Coercive diplomacy attempts to use military force in a limited fashion as a diplomatic and political tool in order to persuade an opponent to cease aggression rather than to bludgeon him into stopping. The use of limited military force in coercive diplomacy is not a military strategy, but rather a refined political and psychological instrument used for resolving a crisis. One relatively new instrument in the toolbox of limited force when engaging in coercive diplomacy, fashioned to deter adversaries, is the use of no-fly zones. The term no-fly zone describes the physical area of a nation that is patrolled using the airpower of another sovereign state or coalition. However, despite its relatively frequent use in its short history, it has largely been ignored in theoretical studies of coercive diplomacy. As scholars, such as Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, have presented a critical view on the limitations of approaching a study on a single instrument in coercive diplomacy, this paper grounds the argument that there is still value in this approach. Given that the conditions of coercive diplomacy mainly focus on an array of coercive instruments at a political level, are the conditions in the theories of coercive diplomacy sufficient to explain the political success of the military instrument of no-fly zones? Hence, this paper illustrates the theoretical reach of the theories of coercive diplomacy by highlighting the fungibility of the coercive diplomacy’s theoretical ‘success conditions’ when assessing a single military instrument. By studying the political success and failure in four separate cases, this paper proposes an analytical framework, which is by and large, derived from Peter Viggo Jakobsen and Alexander George’s theoretical basis. However, as the theoretical basis does not fully cover all of the political dimensions of no-fly zones, an additional variable is proposed. The resulting analytical framework suggests that this is a viable approach, but only by combining Jakobsen’s revised conditions with the original work of Alexander George, in addition to the proposed variable. Thus, this result contributes to the large body of scholarly work on coercive diplomacy theory and the debate whether one can assess a specific coercive instrument with the political ‘success conditions’ of coercive diplomacy, or not. / Master Thesis

Les théories contemporaines en conservation, en urbanisme, en architecture se rallient toutes pour intégrer la participation citoyenne dans leurs processus, dans la perspective d‘un développement durable. Plusieurs enjeux entrent en ligne de compte et influencent les décisions prises en ce qui concerne le destin de gares de train abandonnées. Cette etude tente d‘éclairer l‘impact de certains de ces enjeux dont : le ou les nouveaux usages qui seront octroyés à la gare dans sa nouvelle «vie », l‘architecture de la gare elle-même et la façon dont elle sera traitée ou modifiée, l‘espace de la gare ainsi que sa transformation et finalement l‘appropriation de cet espace par le citoyen. L‘approche qualitative est l‘approche méthodologique choisie. La recherche combine la méthodologie d‘analyse de contenu et l‘étude de cas. Le cas de la gare de Westmount est examiné en comparaison avec le cas de la gare d‘Orsay transformée en Musée d‘Orsay. Le point de vue de l‘usager est exploré afin de comprendre comment il vit l‘espace de la gare dans le cas où l‘architecture de la gare resterait intacte et un nouvel usage lui est octroyé, et dans le cas où l‘architecture intérieure ou extérieure serait modifiée en y ajoutant des structures contemporaines pour accommoder un ou plusieurs nouveaux usages. La comparaison entre les résultats obtenus pour le Musée d‘Orsay et pour la gare de Westmount a permis de mieux comprendre le contexte et ses variables politiques / économiques, patrimoniales / de développement durable et sociales /spatiales. Un mélange entre architecture historique et architecture contemporaine favoriserait la préservation des parties historiques en remettant le bâtiment ainsi que ses installations à niveau et en prolongeant leur utilisation, cependant, tout cela ne se concrétisera pas sans la réalisation de certaines conditions, notamment l‘appui politico-économique de la part de la ville, une architecture contemporaine qui soit épurée et simple ou une architecture qui imite l‘architecture existante, les opinions sont partagées, et finalement l‘appropriation de l‘espace par les usagers, chose qui semble dépendre de l‘architecture finale et de son harmonisation avec l‘architecture existante; les usagers semblent s‘approprier davantage l‘espace de la gare avec ou sans nouvelle structure surtout s‘il y a participation de leur part au processus de sa réhabilitation. Donner une voix aux usagers et à leurs suggestions est chose importante : ils «habiteraient» mieux l‘espace s‘ils participaient au projet. Également, prendre en considération les recommandations en matière de conservation, puisqu‘un vent de changement pourrait s‘y opérer, plus précisément en matière de mélange entre architecture historique et architecture contemporaine. / Contemporary theories of conservation, urban planning and architecture all work together to integrate citizen participation into their processes, with a view to sustainable development. Several issues influence decisions regarding the fate of abandoned train stations. This study attempts to clarify the impact of some of these issues such as what are the new uses that give the station its new "life", what is the architecture of the station itself and how it will be treated or modified, the space of the station and its transformation and ultimately the appropriation of this space by the citizens. The methodological approach that is chosen is qualitative and combines content analysis and case study methodologies. The case study chosen is of Westmount station in Westmount, Quebec, Canada, it is examined in comparison with the case of Orsay station transformed into the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France. The views of users are explored to comprehend how they understand the space of the station, how they might react in case its architecture remains intact and a new use is granted to it, and in case the interior and/or exterior architecture is modified by adding contemporary structures to accommodate one or more new uses. Comparing the results of the Musée d'Orsay and Westmount station helped to better understand the context and its political/economic, heritage/sustainability and social/spatial variables. While divided, many participants expressed various and rich opinions. These included having a mix of historic architecture and contemporary architecture to favour the preservation of the historic sections by updating the building and its facilities and extending their use. However, this could not materialize without the fulfillment of certain conditions, including political/economic support from the city, a contemporary architecture that is uncluttered, simple or an architecture that mimics existing architecture, and finally the appropriation of space by users. This appropriation seems to depend on the final architecture and its harmonization with the existing architecture. Users seem to appropriate more the space of the station, with or without a new structure, especially if there is participation on their part in the process of rehabilitation. Giving a voice to users and their suggestions is important as they would "inhabit" better the space if they participate in the project. In addition, recommendations on conservation, especially that some changes could occur, more specifically in terms of the mix of historic architecture and contemporary architecture, are to be considered.