Elementos pré-moldados são uma opção para aumentar a racionalização no processo construtivo em alvenaria estrutural. Eles associam-se a particularidades desse processo com relação à rapidez de execução, rígido controle de qualidade, coordenação modular e alto nível organizacional da produção. Este trabalho pesquisou os pré-moldados freqüentemente utilizados em edifícios de alvenaria estrutural, tais como: blocos, escadas, contramarcos, vergas e peças de ajuste dimensional. Os pré-moldados foram analisados em seus aspectos estruturais, dimensionais e geométricos, respeitando-se as características que os tornam viáveis no aspecto construtivo, como a facilidade de produção, de manuseio e de transporte. Considerou-se, sempre, a coordenação modular e a compatibilização dimensional entre os componentes e subsistemas. Quando necessário, foram apresentados roteiro e exemplo de projeto, assim como quadros comparativos de vantagens e desvantagens / Precast concrete elements are a good option to improving the rationalization in structural masonry building process. They are related to the following features of this process: reduction of building times consumption, strict quality control, modular coordination and high level of manufacturing organization. This work deals with precast concrete elements commonly used in structural masonry buildings, such as: blocks, stairs, window’s frames, lintels and pieces for dimensional adjustment. Structural, dimensional and geometrical characteristcs of precast concrete elements are analysed, considering the viability of production, transporting and handling the pieces. Modular coordination and the dimensional compatibility are always taken in account. Guidelines, design examples and comparative tables with pros and cons are inserted when convenient

In recent decades, much research has investigated the efficiency of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in improving the thermal performance of buildings and pavements. In buildings, increasing the thermal inertia of structural elements by incorporating PCMs decreases the energy required to keep the inside temperature in the comfort range. In concrete pavements, using PCMs decreases the number of freeze/thaw cycles experienced by the pavement and thus increases service life. However, PCMs cannot be added to cementitious binders directly, because they interfere with the hydration reactions between cement and water that produce strength-bearing phases. Therefore different carriers have been proposed to indirectly incorporate PCMs in cementitious materials. Lightweight Aggregate (LWA) is one of the materials that has been proposed as PCM carrier agent. However, it was not studied in depth before. Various experiments were conducted to investigate the problems associated with incorporating LWA presoaked in PCM in cementitious media. The results show that a portion of PCM leaks out of the LWA’s structure and subsequently affects different chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the binder. In addition, the applicability of Rice Husk Ash (RHA), a common material never before used to encapsulate PCM, as a PCM carrier agent was investigated. The results show that RHA can absorb and contain liquids in its porous structure; and regarding its compatibility with the cementitious media, it can be used as PCM carrier. Different computational simulations using Typical Meteorological Year data were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of PCMs in improving the thermal performance of buildings. Utilizing PCM-incorporated gypsum boards was shown to be a promising strategy to achieve the governmental plans of “Zero Net Energy� buildings. The results show that using a PCM with a melting point near the occupant comfort zone delays and reduces the inside peak temperature, increases the duration of time during which the inside temperature stays in the comfort zone, and decreases the cost and energy required by HVAC system to keep the inside temperature in this range. However, PCMs’ efficiency is completely dependent on the input temperature profile.

"The process of securing data has always been a challenge since it is related to the safety of people and society. Nowadays, there are many cryptographic algorithms developed to solve security problems. However, some applications have constraints which make it difficult to achieve high levels of security. Light weight cryptography aims to address this issue while trying to maintain low costs. Side-channel attacks have changed the way of cryptography significantly. In this kind of attacks, the attacker has physical access to the crypto-system and can extract the sensitive data by monitoring and measuring the side-channels such as power consumption, electromagnetic emanation, timing information, sound, etc. These attacks are based on the relationship between side-channels and secret data. Therefore, there need to be countermeasures to eliminate or reduce side channel leaks or to break the relationship between side-channels and secret data to protect the crypto systems against side-channel attacks. In this work, we explore the practicality of Threshold Implementation (TI) with only two shares for a smaller design that needs less randomness but is still leakage resistant. We demonstrate the first two-share Threshold Implementations of light-weight block cipher Present. Based on implementation results, two-share TI has a lower area overhead and better throughput when compared with a first-order resistant three-share scheme. Leakage analysis of the developed implementations reveals that two-share TI can retain perfect first-order resistance. However, the analysis also exposes a strong second-order leakage. "

