Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-28T12:47:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 papel_estado.pdf: 1011041 bytes, checksum: 13b6f6cc2a580a129a89c283edd2690e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T12:47:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 papel_estado.pdf: 1011041 bytes, checksum: 13b6f6cc2a580a129a89c283edd2690e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo tem por objeto a identificação dos elementos que delinearam o papel do Estado-Juiz na condução do processo civil desde o Estado Liberal até o Estado Democrático de Direito. Constatou-se que o papel desempenhado pelo juiz e pelas partes no direito processual civil, possui nítida correlação com a forma em que o Estado é compreendido no contexto da sociedade de determinada época. Após estudo da doutrina empregada pelos burgueses, para motivar a ruptura do Estado absolutista e do seu caráter essencialmente repressivo com a conformação do Estado Liberal, observa-se a formação de um processo como ?coisa das partes?, no qual o juiz - como reflexo de um Estado reativo - deveria manter-se equidistante diante do embate protagonizado pelas partes, devendo limitar-se a aplicar a letra da lei. Ainda, nota-se que essa ideologia permeada no plano processual, ainda que analisada de forma sintética, delimitou a atividade jurisdicional, o quanto possível, à esfera de disposição dos interesses da parte. Mostra-se ainda, que a quebra de paradigmas dos ideais liberais, culminou por ocasionar uma nova compreensão do Estado e da sua relação com a sociedade. O processo, nesse viés, agora visto como fenômeno público de interesse da sociedade passa a ser edificado com base na figura do juiz, sendo que o Estado, e consequentemente a própria lei, deixam de ser vistos como instrumentos de proteção das liberdades individuais, para serem instrumentos de promoção da justiça e minimização das desigualdades sociais, caracterizando assim a passagem do Estado Liberal para o Estado Social. Entretanto, a preocupação social incorporada pelo Estado, não foi suficiente para apresentar solução ao problema da igualdade no processo, ganhando destaque, portanto, a necessidade de fomentar a participação das partes na formação do procedimento decisório, a fim de realizar uma releitura democrática e constitucional do processo. Investiga-se uma renovada compreensão do processo civil, de modo à perfectibilizar a necessária postura ativa do juiz, bem como a participação das partes na construção do provimento jurisdicional. Trabalha-se com a estruturação do processo civil sob o viés de um modelo de colaboração processual, o que acaba por acarretar mudanças significativas no modo de organização e no desenvolvimento processual, uma vez que se busca o necessário equilíbrio entre os poderes do juiz e a das partes ao longo do iter procedimental, servindo, pois, de reflexão para um renovado perfil de processo civil, ínsito ao Estado Democrático de Direito. / The present study aims at the identification of the elements that outlined the role of the State-Judge in demeanour of civil process since the Liberal State until the Democratic State of Law. It was found that the role performed by the judge and the parties in Civil Process Law, has clear correlation with the way in which the state is understood in terms of society at a specific time. After a study of the doctrine used by the bourgeoisie, to motivate the rupture of the Absolutist State and its essentially repressive character with the Liberal State conformation, it is observed the formation of a process as "thing of the parties" in which the judge, reproducing a reactive State, should remain equidistant because of the impingement played by the parties, but it must limit itself to the applying of the law. Also, it is noticeable that this ideology permeated in the process plan, although it is synthetically analysed, has limited the jurisdictional activity, as much as possible, to the sphere of provision on the interests of the party. It is also shown that the change in paradigm of liberal principles, turned out to cause a new understanding of the state and its relationship with society. The process, this bias, now seen as a public phenomenon with society interest, shall be assembled based on the figure of the judge, and the State, and consequently the law itself, will no longer be seen as instruments of protection of individual rights, then becoming instruments for the promotion of justice and minimizing social inequalities, characterizing the transition state from the Liberal to the Welfare State. However, welfare concern incorporated by the State was insufficient to provide solution to the problem of equality in the process, gaining prominence, then and there, the need ofdeveloping the participation of the parties in shaping the decision-making procedure in order to perform a restating of the democratic and constitutional process. Animprovedunderstanding of civil process is investigated, in order to perfect the necessary active role of the judge as well as the parties’ participation in the construction of the jurisdictional provision. The structuring of civil process in the bias of a collaboration model process has been performed, which lately has led to some significant changes in the organizational and procedural development, since the necessary balance between the powers of the judge and the parties along the process iter have been inquired, serving therefore to a consideration on a renewed profile of civil process, inserted onto the Democratic State of Law.

Developmental local government is regarded as a remedy for the deep-rooted structural socio-economic challenges in South Africa. Many of these challenges are a legacy of apartheid and colonialism, so the ascent to power of a democratic government after the 1994 democratic elections was seen as a watershed for the development of policies and programmes to ameliorate poverty, unemployment and gross inequality. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996, positions South Africa as a developmental state (defining developmentalism as a capable state with strong economic growth and professionalized public institutions). The White Paper on Local Government, 1998, was also introduced to mitigate poverty and unemployment. The adoption of a democratic developmental state model that empowers local government, as the coalface of service delivery, was seen as the solution. The developmental trajectory posited by the national government was thus predicated on the efficacy of municipalities. This study therefore explores the success and failure of developmentalism in South Africa, using the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as a case study. Analysis and comparison regarding the best model for South Africa was done on the basis of a literature review of international and local studies and official documents and legislation. The review shows that the now defunct developmentalist Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was adopted in 1994 to address the socio-economic ills associated with colonialism and apartheid, but it was replaced by the neoliberal Growth Employment and Redistribution policy. Most developing countries use East Asia as a template to replicate developmental models. Developmentalism thrived in Asia because these countries are not democratic. However, South Africa is a constitutional democracy, which means that the public and public participation must be taken into consideration in policy-making and decision-making, especially for local government to address local socio-economic problems, particularly those affecting the poor. This was not found to be the case in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, where developmentalism is overshadowed by endemic problems around leadership, patronage and a lack of consultation with the people, leaving their needs largely unmet. Neo-liberal policies, clearly not aligned with developmentalism, have been espoused, so a developmental local government model has not been implemented systematically in the Metro. Recommendations to prioritize truly developmental local economic growth and socio-economic development include extensive training and higher appointment criteria. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)