The recognition of the negative impact of NOx resulted in increasingly tighter automotive emission regulations. Companies are under pressure to develop methods, which can meet the legislative demands. After treatment solutions, and especially Selective Catalytic Reduction, became the focus of research and have shown so far promising results. However, more in depth understanding of the SCR process under different conditions is needed. This thesis describes an investigation of the SCR performance using gas and urea injections under steady state and transient conditions undertaken on a light duty diesel engine using a 1D exhaust system designed for uniform flow across the catalyst. Under steady state conditions, the SCR performance was examined for low and high temperature conditions. Ammonia was supplied either as 5% ammonia gas or in form of urea injection. The engine was operating at 1500 rpm and 6 and 8 bar BMEP to provide an exhaust gas temperature of 210 °C and 265 °C respectively. Also, the effect of SCR brick length on the NOx conversion was investigated using SCR catalysts of length 30, 45 and 75 mm. To measure the influence of NO2:NOx ratio on the SCR performance, different sizes of standard DOC were used. NH3:NOx dosage levels included; α~0.5 - deficient ammonia, α~1.0 - stoichiometric ammonia, α~1.25 - excess ammonia. Gas emissions were measured before and after the SCR catalysts with a Horiba FTIR analyser during steady state and long transient tests. It was found that conditions such as temperature and NO2:NOx had the biggest impact on the SCR performance. During the steady state engine conditions, at α~1.0 ammonia dosing and NO2:NOx ratio of 0, only 17% of NO was converted in the first 30 mm of the SCR brick length. The conversion was improved at high temperature (263 °C) to 31%. A fast response CLD analyser was used during short transient testing to sample emissions with a high resolution. The short transient test with standard 0.5 and 1 DOC, and fixed ammonia dosing, showed that NOx conversion was reduced during the ramp event due to deficient ammonia and a drop in the supplied NO2:NOx ratio. During urea injection experiments, urea was injected either through an oblique pipe arrangement with a mixer device placed downstream or directly into a mixing can. In this case the mixer device was replaced with a straight pipe. A 75mm SCR was fitted and to ensure that supplied NO2:NOx ratio was zero, a palladium only DOC was used post a DPF. It was found that a large proportion of urea decomposition and hydrolysis was occurring on the surface of the SCR catalyst. Comparing NOx performance between urea injection and ammonia gas dosing experiment, more NO was converted for a given NH3:NOx ratio when ammonia was supplied in the form of gas. That was true for low and high temperature tests. For most studies, a long 10 degree diffuser was used in front of the SCR to provide uniform gas distribution across the catalyst. In addition SCR performance was investigated with a 180 degree sudden expansion diffuser in order to measure the influence of temperature and velocity profiles. During this study, a 45 mm SCR catalyst was used to provide a moderate amount of NO conversion and ammonia slip. The results showed that the flow and temperature distribution upstream of the SCR catalyst will have an effect on the NOx conversion, and that gas velocity has bigger impact on NOx conversion than gas temperature.

No description available.

Development of a fuel economy model for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles is part of the Texas Department of Transportation’s “Estimating Texas Motor Vehicle Operating Costs” project. A literature review for models that could be used to predict the fuel economy of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles resulted in selection of coastdown coefficients to simulate the combined effects of aerodynamic drag and tire rolling resistance. For light-duty vehicles, advantage can be taken of the modeling data provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for adjusting chassis dynamometers to allow accurate determination of emissions and fuel economy so that compliance with emissions standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations can be assessed. Initially, EPA provided vehicle-specific data that were relevant to a physics-based model of the forces at the tire-road interface. Due to some limitations of these model parameters, EPA now provides three vehicle-specific coefficients obtained from vehicle coastdown data. These coefficients can be related back to the original physics-based model of the forces at the tire-road interface, but not in a manner that allows the original modeling parameters to be extracted from the coastdown coefficients. Nevertheless, as long as the operation of a light-duty vehicle does not involve extreme acceleration or deceleration transients, the coefficients available from the EPA can be used to accurately predict fuel economy. Manufacturers of heavy-duty vehicles are not required to meet any sort of CAFE standards, and the engines used in heavy-duty vehicles, rather than the vehicles themselves, are tested (using an engine dynamometer) to determine compliance with emissions standards. Therefore, EPA provides no data that could be useful for predicting the fuel economy of heavy-duty vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to perform heavyduty coastdown tests in order to predict fuel economy, and use these tests to develop vehicle-specific coefficients for the force at the tire-road interface. Given these coefficients, the fuel economy of a heavy-duty vehicle can be calculated for any driving schedule. The heavy-duty vehicle model developed for this project is limited to pre-2007 calendar year heavy-duty vehicles due to the adverse effects of emissions components that were necessary to comply with emissions standards that went into effect January 2007. / text