Dans le domaine de l’isolation thermique du bâtiment, les évolutions réglementaires (RT2012)et normatives (NF BPE : Béton à Propriétés Thermiques, septembre 2016) incitent à évoluer vers des bétons isolants et structurels (BIS). La maîtrise de leur conductivité thermique est primordiale. Il est possible, en plus de faire appel à un squelette granulaire léger, de jouer sur la nature de la pâte en utilisant des inclusions qui apporteraient un pouvoir isolant supplémentaire : les cénosphères. Dans un contexte de facilité de mise en oeuvre, à ces propriétés est rajouté le critère auto plaçant des bétons. On parle alors de Bétons Isolants Structurels Autoplaçants (BISAP). La maitrise et la validation de ces nouvelles formules dans le respect d’une approche prescriptive a nécessité la caractérisation des matériaux à différentes échelles (de l’inclusion à l’échelle de l’ouvrage) en développant des approches expérimentales et numériques. Leur comportement à l’état frais et à l’état durci a été analysé. Les conductivités thermiques mesurées placent ces nouveaux bétons dans la catégorie Bétons Isolants Structurels au sens du nouveau référentiel. Le modèle numérique développé permet d’approcher correctement les valeurs expérimentales. D’autre part, la sensibilité des BISAP incorporant des cénosphères à plusieurs indicateurs de durabilité (porosité accessible à l’eau, perméabilité,carbonatation et retrait) a également été étudiée. L’influence des microsphères est plus ou moins notable en fonction du mécanisme abordé. / In the field of building thermal insulation, regulatory (RT2012) and standards (NF BPE: Béton à Propriétés Thermiques, September 2016) evolutions are encouraging the use of insulating structural concrete (BIS). The control of their thermal conductivity is essential. It is possible, in addition to using lightweight aggregates, to modify the composition of the cement paste by using hollow inclusions (fly ash cenospheres) to bring an additional thermal insulating potential. In a context of improved workability, to these properties is added the criterion of self-compacting concrete. The validation of these new formulas required the characterization of materials at different scales (from inclusion scale to building scale) by implementing experimental and numerical approaches. Their properties at fresh and hardened state were analyzed. The measured thermal conductivities place these new concretes in the Category of Structural Insulating Concrete in the sense of the new standard. The developed numerical model allowed approaching the experimental measurements correctly. The effect of cenospheres’ incorporation into cement paste on several durability indicators was also characterized.

