The diploma work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The first part is further divided into the theoretical linguistic subsection and theoretical political science subsection. The theoretical linguistic part comprises information on metaphors, metonymies and synecdoches taken from Czech and Spanish linguistic handbooks and is focused on a phenomenon of levelling and it also deals with the function of the aforementioned rhetorical figures. In the first part there is also a chapter on the rhetorical style and translation of rhetorical figures. The second, practical part deals with the analysis of the rhetorical figures in selected political speeches, their function, frequency and possible levelling when translating them into the target language. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a comparable sample of political speeches in the Czech and Spanish languages. They are the speeches of two important personalities of the 1970s, President Ludvík Svoboda's speeches in the Czech language and in terms of the Spanish linguistic background - the speeches of his Chilean counterpart - President Salvador Allende, and their Czech translation. Key words: levelling, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, translation, political speech

Depuis son origine, la surface de la Terre est façonnée par de nombreux processus. Qu’ils soient géologiques ou, plus récemment, anthropiques, ces processus façonnent la topographie, à différentes échelles de volume et de temps. Devant l’augmentation des risques (combinaison des enjeux humains et économiques et des aléas de type subsidence ou glissements de terrains), la nécessité de développer des méthodes de mesures fiables et précises de ces processus apparaît évidente. C’est l’objectif des mesures dites géodésiques. Le but de cette thèse est de créer une méthodologie de combinaison des déplacements de surface mesurés par différentes techniques de mesures géodésiques (GNSS, InSAR, Nivellement) afin d’améliorer la connaissance de la déformation sur de nombreux cas d’études. La première étape de la combinaison est l’harmonisation des références spatiales de la déformation. Ensuite, les champs de vitesses issus des différentes techniques sont pondérés suivant leurs incertitudes natives. Enfin la combinaison de ces champs de vitesses est effectuée par la méthode du krigeage par régression pondérée. Le résultat obtenu est une grille de déformation qui, selon les méthodes et données utilisées, présentera une résolution spatiale en une à trois dimensions. Associée à celle-ci, une grille d’indices de fiabilité est créée, prenant en considération les incertitudes natives de chaque méthode d’une part, et les incertitudes liées à la méthode d’interpolation d’autre part. L’étude conjointe de ces deux grilles permet une discussion sur la déformation.Notre méthodologie a été confrontée à un cas d’étude : la subsidence de la saline de Vauvert (Gard, France). Ce site apparaît idéal car (1) sa situation géographique proche de Montpellier facilite son instrumentation et les mesures, (2) une subsidence y est déjà mesurée, dont l’origine est l’extraction de sel entre 2000 et 3000 m de profondeur, et (3) des jeux de données sont disponibles en InSAR, GPS et Nivellement. Deux périodes de mesures sont retenues (2002-2009 et 2015-2017) car permettant l’utilisation conjointe de plusieurs techniques de mesures. Les résultats de la combinaison des champs de vitesses montrent la présence d’un bol de subsidence de magnitude maximale de 2.2 cm/an sur la première période et 2.4 cm/an sur la deuxième période. Son extension atteint les quartiers sud-est de la ville voisine de Vauvert. Globalement cette subsidence (dimension du bol et magnitude) varie peu au cours du temps, néanmoins une zone localisée proche des sites historiques de la Galine, à l’est de la zone d’étude, présente une accélération de la subsidence d’environ 8 mm/an entre les deux périodes. Cette accélération semble montrer un effet en surface de la purge des puits à proximité, purges initiées en 2015.Enfin l’utilisation d’un algorithme/méthode d’inversion sur les données issues de la méthodologie de combinaison (vitesses et incertitudes) permet d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de discussion sur l’anisotropie locale de la déformation. Une accommodation des structures géologiques en profondeur (plis, failles, décollements) est montrée. / Since its origin, the surface of the Earth has been shaped by many processes. Whether they are geological or, more recently, anthropogenic, these processes shape the topography at different scales of volume and time. Given the increase in risks (a combination of human and economic issues with subsidence or landslide hazards), the necessity to develop reliable and accurate methods of measuring these processes is clear. This is the goal of the so-called geodesic measurements.The aim of this thesis is to create a new methodology for the combination of surface displacements measured by different geodetic techniques (GNSS, InSAR, Leveling) to improve the knowledge of the deformation on many cases of studies. The first step of the combination is the harmonization of the spatial references of the deformation. Then, the velocity fields resulting from the different techniques are weighted according to their native uncertainties. Finally, a combination of these velocity fields is performed by the weighted regression kriging method. The result is a deformation grid, which, according to the data used, will present a spatial resolution in one to three dimensions. Associated to the grid, a second one of reliability index is created, taking into account the native uncertainties of each method in one hand, and the uncertainties related to the interpolation method on the other hand. The joint use of these two grids improve the discussion on the deformation.Our methodology was confronted with a case study: the subsidence of the Vauvert saline (Gard, France). This site appears ideal because of (1) its geographical situation close to Montpellier facilitating its instrumentation and measurements, (2) a subsidence is already measured, whose origin is the salt extraction between 2000 and 3000 m in depth, and (3) datasets are available in InSAR, GPS and Leveling. Two measurement periods are selected (2002-2009 and 2015-2017) because they allow the joint use of several measurement techniques. The results of the combination of velocity fields show the presence of a subsidence bowl with a maximum magnitude of 2.2 cm / year in the first period and 2.4 cm / year in the second period. Its extension reaches the southeastern area of the neighboring town of Vauvert. On the whole this subsidence (size of the bowl and magnitude) varies a little, nevertheless a zone closed to the historical sites of the Galine (east of the zone of study) presents an acceleration of the subsidence of approximately 8 mm / year between the two periods. This acceleration seems to reflect the surface effect of the closest wells purging , initiated in 2015.Finally, the use of an inversion algorithm of the data from the combination methodology (velocities and uncertainties) bring some new informations on the deformation anisotropy. An accommodation of geological structures in depth (folds, faults, detachments) is shown.

During 2002-2006 geological field work were carried out in Mozambique. The purpose was to check the preliminary geological interpretations and also to resolve the problems that arose during the compilation of preliminary geological maps and collect samples for laboratory studies. In parallel, airborne geophysical data were collected in many parts of the country to support the geological interpretation and compilation of geophysical maps. In the present work the aeromagnetic data collected in 2004 and 2005 in two small areas northwest of Niassa province and another one in eastern part of Tete province is analysed using GeosoftTM. The processing of aeromagnetic data began with the removal of diurnal variations and corrections for IGRF model of the Earth in the data set. The study of the effect of height variations on recorded magnetic field, levelling and interpolation techniques were also studied. La Porte interpolation showed to be a good tool for interpolation of aeromagnetic data using measured horizontal gradient. Depth estimation techniques are also used to obtain semi-quantitative interpretation of geological bodies. It was showed that many features in the study areas are located at shallow depth (less than 500 m) and few geological features are located at depths greater than 1000 m. This interpretation could be used to draw conclusions about the geology or be incorporated into further investigations in these areas.

