Au Québec, entre 2002-2003 et 2012-2013, le taux de sortie sans diplôme ni qualification en formation générale des jeunes aurait atteint une diminution de 6,9 points. Alors qu’il se situait à 22,2 % une décennie plus tôt, ce taux s’établissait à 15,3 % en 2012-2013 (MÉLS, 2014). Malgré cette diminution appréciable du taux annuel de décrochage, l’abandon des études avant l’obtention d’un diplôme d’études secondaires ou d’une qualification équivalente continue d’être une préoccupation importante dans le monde scolaire en raison des conséquences qui en émanent (MÉES, 2015). Qu’elles soient liées au jeune qualifié de décrocheur ou à la société, les études portant sur les conséquences s’attardent principalement aux problèmes économiques (participation moins active à la société de production), sanitaires (développement plus fréquent de problèmes physiques et de santé mentale) et sociaux (adaptation sociale déficitaire et déviance) qui découlent du décrochage scolaire (Janosz, 2000; Blaya, 2010). Le phénomène du décrochage scolaire est aussi étudié en fonction des normes transgressées. Qu’il soit question de la description typologique des jeunes à risque de décrocher, de l’étude des facteurs de risque de quitter prématurément l’école ou de l’institutionnalisation du discours sur le phénomène, le décrochage scolaire est analysé comme un geste inapproprié posé par un jeune qui ne répond pas positivement aux conventions sociales (Bernard, 2011). Le jeune ayant quitté prématurément l’école se retrouve ainsi automatiquement placé en situation de déviance par rapport à une norme qui valorise la diplomation et la poursuite des études. Les données statistiques et les écrits sur les conséquences liées au décrochage scolaire ou sur la déviance ne nous permettent cependant pas d’accéder au point de vue du jeune qualifié de décrocheur. C’est en raison de cette lacune que ce présent mémoire a sollicité la participation de jeunes ayant quitté prématurément l’école secondaire afin qu’ils se livrent sur leur expérience. En prenant appui sur l’interactionnisme symbolique, ce mémoire tente de comprendre comment est vécue la situation de décrochage scolaire en fonction de l’analyse que les participants font de leur expérience. Huit jeunes ont ainsi été invités à raconter, lors d’un entretien individuel de type « récit de vie », leurs perceptions quant à la situation de décrochage qui leur est attribuée et quant aux conséquences qu’ils en dégagent. L’analyse des différents discours a permis de faire ressortir que les participants ont rencontré de nombreuses adversités en amont de leur fréquentation scolaire qui ont créé des besoins spécifiques chez eux. Une inadéquation sévère entre leurs besoins personnels et ceux de l’institution scolaire serait un des éléments déclencheurs de l’arrêt prématuré de leurs études. Une inadéquation qui les exclut du système scolaire et qui les pousse à rejeter l’école à force d’y vivre des situations insupportables. Leurs besoins n’atteignant pas les objectifs fixés par l’école, les jeunes ont perdu l’espoir de trouver un sens à leurs études. Aujourd’hui, les participants à cette étude prennent conscience des conséquences qu’ils ont vécues ou qu’ils continuent de vivre depuis leur sortie de l’école. Ils rencontreraient des lacunes sur le savoir et le savoir-faire, auraient accumulé un déficit de motivation, présenteraient une faible estime de soi, vivraient des situations de stigmatisation et de marginalisation, éprouveraient des difficultés d’intégration sociale et socioprofessionnelle et auraient développé un manque de confiance en l’avenir. / In Quebec, between 2002-2003 and 2012-2013, the rate of teenagers leaving high school without the full completion of the general program has dropped by 6.9 points. Presenting itself to be 22.2% a decade ago, it stood at 15.3% in 2012-2013 (MÉLS, 2014). Despite a considerable decrease in the annual dropout rate, this phenomenon remains an important preoccupation in education because of its numerous consequences for the teenager and society (MÉES, 2015). Studies on this matter have identified consequences on several levels, being economical (less active in society’s production), sanitary (more frequent development of physical and mental health problems) and social (poor social adaptation and deviance) (Blaya, 2010; Janosz, 2000). The phenomenon of early school leaving is also studied as a transgression of social norms. Wether it’s studies on the typological description of at risk youth, the risk factors of dropping out or the institutionalized speech on the matter, from this point of view, dropping out is analysed as an inacceptable response to social conventions (Bernard, 2011). Therefore, the teenager who quits school prematurely is automatically considered a deviant since his actions have disobeyed social norms. Many studies on the consequences of this phenomenon as well as it’s statistical data are present in the literature, but unfortunately, the point of view of teenagers labeled as dropouts is not brought forward. In light of this observation, this thesis