The increasing energy demand and its impact on the climate around the world has evoked several sectors´ efforts in order to develop and implement sustainable technologies. Political incentives and companies go toward great changes when it comes to reduction of energy sources from fossil-origins in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achievement of energy security. The military organisation is strongly dependent on fossil-based energy in several units. So far, alternative energy carriers to fossil energy sources have been an uncertain option when it comes to complying with military operational requirements. It is important that new technologies do not endanger military capabilities.  However, when the market goes toward more sustainable developments for alternative energy carriers, the military sector has to follow the development in order to utilize the available assortment and to secure supply chains. The energy demand within defence is expected to increase with respect to advanced equipment and communication technologies etc. This is related to all units within the defence. This thesis has been executed on a request by the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration in order to identify alternative energy carriers for a light duty vehicle.The thesis emphasizes how the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration can consider alternative energy carriers for light duty vehicles in order to achieve energy security without endangering military capabilities from a strategic perspective. The aim is to contribute to awareness of the market direction for sustainable technologies of alternative energy carriers in order to address knowledge gaps and facilitate the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration’s decisions about future research areas. The methods for the study included both literature reviews from previous research but also interviews with persons in both the private and public sectors. Based on previous research and the interviews, the results landed on four different energy carriers: biomethane, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogen and Lithium-ion batteries. These energy carriers have been studied in relation to the following mechanisms: production, storage and infrastructure needed for energy supply. The thesis found that HVO and synthetic fuels have a limited impact on military organization compared to biomethane, hydrogen and batteries. However, large-scale production of these technologies is limited by the amount of waste available. From an energy security perspective Sweden has potential to exploit both the forest and renewable electricity from wind and solar energy. However, for an establishment there is a need for a closer interplay between the private and the public sector, where political incentives are vital for development. / Det ökande behovet av energi och dess påverkan på klimatet runt om i världen har lett till initiativtagande hos flera sektorer för att implementera och utveckla nya hållbara teknologier. Politiska incitament och företag går mot en stor förändring i samband med att minska användandet av energikällor från fossilt ursprung. Detta för att minimera utsläpp av växthusgaser och uppnå energisäkerhet. Militära organisationer är starkt beroende av fossilbaserade energi i flera förband. Hittills har alternativa energibärare varit ett osäkert alternativ för att uppfylla de militära operativa kraven där det är av stor betydelse att nya teknologier inte äventyrar militär förmåga. När marknaden går mot mer hållbara alternativ måste militära organisationer följa utvecklingen för att utnyttja det tillgängliga sortimentet och säkra leveranskedjorna. Det militära energibehovet förväntas öka i samband med implementering av avancerad teknik. Denna avhandling belyser hur Försvarets Material Verk kan överväga olika alternativa energibärare för lätta fordon för att uppnå energisäkerhet från ett strategiskt perspektiv. Syftet är att bidra till medvetenhet om marknadens riktningar för hållbara teknologier av alternativa energibärare för att identifiera kunskapsluckor och underlätta framtida beslut om vidare forskningsområden. Metoden för studien omfattar litteraturstudie från tidigare forskning och intervjuer med aktörer från både privata och offentliga sektorn. Baserat på tidigare forskning och intervjuer landade resultatet på fyra olika energibärare: biometan, hydrerade vegetabiliska oljor, väte och litium-jon batterier. Dessa energibärare har studerats utifrån följande mekanismer: produktion, lagring och infrastruktur vilket är nödvändigt för energiförsörjning av lätta mark fordon. Hydrerade vegetabiliska oljor och andra syntetiska energibärare har en begränsad påverkan på den militära organisationen jämfört med biometan, väte och batterier. Storskalig produktion av denna energibärare begränsas dock av tillgängligt avfall. Från ett energisäkerhetsperspektiv har Sverige som nation möjlighet att utnyttja råvaror från skog och elproduktion från förnybara källor. För en etablering behövs dock ett samspel mellan privata och offentliga sektorn där politiska incitament är avgörande för utvecklingen.