This study is devoted to the determination of a high resolution gravimetric geoid model for Uganda based on the optimal combination of terrestrial and satellite gravity anomalies using the method of Least Squares Modification of Stokes’ formula with additive corrections. Specifically the study investigates the current status of the existing Uganda Vertical Network relative to the requirements of a modern height datum and includes a detailed evaluation and validation of terrestrial gravity data, several digital elevation models and some recent global geopotential models. Finally a new height datum based on a gravimetric quasigeoid model and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/levelling is proposed. In this thesis, the Uganda Gravimetric Geoid Model 2014 (UGG2014) is computed from several datasets which, include 7839 terrestrial gravity data points from the International Gravimetric Bureau, the 3 arc second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model and a recent Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer-only global geopotential model. To compensate for the missing gravity data in the target area, the surface gravity anomalies extracted from the World Gravity Map 2012 were used. Outliers in the terrestrial gravity data were detected using the cross-validation technique which, also estimated the accuracy of the remaining terrestrial gravity data as 9 mGal. Based on 12 GNSS/levelling data points distributed over Uganda, the root mean square fit of UGG2014 before and after the 4-parameter fit is 16 cm and 9 cm, respectively. The study has revealed that the heights of the Uganda Vertical Network are normal-orthometric heights for which the quasigeoid is the closest approximation to the zero reference surface. Consequently, the Uganda Gravimetric Quasigeoid Model 2014 (UGQ2014) was derived from the UGG2014 with the quasigeoid-geoid separation computed from the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 complete to degree/order 2160 of spherical harmonics. The root mean square fit of UGQ2014 versus GNSS/levelling is 15 cm and 8 cm before and after the 4-parameter fit, respectively, which shows that the quasigeoid model fits GNSS/levelling better than the geoid model. Thus a new height datum based on UGQ2014 and GNSS/levelling was determined as a practical solution to the determination of heights directly from GNSS. Evaluated with 4 independent GNSS/levelling points, the root mean square fit of the new height datum is 5 cm better than using the quasigeoid model alone. With an average parts-per-million of 29 in the relative test, the new height datum satisfies the precision and accuracy requirements of third order precise levelling. Overall, the results show that UGG2014 and UGQ2014 agree considerably better with GNSS/levelling than any other recent regional/global gravimetric geoid models. Therefore, both gravimetric solutions are a significant step forward in the modelling of a “1-cm geoid” over Uganda given the poor quality and quantity of the terrestrial gravity data used for computation. / <p>QC 20150831</p>

Dissertation was worked on the theme " Project and surveying of the network for planimetry and hight points in the area of the river Jenín using several methods". Target of this dissertation was building of point field, their planimetry and altitude destination like basis for another telemetry in range. On the basis of geodetic and map data was effected reconnaissance of the area, estimation of current point field, their completion to required density and locating new points by geodetic and GPS methods. It was built net of 16 points of the detailed planimetry point field and eight of them was subjekt of my dissertation. For planimetry and altitude survey by GPS method was used Trimble 4600LS device. By geodetic method points was located by electronic total station Leica TCR 407 power. Altitude of the three points was determined by the technical levelling using levelling machine Topcon AT {--} 22A and the other hights of points was calculated trigonometrically. Part of dissertation was processing of surveyed data, execution of graphic enclosure and comparing both methods.

Devido à industrialização e à modernização dos sistemas construtivos, a busca por produtividade e otimização de prazos nos canteiros de obras está cada dia mais presente no setor da construção civil. A argamassa autonivelante para contrapiso, também conhecida como revestimento contínuo, é um material já conhecido em muitos países da Europa, Estados Unidos e América Latina, com forte tendência de implementação no Brasil. A principal característica é sua elevada fluidez, que permite que o material se auto adense no pavimento aplicado, sob ação da gravidade e da própria capacidade de fluxo, oferecendo alta planicidade, aumentando a produtividade e o controle de qualidade do sistema. Entretanto, algumas manifestações patológicas neste material, como segregação da mistura, falta de aderência, exsudação, fissuras, dentre outras, estão sendo relatadas em obras no Brasil, por empresas e usuários do produto. O presente trabalho buscou então analisar, a partir de avaliações laboratoriais, o desempenho físico-mecânico de argamassas autonivelantes industrializadas brasileiras para contrapiso e seu comportamento em relação aos convencionais métodos de execução com argamassa dosada em obra, do tipo "farofa", frente a ensaios no estado fresco e endurecido. Para tal, foi realizado um levantamento em obras da cidade de Porto Alegre para elencar quais os traços de argamassa para contrapiso estão sendo empregados na construção civil local. Os resultados apontaram, após realização dos ensaios, que as argamassas industrializadas autonivelantes brasileiras estão oferecendo propriedades mecânicas mais satisfatórias do que as especificadas em norma, para o uso de argamassas de