solicited the participation of teenagers who left high school prematurely to offer them the space to describe their experience. Based on symbolic interactionism, this thesis tries to understand the experience of dropping out according to the teenager’s point of view. In an individual interview using a life narrative method, eight teenagers were invited to deliver their perception on the dropout label which they were attributed and the consequences that resulted. The analysis of the participant’s narratives highlight the numerous adversities they went through during their school years and the individualized needs that resulted. Their narratives show the severe inadequate response by the school institution to their individual needs as a trigger to their premature leave. Living through frequent unbearable situations due to this inadequate response pushed them to be excluded from the school system and to reject school. Unfortunately, the participant's needs were not part of the school’s fixed objectives leaving them to lose hope in finding a sense to their schooling. The participants of this study now realise the consequences they have lived and live to this day since they quit school. They present shortcomings in their knowledge, an accumulated lack of motivation, poor self-esteem, situations of stigmatisation and marginalisation, difficulties integrating socially and professionally and finally, they have developed a lack of confidence in what their future holds.

SENA, Filadélfia Carvalho de. Trajetórias de espiritualidade de mulheres rezadeiras: o que a vida lhes ensinou? 2011. 235f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-11T13:04:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Tese_FCSENA.pdf: 2053394 bytes, checksum: 91318a1f5899e99e8e74ed17fd2ea94c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-12T12:44:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Tese_FCSENA.pdf: 2053394 bytes, checksum: 91318a1f5899e99e8e74ed17fd2ea94c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-12T12:44:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Tese_FCSENA.pdf: 2053394 bytes, checksum: 91318a1f5899e99e8e74ed17fd2ea94c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The object of this proposed study is to explain the ways how three prayer women constitute their spirituality itinerary. Since then I try to reach the following objectives: To identify in life narratives the formation processes and its interlacement with the formation experience; To understand by the ways the spirituality is constituted what is the fundament of the substratum of becoming the self as a form to appropriate the experiences that gave support to the comprehension of “ walking by themselves” ; To point out what were the elements that may be considered as the identifiers of the way that spirituality took form during the human existence. As a researcher I bring as a reflection some concerns, among them, that one to articulate various formation processes of the subject, believing that´s possible, by them to understand what life has taught to these women. I have used two methods: the autobiography through life narratives and the reflexive interview as instruments that guided the analysis and the spirituality construction. During this continuous process of self formation and of knowledge of its own existence that spiritual experiences emerged. There were four official meetings with each prayer woman and another three happened spontaneously. There were no closed questions but data was obtained by free talking of the women object of this research. This means that questions were not exactly the same but they suffered some variances although the focus was the same subject. I started by visiting the Health School of Sobral, then I visited some surrounding areas of the city and two districts until I met some women that were willing to cooperate with the research. Everything happened very simply. I visited them at home and the interviews were recorded. The chapters were organized explaining howthe subjects of the study were chosen, problems were defined, the research approach was established and how the research was conducted. I consider some concepts as very important to understand the interlacement among the development experiences, its context its contend, their identity, their ancestors, their spirituality and the specific time in the narratives. I had also as objective to find out what was in these experiences that became significant learning to them and tried to identify the aspects that were mobilized in the situations were this experience happened. I tried also to understand what life has taught to these women that articulated the various elements of this identity to do spiritual cure by the dynamics of the formation narrative. I tried to link these processes with knowledge and learning within this scenario of adult formation. Spirituality is an unmatched process that runs during all the existence, takes form and expression with the discovery that they have the gift to cure by praying that leads them to