Det här projektet handlar om att utveckla en metod för real driving emission (RDE). RDE är ett komplement till Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) som kommer att ersätta New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Dessa cykler och metoder används för att mäta personbilars avgaser. Huvudanledningen till varför NEDC ska bytas ut är för att körcyklerna inte längre är realistiska och reflekterar inte hur en bil presterar egentligen. Detta har lett till att bilar har högre bränsleförbrukning och högre avgasutsläpp när dom körs i trafiken jämfört med resultaten från NEDC.Metoden utvecklades genom hänvisningar till den officiella WLTP rapporten. Tillsammans med Vehicle Emission gruppen från AVL fastställdes en komplett steg för steg metod.Utrustningen som användes förseddes av AVL och flera tester av varje steg av metoden genomfördes för att förfina metoden så mycket som möjligt. Bilen som användes var en SAAB 9-5 2.0l bensin.Resultaten visade att både bilen och testet inte mötte kriterierna för RDE och godkändes inte av programmet som användes för att utvärdera testet. Detta var delvis för att kriterierna för RDE är strikta och delvis för att ingen pre och post test genomfördes eftersom det tar mycket tid för att dom testerna ska bli godkända.I överlag ger WLTP och RDE potentiella bilköpare en bättre detaljerad sammanfattning av hur bra bilen presterar i trafiken jämfört med NEDC. / This project is about developing a method for real driving emission (RDE). RDE is a complement to Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) which will replace the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). These cycles and procedures are used for measuring emissions for light duty vehicles. The main reason why NEDC is being replaced is because the driving cycles does not reflect how vehicles are normally driven. This has resulted in vehicles having higher fuel consumption and emitting more poisonous gases when driven on actual roads compared to the results from the NEDC.The method was developed by referring to the laws of the official WLTP report written by EU. Together with the Vehicle Emissions team at AVL a complete step by step method was established.All the equipment and instruments were provided by AVL and several tests of each step of the method was made to perfect the method as much as possible. The vehicle that was used was a 2005 SAAB 9-5 2.0l petrol.The results displayed that the car and the test did not meet the criteria for RDE and was not passed by the evaluating software. This was partly because the driving criteria for RDE are strict and can be difficult to achieve and partly because no pre and post test was made since it can take several tries before those tests are passed.Overall, WLTP and RDE give buyers a more detailed and better conclusion of how a car performs on the road compared to NEDC.

A Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) is widely used for analysing the emissions of a vehicle. However, the PEMS is quite cumbersome and time-consuming to use for vehicle testing. This thesis investigates the possibilities of a Smart Emissions Measurement System (SEMS) and how it correlates to the more advanced PEMS. The second factor is of a shortened drive cycle, and how it is compared to the legislated drive cycle. The main hypothesis of this thesis was that a shortened drive cycle with the SEMS equipment should be able to predict the outcome of a full Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test with PEMS equipment with a statistical significance that is large enough to prove the SEMS to be a useful tool. The experiment was performed with a PEMS in parallel with a SEMS on both a shortened and a legislated drive cycle. The study concludes that the SEMS is showing promising results as to how well an RDE test can be predicted, and it would be a useful resource to increase testing on vehicles, both on a shortened and a legislated route. However, as the emissions of light-duty vehicles get smaller, they also get harder to measure with accuracy. This will always be a problem for the SEMS equipment, and even more on a shortened route. As a future application for light-duty vehicles, this might not be the perfect system due to many inaccuracies, but there are many other applications where SEMS could be useful with enough precision, such as heavier and older vehicles. / Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) används i stor utsträckning för att analysera utsläpp av fordon. PEMS är dock ganska besvärligt och tidskrävande att använda vid fordonstestning. Det här examensarbetet undersöker möjligheterna med Smart Emissions Measurement System (SEMS) och hur det korrelerar med PEMS. Den andra faktorn som undersöks är en förkortad körcykel och hur den jämförs med den lagstadgade körcykeln. Huvudhypotesen i det här examensarbetet var att en förkortad körcykel med SEMS bör kunna förutsäga resultatet av ett fullständigt Real Driving Emissions (RDE)-test med PEMS med en tillräckligt stor statistisk signifikans för att visa att SEMS är ett användbart verktyg. Studien utfördes med PEMS parallellt monterat med SEMS på både en förkortad och en lagstadgad körcykel. Studien drar slutsatsen att SEMS visar lovande resultat för hur väl ett RDE-test kan förutsägas, och det skulle vara en användbar resurs för att öka testningen av fordon, både på en förkortad och en lagstadgad körcykel. Eftersom utsläppen från lätta fordon blir allt lägre, blir de även svårare att mäta med noggrannhet. Det kommer alltid att vara ett problem för SEMS, och särskilt på en förkortad rutt. Som en framtida applikation för lätta fordon kanske SEMS inte är det perfekta systemet på grund av att det inte är särskilt precist, men det finns många andra applikationer där SEMS kan vara användbart och där det har tillräcklig precision, så som för tyngre och äldre fordon.