contrapiso do tipo "farofa" com traço 1:6 (NBR 13753, (ABNT, 1996)). Entretanto, com desempenho inferior ao que está sendo executado atualmente nas obras da cidade de Porto Alegre, com a utilização da argamassa "farofa" de traço 1:3, requerendo, ainda, algumas melhorias em suas propriedades. / Due to the industrialization and modernization of building systems, the search for productivity and time optimization at construction sites is becoming more present in the construction sector. The self-leveling mortar for subfloor, also known as continuous coating, is a material used in many countries in Europe, USA and Latin America, with strong implementation trend in Brazil. The main feature is its high fluidity, which allows the material to bind when applied under the action of gravity and its own flow capacity, providing high flatness and floor leveling, increasing productivity and quality control. However, some pathological manifestations in this material, as segregation of the mixture, lack of adhesion, bleeding, cracks, among others, are being reported in Brazil, by companies and users of this product. Based on laboratory evaluations this research seeks to analyze the physical-mechanical performance of self-levelling mortars for subfloors compared to traditional methods of mortar implementation, in the fresh and hardened state. For this, a survey was conducted in the building site of the city of Porto Alegre, to find out which mortar proportioning are being employed in the local construction industry. The results showed, after carrying out the tests, the Brazilian self-leveling industrial mortars for subfloors, are offering more satisfactory mechanical properties than those specified in Brazilian standard for the use of subfloors mortars with mix proportion 1:6 (NBR 13753 (ABNT, 1996)). However, the studied mortars presented low performance in relation with 1:3 mortar proportion, the most used in Porto Alegre construction sites, requiring improvements on their properties.

La présente thèse propose une description et une étude multidimensionnelles (sociolinguistiques, phonologiques et phonétiques) de la variété d'anglais parlée dans le Greater Manchester. Nous offrons une discussion sur les enjeux méthodologiques et épistémologiques de l'étude du changement linguistique et de l'utilisation des corpus en linguistique. Notre travail est mené dans le cadre du programme PAC (Phonologie de l'Anglais Contemporain : usages, variétés et structure) et au sein du projet LVTI (Langue, Ville, Travail, Identité) sur la base du corpus PAC-LVTI Manchester, constitué de données authentiques et récentes récoltées sur le terrain. Notre analyse se concentre notamment sur le phénomène de nivellement dialectal, qui a été l'objet de nombreuses recherches récentes en sociolinguistique anglaise. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à l'hypothèse de l'expansion d'une variété supralocale dans le nord de l'Angleterre. Notre étude concerne essentiellement les voyelles du Greater Manchester, et repose sur une analyse phonético-acoustique de la production des locuteurs de notre corpus. Nous relevons les caractéristiques majeures de la variété mancunienne, telles qu'elles ont pu être décrites dans les quelques travaux publiés jusqu'ici, et étudions leur corrélation avec des facteurs sociolinguistiques classiques comme l'âge, le genre, ou le niveau socio-économique. Nous explorons également la pertinence des facteurs attitudinaux pour l'étude de nos données. Sur la base de nos résultats phonético-acoustiques, nous nous prononçons en faveur de la pertinence de l'opposition de longueur en anglais, repensée en termes de poids vocalique au niveau de la représentation des voyelles, et proposons une modélisation du système phonologique de la variété du Greater Manchester dans le cadre de la phonologie de dépendance. Nous discutons des évolutions du système à la lumière du phénomène de nivellement dialectal, et nous interrogeons sur la pertinence des facteurs internes et externes pour les expliquer. / This thesis offers a multidimensional (sociolinguistic, phonetic, and phonological) description and study of the variety of English spoken in Greater Manchester. We discuss the study of linguistic change and the use of corpora in linguistics from a methodological and epistemological point of view. Our work is conducted in the framework of the PAC programme (Phonology of Contemporary English: usage, varieties and structure) and within the LVTI project (Language, Urban Life, Work, Identity), and based on the PAC-LVTI Manchester corpus, which is composed of authentic and recent fieldwork data. Our analysis notably focuses on the phenomenon of regional dialect levelling, which has been largely documented in recent English sociolinguistic research. In particular, we are interested in the hypothesis of the expansion of a supralocal variety in the north of England. Our study deals mainly with the vowels of Greater Manchester English, and relies on a phonetic-acoustic analysis of our informants' realisations. We describe the major characteristics of the Mancunian variety based on the few studies published so far, and statistically evaluate their correlation with traditional sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender or socio-economic profile. We also explore the relevance of attitudinal factors for the study of our data. On the basis of our phonetic-acoustic results, we speak in favour of the relevance of the opposition of length in English, which we reconsider in terms of vocalic weight in the representation of vowels. We then offer a model of the phonological system of Greater Manchester inspired by Dependency Phonology. We discuss the evolutions of the system in the light of regional dialect levelling, and question the role played by internal and external factors in these linguistic changes.

