a compilation of existing technical standards dealing with this topic.

This diploma thesis deals with surveying traverse in the main corridor of the cave Býčí skála in the Moravian karst. Specifically, in the area called Proplavaná skála. The results of the thesis are permanently stabilized points in the state coordinate system S - JTSK and vertical datum Bpv, which will further serve speleologists to conduct documentation of this part of the cave system. Traverse is subsequently displayed in the maps compared to the surface.

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring vertical shifts in the village Tetčice, located at the contact of two geological units in Boskovice furrow. The theoretical part describes the geological structure of the site and the technology high-precision levelling. It also includes measuring and graphic processing, including follow-up on results of previous stages.

This report covers a bachelor thesis project to design a concept for a levelling system to a point absorbing wave energy converter that uses a winch with a chain, which has restricted capabilities to bending and thus requires a system which compensates for this. First of all, a literature study was made to see if there were any technologies that could be used, and also a wide search for information about the wave conditions in the Baltic sea were performed to find what requirements would be necessary for the concept to be able to withstand the conditions faced there. Following this, several brainstorming sessions were had to get ideas for different types of constructions that could solve the problem. After multiple ideas had been conceptualized, they were rated in a Pugh matrix with five different criteria which were: 1. mechanical complexity 2. complexity of required motion control 3. complexity of the structure 4. amount of potential critical weak points 5. mass of the system and lastly 6. how symmetrical it could be made. The concept that was deemed most viable out of all them is a cradle that holds the winch-drum and is controlled by a motor to compensate for one angular shift, and this is paired with a mooring system that limits the yawing motion of the entire buoy and thus removes the need for the compensation of that angle. This concept was then modelled in Solid Edge and following this; a stress analysis was made to determine the forces that would act upon the system. These were then used to determine whether the system would live up to the requirements or not with fatigue calculations. Lastly a list of recommended future work is presented. / Denna rapport täcker ett kandidatarbetsprojekt för att utforma ett koncept för ett nivelleringssystem till ett punktabsorberande vågkraftverk som använder en kedjevinsch med begränsad kapacitet till böjning och därmed kräver ett system som kompenserar för detta. Först gjordes en litteraturstudie för att se om det fanns teknik som kunde användas, och även en bred sökning efter information om vågförhållandena i Östersjön gjordes för att hitta vilka krav som skulle vara nödvändiga för att konceptet skulle kunna motstå dessa förhållanden. Efter detta hölls flera brainstormingssessioner för att få idéer för olika typer av konstruktioner som kunde lösa problemet. Efter att flera idéer hade konceptualiserats, bedömdes de i en Pugh-matris med fem olika kriterier som var: 1. mekanisk komplexitet 2. komplexitet för krävd rörelsekontroll 3. Strukturellkomplexitet 4. Antalet potentiella svaga punkter 5. Massan på systemet och slutligen 6. Hur symmetriskt systemet kunde göras. Det koncept som bedömdes vara mest genomförbart av dem alla var en vagga som håller vinschtrumman och styrs av en motor för att kompensera för en vinkelförskjutning, och detta är kombinerat med ett förtöjningssystem som begränsar girrörelsen för hela bojen och tar således bort behovet av kompensation av den vinkeln. Detta koncept modellerades sedan med Solid Edge och efter detta gjordes en kraftanalys för att bestämma krafterna som skulle agera på systemet. Dessa användes sedan för att bestämma om systemet skulle uppfylla kraven eller inte med utmattningsberäkningar. Till sist presenteras en lista med framtida arbete som rekommenderar.

Yes

This work has been aimed at establishing a geodetic base for photo plans of building site objects or scenes and the application to ``Photogrammetry`` studies. It will be used in teaching of Land Adjustment and Real Trade Estate study programme at the Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The work should result in establishing the geodetic base of a building frontage using terrestrial and GPS methods.