The transportation sector has a significant impact on the environment both nationally and globally since it is a major vehicle fuel consumption and emissions contributor. These emissions are considered a major environmental threat. Consequently, decision makers desperately need tools that can estimate vehicle emissions accurately to quantify the impact of transportation operational projects on the environment. Microscopic fuel consumption and emission models should be capable of computing vehicle emissions reliably to assist decision makers in developing emission mitigation strategies. However, the majority of current state-of-the-art models suffer from two major shortcomings, namely; they either produce a bang-bang control system because they use a linear fuel consumption versus power model or they cannot be calibrated using publicly available data and thus require expensive laboratory or field data collection. Consequently, this dissertation attempts to fill this gap in state-of-the-art emission modeling through a framework based on the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel consumption Model (VT-CPFM), which overcomes the above mentioned drawbacks. Specifically, VT-CPFM does not result in a bang-bang control and can be calibrated using publicly available vehicle and road pavement parameters. The main emphasis of this dissertation is to develop a simple and reliable emission model that is able to compute instantaneous emission rates of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs). The proposed extension is entitled Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel consumption and Emission Model (VT-CPFEM). The study proposes two square root models where the first model structure is a cubic polynomial function that depends on fuel estimates derived solely from VT-CPFM fuel estimates, which enhances the simplicity of the model. The second modeling framework combines the cubic function of the VT-CPFM fuel estimates with a linear speed term. The additional speed term improves the accuracy of the model and can be used as a reference for the driving condition of the vehicle. Moreover, the model is tested and compared with existing models to demonstrate the robustness of the model. Furthermore, the performance of the model was further investigated by applying the model on driving cycles based on real-world driving conditions. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the model in replicating empirical observations reliably and simply with only two parameters. / Ph. D. / The transportation sector places a huge burden on our environment and is one of the major emitters of pollutants. The resulting emissions have a negative impact on human health and could be a concern for national security. Therefore, policymakers are keen to develop models that accurately estimate the emissions from on-road vehicles. Microscopic emission models are capable of estimating the instantaneous vehicle emissions from operational-level projects, and policymakers can use them to evaluate their emission reduction plans and the environmental impact of transportation projects. However, the majority of the current existing models indicate that to achieve the optimum fuel economy, the driver should accelerate at full throttle and full braking for deceleration to minimize the acceleration and deceleration times. This assumption is obviously incorrect since it requires aggressive driving which will result in increasing the fuel consumption rate. Also, the models cannot use publicly accessible and available data to estimate the emissions which require expensive laboratory or field data collection. Consequently, this dissertation attempts to fill this gap in emission modeling through a framework based on the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel consumption Model (VT-CPFM), which overcomes the above mentioned drawbacks. Specifically, VT-CPFM does not follow the mentioned assumption of aggressive driving to minimize the fuel consumption as previously explained and can use publicly available vehicle and road pavement variables to estimate the emissions. Also, it utilizes US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) city and highway the fuel economy ratings to calibrate its parameters. The main emphasis of this dissertation is to develop a simple and reliable emission model that is able to compute instantaneous emission rates of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs). The proposed extension is entitled Virginia Tech Comprehensive PowerBased Fuel consumption and Emission Model (VT-CPFEM). The study proposes two models where the first model structure that depends on fuel estimates derived solely from VT-CPFM fuel estimates, which enhances the simplicity of the model. The second modeling framework combines the VT-CPFM fuel estimates with the speed parameter. The additional speed term improves the accuracy of the model and can be used as a reference for the driving condition of the vehicle. The model framework is consistent in estimating the three emissions for LDVs and HDDTs. Moreover, the performance of the model was investigated in comparison with existing models to demonstrate the reliability of the model. Furthermore, the performance of the model was further evaluated by applying the model on driving cycles based on real-world driving conditions. The results demonstrate the capability of the model in generating accurate and reliable estimates based on the goodness of fit and error values for the three types of emissions.