Nowadays, production environment became more and more competitive due to innovative improvements and applications in industrial systems. Manufacturers aim to implement technological solutions into their production systems from the design phase until the product’s end of life. This approach provides several benefits to manufacturers such as; reduced cost, increased productivity, reduced time-to-market etc. Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the most popular technologies which provides innovative solution to manufacturers. There is a variety of use of AR applications in manufacturing world such as; assemble, training, maintenance, recycling etc. On the other hand, the product data andits traceability became more and more important within supply chain. In order to improve their competitiveness on the market, manufacturers started to search for solutions which helps to improve production practices in terms of cost and time. PLM solutions have provided a better understanding to use of product data and improved the production systems. This project aims to develop a framework which integrates the AR and PLM context with the purpose of optimization of the support given to the operator and reporting of the manufacturing operations. An AR –PLM Framework has been developed and a demonstrator has been implemented as a proof of the concept in this project.

Devido à industrialização e à modernização dos sistemas construtivos, a busca por produtividade e otimização de prazos nos canteiros de obras está cada dia mais presente no setor da construção civil. A argamassa autonivelante para contrapiso, também conhecida como revestimento contínuo, é um material já conhecido em muitos países da Europa, Estados Unidos e América Latina, com forte tendência de implementação no Brasil. A principal característica é sua elevada fluidez, que permite que o material se auto adense no pavimento aplicado, sob ação da gravidade e da própria capacidade de fluxo, oferecendo alta planicidade, aumentando a produtividade e o controle de qualidade do sistema. Entretanto, algumas manifestações patológicas neste material, como segregação da mistura, falta de aderência, exsudação, fissuras, dentre outras, estão sendo relatadas em obras no Brasil, por empresas e usuários do produto. O presente trabalho buscou então analisar, a partir de avaliações laboratoriais, o desempenho físico-mecânico de argamassas autonivelantes industrializadas brasileiras para contrapiso e seu comportamento em relação aos convencionais métodos de execução com argamassa dosada em obra, do tipo "farofa", frente a ensaios no estado fresco e endurecido. Para tal, foi realizado um levantamento em obras da cidade de Porto Alegre para elencar quais os traços de argamassa para contrapiso estão sendo empregados na construção civil local. Os resultados apontaram, após realização dos ensaios, que as argamassas industrializadas autonivelantes brasileiras estão oferecendo propriedades mecânicas mais satisfatórias do que as especificadas em norma, para o uso de argamassas de contrapiso do tipo "farofa" com traço 1:6 (NBR 13753, (ABNT, 1996)). Entretanto, com desempenho inferior ao que está sendo executado atualmente nas obras da cidade de Porto Alegre, com a utilização da argamassa "farofa" de traço 1:3, requerendo, ainda, algumas melhorias em suas propriedades. / Due to the industrialization and modernization of building systems, the search for productivity and time optimization at construction sites is becoming more present in the construction sector. The self-leveling mortar for subfloor, also known as continuous coating, is a material used in many countries in Europe, USA and Latin America, with strong implementation trend in Brazil. The main feature is its high fluidity, which allows the material to bind when applied under the action of gravity and its own flow capacity, providing high flatness and floor leveling, increasing productivity and quality control. However, some pathological manifestations in this material, as segregation of the mixture, lack of adhesion, bleeding, cracks, among others, are being reported in Brazil, by companies and users of this product. Based on laboratory evaluations this research seeks to analyze the physical-mechanical performance of self-levelling mortars for subfloors compared to traditional methods of mortar implementation, in the fresh and hardened state. For this, a survey was conducted in the building site of the city of Porto Alegre, to find out which mortar proportioning are being employed in the local construction industry. The results showed, after carrying out the tests, the Brazilian self-leveling industrial mortars for subfloors, are offering more satisfactory mechanical properties than those specified in Brazilian standard for the use of subfloors mortars with mix proportion 1:6 (NBR 13753 (ABNT, 1996)). However, the studied mortars presented low performance in relation with 1:3 mortar proportion, the most used in Porto Alegre construction sites, requiring improvements on their properties.