Submitted by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-02-06T14:51:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EDUARDO CESAR PACHLA - 2017.pdf: 13664238 bytes, checksum: 1ee80147db8a398f429417a34a366ed3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-02-06T15:33:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EDUARDO CESAR PACHLA - 2017.pdf: 13664238 bytes, checksum: 1ee80147db8a398f429417a34a366ed3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-06T15:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDUARDO CESAR PACHLA - 2017.pdf: 13664238 bytes, checksum: 1ee80147db8a398f429417a34a366ed3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-21 / Visando desenvolver produtos com elevado desempenho térmico-acústico, foram produzidos compósitos introduzindo-se resíduos da indústria orizícola em uma matriz de concreto celular. O intuito do trabalho foi averiguar o efeito da adição desses subprodutos à matriz. No total, foram analisadas dez misturas, uma delas de concreto celular, contendo apenas casca do arroz, e as demais, sendo combinações da casca com a palha do arroz em três diferentes comprimentos e percentuais. Assim, o compósito com melhor desempenho foi estudado quanto à adição das fibras saturadas. Todos os compósitos foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho mecânico, acústico e térmico. A partir das análises de resistência mecânica, verificou-se que a adição de casca do arroz reduziu a resistência à compressão axial e aumentou a resistência à tração na flexão. Contanto, a substituição de parcelas de casca por palha do arroz manteve os resultados de resistência à compressão axial estatisticamente semelhantes até o volume de 10%, porém, a partir de 15% de adição de palha, os mesmos foram reduzidos. No que diz respeito à resistência à tração na flexão, a adição de palha do arroz foi positiva. Em relação ao desempenho acústico, a absorção acústica apresentou um acréscimo de aproximadamente 72% com a adição da casca do arroz, e de 83% com a adição de 15% de palha de 3 cm de comprimento. Os resultados de isolamento acústico não se mostraram estatisticamente diferentes, portanto, não foi possível determinar se as fibras vegetais trouxeram ganho na capacidade de isolação sonora. No que concerne o desempenho térmico, constatouse que há redução da condutividade em função do aumento do comprimento da palha do arroz. Por fim, as análises de durabilidade indicaram que os materiais possuem grandes quantidades de hidróxido de cálcio, que por sua vez, em contato com o dióxido de carbono, formam carbonato de cálcio, o que acarreta no surgimento de manchas brancas à superfície dos produtos e acelera o processo de despassivação de reforços metálicos. A concepção dos produtos se mostrou promissora ao obter desempenho térmico-acústico satisfatório, entretanto, é necessário realizar estudos mais minuciosos em relação à durabilidade, e, como alternativa para solucionar essa questão, sugere-se adicionar pozolanas para controlar a formação de hidróxido de cálcio. / Aiming to develop products with high thermal-acoustic performance, composites were produced by introducing waste from the rice industry into a cellular concrete matrix. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of adding these byproducts to the matrix. In the total, ten mixtures were analyzed, one of them of cellular concrete, containing only rice husk, and the others, being combinations of the bark and the rice straw in three different lengths and percentages. Thus, the composite with the best performance was studied in the light of addition of saturated fibers. All composites were evaluated for mechanical, acoustic and thermal performance. From the mechanical strength analysis, it was verified that the addition of rice husk reduced the axial compressive strength and increased the tensile strength in the bending. As a result, the substitution of rind plots per rice straw maintained the statistically similar axial compression resistance results up to the 10% volume, but, from 15% straw addition, those results were reduced. Regarding the flexural tensile strength, the addition of rice straw was positive. Considering the acoustic performance, the acoustic absorption presented an increase of approximately 72% with the addition of the rice husk, and 83% with the addition of 15% of straw of 3 cm in length. The results of acoustic insulation were not statistically different; therefore, it was not possible to determine if the vegetal fibers brought positive results to the sound insulation capacity. In terms of thermal performance, it was verified that there is reduction of the conductivity due to the increase of the length of the rice straw. Finally, the durability analysis indicated that the materials have a large amount of the calcium hydroxide, which in turn, in contact with carbon dioxide, forms calcium carbonate, which causes white spots to appear on the surface of the products and accelerates the process of depassivation of metallic reinforcements. The design of the products has shown to be promising due to its satisfactory thermal-acoustic performance, however, it is necessary to carry out more detailed studies on durability and, as an alternative to solve this question, it is suggested to add pozolanas to control the formation of calcium hydroxide.

Thesis (MA--Art and Design) -- AUT University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (65 leaves : col. ill. ; 22 x 30 cm.) in City Campus Collection (T 658.5752 BOU)

Structures and material combinations, tailored for multiple purposes, are within the reach of vehicle manufacturers. Besides reducing the environmental impact of the transportation sector these multi-functional structures can reduce costs, such as development, manufacturing and maintenance, and at the same time offer improved comfort to the passengers. This thesis sets out to develop multi-functional design algorithms and evaluate concepts for future composite high speed train car bodies with the objective of optimising the amount of mass needed to fulfil all functions of the structure. In a first step complete composite car bodies were developed, optimised and evaluated based on global stiffness requirements and load cases. The knowledge gained in this step was used as requirements for the strength and stiffness of panels during the continued development of the multi-functional optimisation which, besides strength and stiffness, later also considers sound transmission, thermal insulation, geometric restrictions, manufacturability and fire safety. To be able to include fire safety in the analysis, a method for simulating the high temperature response of layered composite structures was needed, and developed. Significant weight reductions are proven when utilising carbon fibre in the load carrying structure of the vehicle, on component level as high as 60%. Structures can be made significantly thinner when using the algorithms developed in this thesis and wall thickness is reduced by 5-6 cm. Analysis carried out and extensive literature surveys also suggest significant cost savings in manufacturing, maintenance and use-phase, even thou the raw material cost can be significantly higher as compared to the conventional steel or aluminium alternatives. Results from drive cycle simulations showed that the benefit, with respect to reduced energy consumption, is in the range of 0.5-0.8% per reduced weight percentage, comparable to both automotive and air applications. The algorithms and methods established in this thesis can be directly applied for the development and analysis of future high speed train car bodies. / <p>QC 20130521</p>

