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Background The increase in screen resolution has increased from HD to Ultra-HDduring the last decade. A modern game today with Ultra-HD resolution has overeight million pixels that need to be shaded, combined with the expensive shadingmethod Physically Based Rendering the equations needed to calculate each pixel arenumerous. Objectives This the study aims to remove complexity from the Physically BasedRendering shading method in the form of roughness in low-lit areas. The low-lit areaswill instead be rendered without the roughness attribute. By removing roughnessless calculations will be performed. Methods To remove roughness from low-lit areas the light had to be approximatedusing a diffuse model. The pixel was later converted via Hue Saturation PerceivedBrightness to calculate the brightness. If the pixel was under the given threshold,the pixel was shaded using a low-complexity Physically Based Rendering implemen-tation without roughness. A user study was conducted using Unity game enginewith eight participants being asked to compare different stimuli all rendered withdifferent thresholds for darkness with a reference picture. The aim of the study wasto ascertain if the stimuli without roughness had any perceivable difference from thereference. Results The results of the study show the majority of the participants noticinga difference when comparing the stimuli with the reference. The areas affected wasnot only the low-lit areas but the whole scene. The energy conversion without theroughness value made the whole scene appear darker. Conclusions The roughness value is an integral part of energy conversion andwithout it, the scene will appear much darker. While the majority of participantsnoticed a difference, the lowest threshold resembled the original the most

Le procédé industriel pour purifier des solutions concentrées de chlorure de sodium consiste en la précipitation des ions calcium sous forme de carbonate de calcium et des ions magnésium sous forme d'hydroxyde de magnésium. Ces impuretés étant en faible concentration, la précipitation est menée en réacteur à lit fluidisé en présence d’une forte charge solide. La maîtrise de la qualité du précipité, constitué. Dans un premier temps, une méthode analytique fiable est développée pour déterminer quantitativement la composition d’un mélange de polymorphes : la spectroscopie Raman associée à une méthode de résolution de courbes. Ensuite, la précipitation du carbonate de calcium en réacteur fermé permet d’identifier les paramètres clés du procédé pour maîtriser la composition polymorphique. A partir de ces résultats, un nouveau procédé de purification en réacteur continu à lit fluidisé est conçu et mis en œuvre. L’étude expérimentale réalisée dans celui-ci permet de définir les paramètres opératoires conduisant à une parfaite maîtrise de la qualité du précipité et une conduite optimale de la purification / The purification process of sodium chloride solutions consists of the precipitation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions as calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. The impurity content is low, so the best results can be obtained when the precipitation takes place in a fluidized bed reactor where the solid concentration is high. The improvement of the precipitate quality, mainly composed of CaCO3, is necessary for the good running of the process, thus the control of the calcium carbonate polymorphism is essential. First, a reliable method for the quantitative determination of the polymorphic composition using Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate curve resolution is developed. Then the key parameters which control the polymorphic. composition are identified through the experiments carried out in a batch reactor. Based on these results, a new process using a fluidized bed reactor is designed and experimentally tested. From these experiments, the optimal operating conditions allowing a high level of purification and a very good solid/liquid separation are determined