The aim of this study is to highlight pre-school teachers perceptions and experiences of phonological awareness teaching to see if there is consistency with previous research. As well as whether the preschool teachers consider themselves to have sufficient knowledge to conduct quality teaching in the subject. The method used is qualitative semi-structured interviews with ten active preschool teachers, where they shared their experiences of teaching linked to phonological awareness. Phenomenography is used as a research approach in the study, which involves paying attention to variations in a group of people around a specific phenomenon. The resulting results are analyzed and printed based on the categories, so-called outcome rooms, that were noticed. The results indicate that the preschool teachers descriptions of the teaching linked to the phonological awareness do not completely match the results of the research in order to give children the best possible conditions to encounter the written language. As the teaching tends to include activities at the lower levels of phonological awareness, while research believes that teaching at the higher level, so-called phonemic awareness, is necessary. However, a consensus can be seen in the pre-school teachers descriptions of success factors, which mainly contain activities at the phoneme level. Furthermore, it appears that the preschool teachers express that they do not have sufficient knowledge to conduct high-quality teaching, and that the knowledge that exists tends to be based on experience only. The conclusion is that more scientifically based knowledge, especially in phonemic awareness, is needed for preschool teachers to feel secure in conducting quality teaching. / Syftet med denna studie är att belysa förskollärares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av undervisning inom fonologisk medvetenhet för att se om det finns en samstämmighet med tidigare forskning. Samt om förskollärarna anser sig ha tillräckliga kunskaper för att bedriva kvalitativ undervisning inom ämnet. Metoden som används är kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio aktiva förskollärare, där de fick delge sina erfarenheter av undervisningen kopplat till den fonologiska medvetenheten. Fenomenografi används som forskningsansats i studien, vilket handlar om att uppmärksamma variationer hos en grupp människor kring ett specifikt fenomen. Resultatet som framkommer analyseras och skrivs ut utifrån de kategorier, så kallade utfallsrum, som uppmärksammades. Resultatet indikerar på att förskollärarnas beskrivningar av undervisningen kopplat till den fonologiska medvetenheten inte helt stämmer överens med forskningens resultat för att ge barn bästa möjliga förutsättningar att möta skriftspråket. Då undervisningen tenderar att innehålla aktiviteter på den fonologiska medvetenhetens lägre nivåer, medan forskningen anser att undervisning på den högre nivån, så kallad fonemisk medvetenhet, är nödvändig. En samstämmighet kan dock ses i förskollärarnas beskrivningar av framgångsfaktorer, som i huvudsak innehåller aktiviteter på fonemnivå. Vidare framkommer det att förskollärarna uttrycker att de inte har tillräckliga kunskaper för att bedriva kvalitativ undervisning, och att den kunskap som finns tenderar att endast vara erfarenhetsbaserad.  Slutsatsen är att mer vetenskapligt grundad kunskap, i synnerhet inom fonemisk medvetenhet behövs för att förskollärarna ska känna en trygghet i att bedriva undervisning med hög kvalitet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Orison Marden Bandeira de Melo Junior.pdf: 5418428 bytes, checksum: 84bf1841112fead6609a0f0bd2716b78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In general, the teaching of literature written in foreign languages at Brazilian universities faces a big challenge: Letras freshmen with limited knowledge of the foreign language find it difficult to analyze literary works in the original texts. Therefore, this research is justified by the need to discursively and pragmatically help students better analyze literature works. In order to do that, the theoretical discussion was based upon the works of the Bakhtin Circle [Bakhtin (2002, 2003, 2010), Bakhtin/Volochínov (2010), Voloshinov/Bajtin (1997), Voloshinov (1983), Medviédev (2012)] and of the pragmaticist Jacob Mey (2000, 2001, 2007). 68 Letras undergraduate students from a private university in the Eastern area of São Paulo were invited to participate in the research, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of PUC-SP under protocol number 054/2011 and whose data were generated in three different phases: The first one was related to literary analyses based on concepts from Pragmatics, such as from Micropragmatics (reference, verb tenses, presuppositions, implicatures and speech acts), from Macropragmatics (pragmatic presuppositions and pragmatic acts) and from Literary Pragmatics (speech and voice); the second phase involved literary analyses based on concepts from the Dialogical Discourse Analysis (DDA), such as utterance, genre, text, understanding, and dialogism; in the the third and last phase students did literary analyses based on