The research described in this thesis concentrates on the development of an integrated assembly process design for aircraft systems. Assembly process design is one of the most important and complicated activities in aircraft manufacturing. Many solutions are suggested in previous research to develop process design method. But gaps are found in assembly process design of aircraft system in following studies. In this research, an integration approach which combined with product development philosophy, design for assembly method and digital assembly technology is proposed to solve the issues in the whole product development lifecycle. Three case studies from different design phase are used to examine the integrated process design method. The research results demonstrate that the proposed digital process design method can be used to develop manufacturing strategies of system assembly in early design phase, and improve the accuracy and operability of assembly instructions according to 3-D assembly process plans in detailed design phase. The product design also benefits from this method in terms of correcting design errors in the concurrent engineering process. A proposed process planning system framework based on lightweight CAD is developed in this research. The customized assembly representation of 3DVIA system illustrates the advantages of lightweight CAD when applying in shop floor.

The use of cold-formed steel as a framework for floor systems in multi-story buildings and single occupancy residences is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional materials and techniques. Builders and designers have recognized that the high strength-to-weight ratio provided by the cross-section of cold-formed steel members permits lighter structures and longer spans. The longer spans and lighter structures associated with cold-formed steel floor systems can result in vibration serviceability issues if proper design considerations are not made. Providing sufficient damping within the structure is the most effective way to ensure that occupants are comfortable under typical residential and office service loads. The modern, open-concept interior has open floor plans with few partitions and long spans, which result in inherently low structural damping. Cold-formed steel floor systems also have less mass than traditional floor systems, which will increase the amplitude of acceleration response. The vibration problems that may be present in cold-formed steel floor systems, like any other floor system, can be addressed if proper consideration is given by designers. Traditional design approaches for vibration serviceability have proven inadequate, and there are no current methods available to designers for calculating the response of cold-formed steel floor systems. In order to design a floor system to properly address occupant comfort, consideration must be given for the type of dynamic loading, resonance, dynamic response, and stiffness of the floor system. The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the dynamic characteristics of cold-formed steel floor systems, and recommend an adequate model for predicting the dynamic response and modal properties of floor systems, in order to aid the design process. This thesis presents the results of an extensive laboratory and field study on the vibration of cold-formed steel floor systems. Floor systems built with cold-formed steel TreadyReady® joists and subfloor assemblies containing OSB, FORTACRETE®, sound reduction board, cold-formed steel deck, and LEVELROCK® topping were examined. Previous research has presented the observed influence of construction details on the modal properties of the laboratory floor systems tested. This thesis discusses the influence of different details on the transverse stiffness of the floor systems. It was found that effectively restrained strongbacks, and cold-formed steel deck subfloor assemblies provided significant increases in transverse stiffness. Based on the analysis of the field testing data, recommended design damping ratios are provided for floor systems constructed with the materials investigated in this study. Floor response that can be compared to serviceability criteria is presented. The peak RMS acceleration from walking excitation was found to be within the acceptable range for the ISO criterion based on residential occupancy, and the static deflection from a 1 kN point load was found to be within the acceptable range of Onysko’s criterion. An adequate design criterion for vibration requires a limiting value, and a means of estimating floor response for comparison. The AISC, ATC, and Smith, Chui, and Hu Orthotropic Plate design methods were evaluated by comparing predicted frequency against measured frequency for the test floors. The ATC and Smith, Chui, and Hu Orthotropic Plate methods were evaluated by comparing predicted deflection against measured deflection for the test floors. The ATC method is recommended as the best method for calculating floor response based on current publications. A design procedure is recommended for cold-formed steel floor systems, using the ATC design guide. The ATC acceleration criterion for walking excitation must be met for floors with fundamental frequencies of less than 15 Hz, and the ATC static deflection criterion must be met for all floors. Proposed modifications to the ATC method to improve the design of cold-formed steel floors include: adopting the recommended design damping ratios from this thesis; adopting the frequency-weighted ISO limiting acceleration and, obtaining several coefficients and empirical expressions that are relevant to cold-formed steel floors from further testing. Recommendations for improving the floor testing procedures at the University of Waterloo are given.