No description available.

In line with the Paris agreement, Sweden has set up a national emission reduction target for the transport sector; to reduce the emissions by 70% by 2030, relative to levels in 2010. This entails that large shares of road transport will be electrified, including shares of the national truck fleet. In parallel with this, the Swedish transmission grid suffers from power capacity shortages, limiting the amount of electricity that can be distributed to a regional and local level, especially in urban areas, such as Stockholm. In line with this, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the trends of truck electrification in the Stockholm region and to assess its potential impact on the electrical grid based on truck operation characteristics. To achieve this, three objectives were set; to investigate truck fleet operators’ operations and view in relation to electrification, examine truck manufacturers' views on truck electrification and to analyse the truck electrification’s potential impact on the electrical grid in future scenarios. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to fulfil the research objectives including interviews and casestudy modelling. The results from the interviews show that both manufacturers and truck fleet operators see the electrical grid and deployment of charging infrastructure, as well as the economy of the electric truck as the main barriers to overcome in relation to truck electrification. The truck manufacturers have taken on a leading role and are together with early adopters pushing the development forward. Nonetheless, they cannot create all the right conditions themselves, as for instance charging opportunities in relation to the electric grid is a complex problem. The industry agreed upon that city transports will be electrified first followed by regional transport and lastly long-distance transport. Furthermore, 2030 was identified as a key year for truck electrification. Finally, manufacturers and truck fleet operators urge the government to act and implement necessary measures to support the transition. The results from the case-study modelling show that lunchtime charging of city transport coincides with already critical hours for the electrical grid. Moreover, the afternoon charging of city, regional and long-distance transports generates a peak during the most critical hour around 6 PM, implying that it could entail challenges for an already congested grid. In line with this, proper night-time charging is considered as crucial both from an operational (in terms of minimising the daily stops) and grid point of view (in terms of avoiding grid congestion during critical hours). In addition, it is recommended to prioritise charging of long-distance transport during the day as they often are operative around-the-clock. Although this study resulted in general charging profiles, this gives a good indication on what impact the truck electrification might have on the electrical grid. Furthermore, it gives a general picture of how the electrification of trucks could play out in Stockholm, which can be applied in other urban areas in Sweden that are facing similar challenges. / I linje med Parisavtalet har Sverige satt upp nationella utsläpps reduktionsmål för transportsektorn; att reducera utsläppen med 70% till 2030, relativt nivåerna 2010. Detta medför att stora delar av transportsektorn kommer att elektrifieras, inklusive stora delar av den nationella lastbilsflottan. Parallellt med detta lider det svenska transmissionsnätet av kapacitetsbrist vilket begränsar mängden elektricitet som kan överföras till en regional och lokal nivå, speciellt i urbana områden såsom Stockholm. I linje med detta har syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka trender inom lastbils-elektrifiering i Stockholmsregionen och att utvärdera dess potentiella inverkan på elnätet baserat på lastbilars operativa mönster. För att uppnå detta sattes tre mål upp; att undersöka lastbils-operatörers verksamhets mönster och deras syn på elektrifiering, att undersöka lastbilstillverkares syn på elektrifiering och att analysera lastbils-elektrifieringens potentiella inverkan på energisystemet i framtida scenarier. Kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder användes för att uppnå studiens mål inklusive; intervjuer och fallstudie modellering. Resultaten från intervjuerna visar att både lastbils-operatörer och tillverkare ser elnätet och utbredningen av laddinfrastruktur, såväl som totalekonomin av den elektriska lastbilen som de huvudsakliga barriärerna att överkomma vid en elektrifiering. Lastbilstillverkare har tagit en ledande roll och driver utvecklingen av elektriska lastbilar framåt med hjälp av så kallade early adopters. Däremot kan de inte skapa alla förutsättningar själva då