Devido à industrialização e à modernização dos sistemas construtivos, a busca por produtividade e otimização de prazos nos canteiros de obras está cada dia mais presente no setor da construção civil. A argamassa autonivelante para contrapiso, também conhecida como revestimento contínuo, é um material já conhecido em muitos países da Europa, Estados Unidos e América Latina, com forte tendência de implementação no Brasil. A principal característica é sua elevada fluidez, que permite que o material se auto adense no pavimento aplicado, sob ação da gravidade e da própria capacidade de fluxo, oferecendo alta planicidade, aumentando a produtividade e o controle de qualidade do sistema. Entretanto, algumas manifestações patológicas neste material, como segregação da mistura, falta de aderência, exsudação, fissuras, dentre outras, estão sendo relatadas em obras no Brasil, por empresas e usuários do produto. O presente trabalho buscou então analisar, a partir de avaliações laboratoriais, o desempenho físico-mecânico de argamassas autonivelantes industrializadas brasileiras para contrapiso e seu comportamento em relação aos convencionais métodos de execução com argamassa dosada em obra, do tipo "farofa", frente a ensaios no estado fresco e endurecido. Para tal, foi realizado um levantamento em obras da cidade de Porto Alegre para elencar quais os traços de argamassa para contrapiso estão sendo empregados na construção civil local. Os resultados apontaram, após realização dos ensaios, que as argamassas industrializadas autonivelantes brasileiras estão oferecendo propriedades mecânicas mais satisfatórias do que as especificadas em norma, para o uso de argamassas de contrapiso do tipo "farofa" com traço 1:6 (NBR 13753, (ABNT, 1996)). Entretanto, com desempenho inferior ao que está sendo executado atualmente nas obras da cidade de Porto Alegre, com a utilização da argamassa "farofa" de traço 1:3, requerendo, ainda, algumas melhorias em suas propriedades. / Due to the industrialization and modernization of building systems, the search for productivity and time optimization at construction sites is becoming more present in the construction sector. The self-leveling mortar for subfloor, also known as continuous coating, is a material used in many countries in Europe, USA and Latin America, with strong implementation trend in Brazil. The main feature is its high fluidity, which allows the material to bind when applied under the action of gravity and its own flow capacity, providing high flatness and floor leveling, increasing productivity and quality control. However, some pathological manifestations in this material, as segregation of the mixture, lack of adhesion, bleeding, cracks, among others, are being reported in Brazil, by companies and users of this product. Based on laboratory evaluations this research seeks to analyze the physical-mechanical performance of self-levelling mortars for subfloors compared to traditional methods of mortar implementation, in the fresh and hardened state. For this, a survey was conducted in the building site of the city of Porto Alegre, to find out which mortar proportioning are being employed in the local construction industry. The results showed, after carrying out the tests, the Brazilian self-leveling industrial mortars for subfloors, are offering more satisfactory mechanical properties than those specified in Brazilian standard for the use of subfloors mortars with mix proportion 1:6 (NBR 13753 (ABNT, 1996)). However, the studied mortars presented low performance in relation with 1:3 mortar proportion, the most used in Porto Alegre construction sites, requiring improvements on their properties.