The use of cold-formed steel as a framework for floor systems in multi-story buildings and single occupancy residences is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional materials and techniques. Builders and designers have recognized that the high strength-to-weight ratio provided by the cross-section of cold-formed steel members permits lighter structures and longer spans. The longer spans and lighter structures associated with cold-formed steel floor systems can result in vibration serviceability issues if proper design considerations are not made. Providing sufficient damping within the structure is the most effective way to ensure that occupants are comfortable under typical residential and office service loads. The modern, open-concept interior has open floor plans with few partitions and long spans, which result in inherently low structural damping. Cold-formed steel floor systems also have less mass than traditional floor systems, which will increase the amplitude of acceleration response. The vibration problems that may be present in cold-formed steel floor systems, like any other floor system, can be addressed if proper consideration is given by designers. Traditional design approaches for vibration serviceability have proven inadequate, and there are no current methods available to designers for calculating the response of cold-formed steel floor systems. In order to design a floor system to properly address occupant comfort, consideration must be given for the type of dynamic loading, resonance, dynamic response, and stiffness of the floor system. The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the dynamic characteristics of cold-formed steel floor systems, and recommend an adequate model for predicting the dynamic response and modal properties of floor systems, in order to aid the design process. This thesis presents the results of an extensive laboratory and field study on the vibration of cold-formed steel floor systems. Floor systems built with cold-formed steel TreadyReady® joists and subfloor assemblies containing OSB, FORTACRETE®, sound reduction board, cold-formed steel deck, and LEVELROCK® topping were examined. Previous research has presented the observed influence of construction details on the modal properties of the laboratory floor systems tested. This thesis discusses the influence of different details on the transverse stiffness of the floor systems. It was found that effectively restrained strongbacks, and cold-formed steel deck subfloor assemblies provided significant increases in transverse stiffness. Based on the analysis of the field testing data, recommended design damping ratios are provided for floor systems constructed with the materials investigated in this study. Floor response that can be compared to serviceability criteria is presented. The peak RMS acceleration from walking excitation was found to be within the acceptable range for the ISO criterion based on residential occupancy, and the static deflection from a 1 kN point load was found to be within the acceptable range of Onysko’s criterion. An adequate design criterion for vibration requires a limiting value, and a means of estimating floor response for comparison. The AISC, ATC, and Smith, Chui, and Hu Orthotropic Plate design methods were evaluated by comparing predicted frequency against measured frequency for the test floors. The ATC and Smith, Chui, and Hu Orthotropic Plate methods were evaluated by comparing predicted deflection against measured deflection for the test floors. The ATC method is recommended as the best method for calculating floor response based on current publications. A design procedure is recommended for cold-formed steel floor systems, using the ATC design guide. The ATC acceleration criterion for walking excitation must be met for floors with fundamental frequencies of less than 15 Hz, and the ATC static deflection criterion must be met for all floors. Proposed modifications to the ATC method to improve the design of cold-formed steel floors include: adopting the recommended design damping ratios from this thesis; adopting the frequency-weighted ISO limiting acceleration and, obtaining several coefficients and empirical expressions that are relevant to cold-formed steel floors from further testing. Recommendations for improving the floor testing procedures at the University of Waterloo are given.