till exempel laddnings möjligheter i relation till elnätet är en komplex fråga. Industrin är eniga om att city transporter kommer att elektrifieras först, följt av regionala och till sist fjärrtransporter. Vidare kunde 2030 identifieras som ett nyckelår för elektrifieringen. Slutligen uppmanar både tillverkare och lastbils operatörer regeringen att implementera nödvändiga åtgärder för att stötta och påskynda omställningen. Resultaten från modelleringen i fallstudien visar att lunch-laddning för city transporter sammanfaller med redan kritiska timmar för elnätet. Dessutom genererar eftermiddagsladdningen av city, regionala och fjärrtransporter, en effekttopp runt klockan 18 vilket skulle kunna medföra utmaningar för ett redan överbelastat elnät. I linje med detta anses natt-laddning vara avgörande både från en operativ synpunkt (i form av att minimera de dagliga stoppen) och från ett elnäts perspektiv (i form av att undvika överbelastning av nätet under redan kritiska timmar). Därtill, rekommenderas att fjärrtransporter prioriteras för dagtids-laddning då de ofta är operative dygnet runt. Trots att denna studie resulterade i generella ladd-profiler kan dessa ge en god indikation för vilken inverkan lastbils-elektrifieringen kan komma att ha på elnätet. Vidare, ger studien en generell bild över hur lastbils-elektrifieringen kan komma att se ut i Stockholmsregionen vilket kan tillämpas i andra urbana områden i Sverige som står inför liknande utmaningar.

[EN] The automotive industry is currently experiencing one of its most rapidly changing periods in recent decades, driven by a growing interest in reducing the negative environmental impacts caused by fossil fuels consumption and the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated during the operation of the internal combustion engine (ICE) which have proven to contribute significantly to Global Warming. Given the fact that a total replacement of the current fleet, dependent of fossil fuels, is unlikely to happen in the immediate future and the urgency to reducing CO2 emissions from transportation in order to tackle Global Warming, it is possible to say that optimizing current ICE technologies and conventional vehicles and engines is a first order priority. Among the technical solutions developed to improve the efficiency of ICE, low viscosity engine oils (LVEO) have emerged as an effective and low-cost method that provides reductions in fuel consumption between 0.5% and 5%. During the development of this thesis, a test plan focused on determining fuel consumption reduction when low viscosity oils are used in light duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy duty vehicles (HDV) were carried out. The test plan has been divided in three parts; the first part was focused on the study of light-duty vehicles (LDV) using one diesel engine representative of the European market. During this part three testing modes were used: comparative motored, fired stationary points and transient homologation cycle tests. All test were performed in the engine test bed. The second part of the study consisted of another comparative test, this time using a different engine oils in a HDV fleet. The study was conducted using the urban buses fleet of the city of Valencia, including 3 buses models , with 2 different powertrain technologies. The third part of the study was focused on the friction coefficient behavior within the engine tribological pairs making comparative tests in two specialized tribometers; one of reciprocating action to simulate the lubrication conditions in the piston ring-cylinder liner contact and a "ball-on-disk" tribometer to simulate the lubrication in the distribution system. The various comparative studies have served to analyze how the friction and fuel consumption responded when LVEO were used both in the ICE and the complete vehicle contexts. The fuel consumption benefit found during the test was used to calculate the carbon footprint reduction when LVEO were used. / [ES] Actualmente la industria de la automoción vive uno de los periodos de cambio más vertiginosos de las últimas décadas, marcado por un creciente interés en reducir los impactos medioambientales negativos generados por el consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus consecuentes emisiones nocivas de dioxido de carbono (CO2) generados durante el funcionamiento del motor de combustión interna alternativo (MCIA). Teniendo en cuenta que el proceso de sustitución de la flota actual por una totalmente independiente de los combustibles fósiles puede tomar varias décadas, y ante la urgencia inmediata de reducir las emisiones de CO2, se puede decir que actualmente es más urgente hacer una optimización de los vehículos con motorizaciones convencionales. Entre las soluciones técnicas que se han desarrollado para mejorar la eficiencia del MCIA destaca la utilización de aceites de baja viscosidad como un método efectivo y de bajo coste de implementación que brinda reducciones del consumo entre el 0.5% y el 5%. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis se ha llevado a cabo un plan de ensayos enfocado en determinar valores concretos de ahorro de combustible esperados cuando se utilizan aceites de baja viscosidad en vehículos de trabajo ligero y pesado. El plan de estudios se dividió en tres partes; la primera se centró en el estudio de MCIA de vehículos de trabajo ligero, utilizando un motor Diesel representativo del mercado Europeo y llevando a cabo pruebas comparativas en arrastre, puntos de funcionamiento estacionarios y ciclos transitorios de homologación. La segunda parte del estudio consta de otro ensayo comparativo, esta vez utilizando una flota de vehículos de trabajo pesado. El estudio se realizó con la flota de autobuses urbanos de la ciudad de Valencia, incluyéndose 3 modelos de autobuses, con 2 tipos de motorización diferente. La tercera parte del estudio se centró en el comportamiento del coeficiente de friction en los pares tribológicos del motor haciendo ensayos comparativos con tribómetros especializados; uno de movimiento alternativo para simular las condiciones de la interfaz piston-camisa y un "bola y disco" para simular la lubricación en el sistema de distribución, específicamente en la interfaz leva-taqué. Los diversos estudios comparativos han servido para analizar como es la respuesta general de la fricción y el consumo de combustible cuando se usan aceites de baja viscosidad, tanto a nivel de motor como para la totalidad del vehículo, encontrando diferencias de par en los ensayos de arrastre, de consumo específico de combustible en los ensayos de motor en estado estacionario y diferencias totales de consumo de combustible en los ensayos en régimen transitorio y en flota, que a su vez han permitido estimar la reducción esperada en la huella de carbono. / [CA] Actualment la indústria de l'automoció viu un dels períodes de canvi més vertiginoses de les últimes dècades, marcat per un creixent interès en reduir els impactes mediambientals negatius generats pel consum de combustibles fòssils i els seus conseqüents emissions nocives de diòxid de carboni (CO2) generats durant el funcionament del motor de combustió interna alternatiu (MCIA). Tenint en compte que el procés de substitució de la flota actual per una totalment independent dels combustibles fòssils pot prendre diverses dècades, i davant la urgència immediata de reduir les emissions de CO2, es pot dir que actualment és més urgent fer una optimització dels vehicles amb motoritzacions convencionals. Entre les solucions tècniques que s'han desenvolupat per millorar l'eficiència del MCIA destaca la utilització d'olis de baixa viscositat com un mètode efectiu i de baix cost d'implementació que brinda reduccions del consum entre el 0.5% i el 5%. Durant el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi s'ha dut a terme un pla d'assajos enfocat a determinar valors concrets d'estalvi de combustible esperats quan s'utilitzen olis de baixa viscositat en vehicles de treball lleuger i pesat. El pla d'estudis es va dividir en tres parts; la primera es va centrar en l'estudi de MCIA de vehicles de treball lleuger, utilitzant un motor dièsel representatiu del mercat Europeu i portant a terme proves comparatives en arrossegament, punts de funcionament estacionaris i cicles transitoris d'homologació. la segona part de l'estudi consta d'un altre assaig comparatiu, aquest cop utilitzant una flota de vehicles de treball pesat. L'estudi es va realitzar amb la flota d'autobusos urbans de la ciutat de València, incloent-se 3 models d'autobusos, amb 2 tipus de motorització diferent. La tercera part de l'estudi es va centrar en el comportament del coeficient de friction en els parells tribològics del motor fent assajos comparatius amb tribómetros especialitzats; Un acció reciprocante per simular les condicions del piston camisa i un bola i disc per simular la lubricació en el sistema de distribució. Els diversos estudis comparatius han servit per analitzar com és la resposta general de la fricció i el consum de combustible quan es fan servir olis de baixa viscositat, tant a nivell de motor com la totalitat del vehicle, trobant diferències de bat a els assajos d'arrossegament, de consum específic de combustible en els assajos de motor en estat estacionari i diferències totals de consum de combustible en els assajos en règim transitori i en flota, que al seu torn han permès calcular la reducció en la petjada de carbono. / Ramírez Roa, LA. (2016). Contribution to the Assessment of the Potential of Low Viscosity Engine Oils to Reduce ICE Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73068