the concepts from Pragmatics and DDA. The research corpus comprised three sets: (1) Letras DCN (National Curriculum Guidelines); (2) literary analysis activities done throughout the three phases, and (3) students stimulated recall reports. As to the literary works analyzed, they were nine short stories by Alice Walker. They were chosen by the researcher, who was also the students professor, due to their short length, their social role, and the dialogic relations there could be established between them. Based on the notion that texts are not autonomous, the only literary activities analyzed were the ones done by the students who had done the stimulated recall reports. Based on the understanding that the contextualized meanings produced by the students could not go beyond the fixity of meaning of the utterances, it was necessary to verify if students answers were potencially coherent with the plots and with the discourses that penetrate them. Moreover, as the research focused on students with limited knowledge of the target language, i.e., English, only the results of basic and intermediate level students were verified. It was possible to find that in the first phase, basic and intermediate students were able to coherently answer one fourth of the questions of the literary activities and, in the second phase, one third. However, in the third phase, this number significantly increased to two thirds. It was possible to conclude, thus, that the study of Pragmatics as the first step to the study of the concepts from DDA helped students with a limited knowledge of the English language to better understand and analyze literary works written in English and, consequently, to develop their linguistic skills / O ensino de literatura em língua estrangeira (LE) em universidades brasileiras, em geral, tem enfrentado um grande desafio: alunos ingressantes no curso de Letras com conhecimento limitado de LE, o que dificulta a execução de análises de objetos literários na língua original. Essa pesquisa justifica-se, portanto, pela necessidade de auxiliar o aluno a analisar textos literários discursiva e pragmaticamente. Para tal, buscamos, nos estudos do Círculo [Bakhtin (2002, 2003, 2010), Bakhtin/Volochínov (2010), Voloshinov/Bajtin (1997), Voloshinov (1983), Medviédev (2012)] e do pragmaticista Jacob Mey (2000, 2001, 2007), uma discussão teórica referente à linguagem e ao discurso. Para participar da pesquisa, foram convidados, em diferentes momentos, 68 alunos do curso de Letras de uma universidade particular na zona leste de São Paulo. A geração de dados da pesquisa, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da PUC-SP, sob o número de protocolo 054/2011, compreendeu três fases: a primeira envolveu análises literárias a partir do estudo dos conceitos da Pragmática, como os da Micropragmática (referência, tempos verbais, pressupostos, subentendidos e atos de fala), da Macropragmática (pressupostos pragmáticos e atos pragmáticos) e da Pragmática Literária (discurso e voz); a segunda, análises literárias a partir do estudo dos conceitos da Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD), como enunciado, gênero, texto, compreensão e dialogismo; a terceira, por fim, análises literárias a partir do estudo dos conceitos da Pragmática e da ADD. O corpus da pesquisa é formado de três conjuntos: (1) as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de Letras, (2) exercícios de análise literária (exercícios AL) feitos durante as três fases da pesquisa e (3) relatos escritos finais (stimulated recall). Quanto aos textos literários analisados pelos alunos, nove contos da autora afro-americana Alice Walker foram escolhidos pelo pesquisador, que também era professor dos alunos pesquisados, devido à sua pequena extensão, ao seu papel social e às relações dialógicas que pudessem ser estabelecidas entre eles. Diante da concepção de texto como não autônomo adotada nesta pesquisa, somente os exercícios AL dos alunos que fizeram o relato final foram analisados. A partir do entendimento de que os sentidos construídos pelos alunos nas suas respostas não poderiam extrapolar a estabilidade de significação dos enunciados sob análise, buscamos determinar se as respostas dadas nos exercícios AL eram potencialmente coerentes com os enredos dos contos e com os discursos que os perpassam. Ademais, por ser o foco da pesquisa alunos com conhecimento limitado da língua-alvo, i.e., a Língua Inglesa, atentamos para os resultados dos alunos em nível básico e intermediário. Percebemos que, na primeira fase, os alunos em nível básico e intermediário conseguiram responder a cerca de um quarto das perguntas e na segunta fase, a um terço. No entanto, na terceira fase, esse número aumentou substancialmente, já que os alunos nesses níveis responderam a cerca de dois terços de todas as perguntas. É possível concluir, portanto, que o estudo dos conceitos da Pragmática como um primeiro passo para os da ADD possibilitou uma melhor compreensão e análise de textos literários escritos em Língua Inglesa por alunos com conhecimento limitado dessa língua estrangeira e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento de seu conhecimento do idioma