Les géomètres de la section Survey de l’Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) utilisent le nivellement hydrostatique HLS pour effectuer des alignements verticaux précis. Le HLS atteint des précisions micrométriques, ce qui lui permet d’être utilisé pour les expériences à but de physique fondamentale comme le Large Hadron Collider (LHC). HLS mesure certes des déformations qui ont pour conséquence de désaligner tout accélérateur de particules lié au sol, mais il mesure également d’autres phénomènes aux caractéristiques bien particulières. Parmi ces phénomènes mesurés, les marées terrestres représentent une part très largement majoritaire du signal. Leur effet sur les mesures HLS est périodique et engendre une inclinaison longue base qui n’aboutit pas au désalignement relatif des aimants constitutifs d’un accélérateur. Les objectifs de ce doctorat sont de pouvoir prédire les effets ne perturbant pas l’alignement relatif d’un accélérateur de particules et ainsi corriger les mesures HLS de ces signaux. En effet, les tolérances planimétrique et altimétrique à respecter dans le domaine des accélérateurs de particules sont de plus en plus serrées. Par exemple, le Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), aujourd’hui à l’étude de faisabilité, nécessite une précision d’alignement à 3σ de 10 μm dans une fenêtre glissante de 200 m selon les directions transversale et verticale. Le HLS est candidat pour assurer cet alignement vertical mais l’amplitude de marée est d’environ +/-20 μm à 200 m, rendant nécessaire la prise en compte de ce phénomène longue base pour que l’instrumentation réponde aux besoins du CLIC. Ce doctorat est inspiré des travaux déjà réalisés sur les inclinomètres longue base et décrit les effets mesurés par HLS afin de classer ces phénomènes selon qu’ils désalignent ou non un accélérateur de particules. Enfin, les outils et modèles pour prédire les effets maitrisables sont utilisés pour anticiper les différents signaux mesurés par les HLS installés au CERN. / The surveyors of the Large Scale Metrology section of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) use hydrostatic levelling systems (HLS) to perform precise vertical alignment measurements. The HLS achieves micrometer accuracy, which allows it to be used for the fundamental physics experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). An HLS measures the deformations that lead to the misalignment of any particle accelerator linked to the ground, but it also measures other phenomena with very particular characteristics. Among these measured phenomena Earth tides form the main part of the signal. Their effect on HLS measurements is periodic and produces a long baseline tilt that does not lead to a relative misalignment of the magnets that constitute the accelerator.The objectives of this doctoral research are to be able to predict the effects which do not disturb the relative alignment of a particle accelerator and to remove these signals from the HLS measurements. Indeed, the horizontal and vertical positioning tolerances to be respected in the realm of particle accelerators are becoming tighter and tighter. For example, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), currently the object of a feasibility study, requires a 3σ alignment accuracy of 10 μm in a sliding window of 200 m, in both the transverse and vertical directions. The HLS is a candidate for measuring the vertical alignment but the amplitude of the tidal effect is approximately +/-20 μm over200 m, making it necessary to take into account this long baseline phenomenon for the instrument to meet the CLIC requirements.This doctoral thesis is inspired by previous work on the long baseline tiltmeters and describes the effects measured by HLS in order to classify the measured phenomena according to whether they could produce a misalignment of a particle accelerator or not. Finally, the tools and models to predict those effects that are well understood are used to anticipate the different signals measured by HLS installed at CERN.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of composition and the study of properties of the ternary binding system based on purposeful ettringite formation, which was subsequently used for the preparation of self-leveling floor materials, specifically self-levelling underlay and thin-layer floor screed. In the designed compositions of the mixtures is then focused attention on optimizing the dosage of two kinds of plasticizer agents, followed by assessing their impact on the technological properties of these materials.

Aim: To compare the 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch conventional pre-adjusted orthodontic bracket slot systems in terms of the effectiveness of levelling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment. Design: Prospective, multi-centre randomised clinical trial. Setting: This was undertaken in the secondary care hospital environment in Tayside NHS in the United Kingdom. Subjects and methods: One hundred and five orthodontic patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either the 0.018-inch bracket slot (n= 52) and 0.022-inch bracket slot (n=53) Victory conventional pre-adjusted bracket systems (3M Unitek). The patients were treated in three centres in secondary care hospitals Tayside NHS, United Kingdom. The levelling and alignment stage of treatment was assessed from the start of treatment until the ligation of the working archwire for each bracket slot system (0.016x0.022 stainless steel for the 0.018-inch group and 0.019x0.025 stainless steel for the 0.022-inch group). Periapical radiographs were taken before the start of treatment and after 9 months in treatment for the maxillary central incisors to assess orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). The “Smiles better” questionnaire was completed by the participants at 6 months from the start of treatment. Primary outcome measures: The duration of the levelling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Secondary outcome measures: The number of scheduled appointments for the levelling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment in the maxillary and mandibular arches, OIIRR at 9 months from the start of treatment using periapical radiographs and patient perception of wearing orthodontic appliances. Results: The data from 92 patients (mean age 19.55 years) were analysed after the completion of their levelling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment. An ANOVA test showed no statistically significant difference in the duration or number of scheduled appointments for the levelling and alignment stage in the maxillary and mandibular arches between the two appliance groups. Non-parametric statistical test showed no statistically significant difference in the severity of OIIRR and patient perception of wearing orthodontic appliances between the two study groups except for the soreness of teeth, where more patients in the 0.022-inch group experienced significant teeth soreness than the 0.018-inch group. Multiple regression analysis determined that 49.6% of the variance in the duration of levelling and alignment duration for the maxillary arch can be explained by five factors: alignment of ectopic tooth, scheduled appointment intervals, gender, bracket slot size system and the number of failed scheduled visits. For the mandibular arch, 50.8% of the variance in the levelling and duration of alignment can be explained by three factors: scheduled appointment intervals, arch irregularity and the number of debonded brackets. Conclusions: There is no difference in the effectiveness of the levelling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment between the 0.018-inch or 0.022-inch conventional bracket slot systems except for the soreness of teeth.