understand that they may become female faith healer or quack. / O objeto de estudo proposto nesta pesquisa orientou-se no sentido de explicitar e compreender os modos de constituição do itinerário de espiritualidade de três mulheres rezadeiras, residentes no município de Sobral/CE. Os objetivos foram: reconhecer os pontos de contato entre o itinerário de espiritualidade das mulheres rezadeiras com as experiências da própria pesquisadora; apontar os elementos constitutivos da prática curandeira, refletindo sobre os modos de produção de identidades; identificar nas narrativas de vida os processos de formação e seus entrelaçamentos com a experiência formadora; compreender o que fundamenta a espiritualidade enquanto substrato do “tornar-se si-mesmo”; elencar os elementos identificadores do percurso de espiritualidade configurados ao longo da existência das rezadeiras. Trago para a reflexão algumas preocupações, entre elas, a de articular os diversos processos de formação do sujeito, acreditando ser possível por eles dar conta daquilo que a vida ensinou a essas mulheres. Numa abordagem qualitativa a pesquisa se configurou como uma pesquisa (auto)biográfica, realizada pela conjugação da observação participante com entrevistas para registro das narrativas de vida. As mesmas foram elaboradas, no primeiro momento, numa entrevista aberta e, no segundo momento, segui a dinâmica da entrevista reflexiva (SZYMANSKI, 2004). Foram realizados quatro encontros com cada rezadeira, além de momentos de contatos espontâneos nas suas comunidades. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram indicadas por outras quinze rezadeira da região que reconheciam naquela três maior experiência e respeitabilidade junto à população. Tomo alguns conceitos como importantes para a compreensão do entrelaçamento entre a experiência formadora, seus contextos, conteúdos, identidade, ancestralidade e espiritualidade, objetivando também perceber o que fez essas aprendizagens experienciais serem referência para o entendimento sobre espiritualidade. Busquei identificar os aspectos que foram mobilizados nas situações, onde a experiência aconteceu, na busca de compreender o que a vida ensinou a essas mulheres, articulando assim os elementos de uma identidade espiritual curandeira, via dinâmica da narrativa de formação. Os principais autores a darem suporte teórico para as análise fora: Josso (2004, 2010), Szymanski (2004), Vygotsky (2009), Jung, (1965, 1991, 1996, 2006), Tedlock (2008), Zimermam (2009), Góis (2008), Bíblia de Jerusalém (1973). Eliade, (1992). Como resultado identifiquei que a espiritualidade é um processo não igual, percorre toda existência, toma forma e expressa-se na descoberta e compreensão do tornar-se mulher rezadeira. Os discursos marcados pela dinâmica da resistência, da rejeição aos credos vividos por outras rezadeiras, a intolerância a outras crenças, devem abrir-se ao diálogo inter-religioso, mas isso só ocorrerá de forma efetiva, quando houver por parte dos cristãos a abertura para este diálogo.

Le trouble du déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité est un sujet qui a été maintes fois étudié. Pourtant, peu de recherches ont été construites en se basant sur l’expérience des personnes directement concernées. Ce mémoire propose une analyse exploratoire des récits de vie de 8 personnes âgées de 20 à 30 ans qui ont été diagnostiquées pendant l’enfance ou l’adolescence. Les principaux thèmes abordés par celles-ci sont : les relations familiales, les relations avec le milieu scolaire, le processus de diagnostic, la relation avec la médication, la relation avec les experts, le rapport possible avec d’autres « problématiques » vécues simultanément et leur perception du regard de l’autre. À travers leur récit, on comprend que ces personnes vivent un rapport complexe avec leur diagnostic ne pouvant être réduit qu’à quelques facteurs. De cette manière, il est primordial de s’intéresser à leur expérience pour en dresser le portrait le plus complet possible et en comprendre les conséquences pour elles. / Although the subject of Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity has been widely studied, most studies have not considered directly the experiences of diagnosed persons. Thus, this exploratory research analyses the life narratives of 8 people aged between 20 and 30 years old whom have been diagnosed in their infancy or teenage years. Certain themes have been discussed throughout the interviews such as : their relationship with their families, their relationship with school, their perceptions of medication, their diagnosis’ process, their relationship with experts, the possibility of living simultaneously others “problems” and their perception of others’ opinion regarding the diagnosis. As their story is told, the listener understands the complex relation they have with their diagnosis which cannot be reduce to a few aspects. Thus, it is necessary to consider their experience in order to paint a picture as complete as possible and to better understand the consequences a diagnosis has on their life.

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The laxity and continuous apathy among some members of the Catholic Church of the Masvingo Diocese in Zimbabwe towards the Sacrament of Confession prompted this study. The claim of Zvaiwa (2009) that confession is disappearing while psychology is being used more, as reflected in the title of his article ―Confession out, psychology in‖, motivated this research. The objective of the study was therefore, to explore the practical therapeutic value of the Sacrament of Confession among members of the Catholic Church in Masvingo Diocese in Zimbabwe. A theoretical and qualitative life narrative study was done from within a practical pastoral therapeutic perspective of practical theology. The sample of the empirical study consisted of 30 priests and laypeople in the five deaneries. A lifeline and semistructured interview instrument was used. A key finding of the study was that the Sacrament of Confession was not threatened by psychological counselling or psychotherapy. Another significant finding was that the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo was experiencing a devaluation of the church‘s pastoral confessional practice among its priests and laypeople. The study confirmed that the Sacrament of Confession has therapeutic value and spiritual meaning in the Church. The Sacrament of Confession and psychological counselling or psychotherapy were found to collaborate as therapeutic disciplines in pastoral therapy. A new model of therapeutic counselling that embraces spiritual direction through psychological counselling and reconciliation is proposed. It is rooted in cultural value; spirituality; private confession followed by prayer and absolution; and change in existential life, to enhance the pastoral role of the Sacrament of Confession in the Diocese of Masvingo, Zimbabwe. This model has interdisciplinary elements borrowed from medical, pastoral, psychological and social research fields. If adopted in the Diocese it would decrease the spiritual indifference amongst the parishioners and prevent them from defecting to other denominations. / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

The laxity and continuous apathy among some members of the Catholic Church of the Masvingo Diocese in Zimbabwe towards the Sacrament of Confession prompted this study. The claim of Zvaiwa (2009) that confession is disappearing while psychology is being used more, as reflected in the title of his article ―Confession out, psychology in‖, motivated this research. The objective of the study was therefore, to explore the practical therapeutic value of the Sacrament of Confession among members of the Catholic Church in Masvingo Diocese in Zimbabwe. A theoretical and qualitative life narrative study was done from within a practical pastoral therapeutic perspective of practical theology. The sample of the empirical study consisted of 30 priests and laypeople in the five deaneries. A lifeline and semistructured interview instrument was used. A key finding of the study was that the Sacrament of Confession was not threatened by psychological counselling or psychotherapy. Another significant finding was that the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo was experiencing a devaluation of the church‘s pastoral confessional practice among its priests and laypeople. The study confirmed that the Sacrament of Confession has therapeutic value and spiritual meaning in the Church. The Sacrament of Confession and psychological counselling or psychotherapy were found to collaborate as therapeutic disciplines in pastoral therapy. A new model of therapeutic counselling that embraces spiritual direction through psychological counselling and reconciliation is proposed. It is rooted in cultural value; spirituality; private confession followed by prayer and absolution; and change in existential life, to enhance the pastoral role of the Sacrament of Confession in the Diocese of Masvingo, Zimbabwe. This model has interdisciplinary elements borrowed from medical, pastoral, psychological and social research fields. If adopted in the Diocese it would decrease the spiritual indifference amongst the parishioners and prevent them from defecting to other denominations. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)