In the mid-2000s, novels written by Indian women featuring a single woman's adventures in work and romance joined a transnational genre of writing called "chick lit" epitomized by novels such as Bridget Jones's Diary (Fielding 1996) and Sex and the City (Bushnell 1997). While chick lit has garnered some scholarly attention (Ferriss and Young 2006; Gill 2007; Harzewski 2011), studies remain largely focused on Anglo-American writing even while acknowledging the genre's global spread. There has been no in-depth analysis of chick lit written by Indian women in India, and it is this lacuna that this study seeks to fill.;The emergence of chick lit in India roughly a decade after economic liberalization makes the novels a useful lens through which to observe the formation of a new feminine neoliberal subjectivity - "the Indian singleton". I argue that the discourse of singleness in Indian chick lit novels is deployed not so much to solve the problem of being unmarried, but to resolve the tension between the demands of "Indian tradition" on urban, middle-class, young women and their desire for a selfhood inflected by transnational, neoliberal discourses of autonomy. By shifting my analytical focus away from the protagonist and her romantic partner to the mother-daughter relationship in the novels, I show how "tradition" and "modernity" are crystallized through discourses of food, fashion and the body. While "tradition" and "modernity" are conceptualized in these narratives as a binary, the protagonists seem to be attempting to articulate a selfhood that merges the two poles without having to pick a side. I draw on postcolonial, poststructuralist and feminist theory to argue that in their refusal to conform to ideas of Indian selfhood wherein individualism is circumscribed by community, the single women in Indian chick lit present, if not entirely represent, the idea of synthesis.

This is a creative thesis comprised of three short stories centered on the experiences of three Navajo protagonists living on the Navajo reservation. The short stories fit within the field of Native American Literature and highlight issues of mortality, sexuality, and ceremony. The stories illustrate the experiences of modern-day Navajo youth grappling to understand how to connect traditional knowledge with modernity. The three stories featured within this thesis are offered as a way to understand these challenges. Each protagonist is faced with an issue of morality, sexuality, or ceremony, and each reach differing conclusions about these topics within their lives. This collection is comprised of three short stories entitled “Dormant,” “Under the Porch Way,” and “The Missing Morningstar.” The first story, “Dormant,” is about a young female Navajo protagonist and her budding relationship with her math teacher. She has a pregnancy scare and considers the meaning of motherhood and her sexuality. The second story, “Under the Porch Way,” is about an adolescent Navajo boy who is being haunted by his father’s ghost, and has a traditional ceremony done, but it fails to work. Instead, after attempting to have sex with his girlfriend, Jenni, under the porch, he finds that his father’s ghost has left him. The final story “The Missing Morningstar,” is about a young two-spirit woman whose romantic interest is kidnapped and left for dead in a ditch. The protagonist considers her sexuality and traditional Navajo identity.

No description available.

<p>William Morris has for many years now been considered a minor figure in Victorian literature. His poetry, which enjoyed immense popularity in the nineteenth century, has become unfashionable, and his prose writings, which have never been popular except with a few poets seem very widely underestimated in academic circles~ even where they are read at all. On the other hand, his fabrics and wall-paper designs have never been more popular, and he is still quite well-known as a political figure, with the result that these aspects have dominated most writing on him since the Second World War, while his literary work has been largely ignored, or only treated by critics in other fields who have not felt themselves qualified to appraise his work in this area on any scale.</p> <p>This lack of concern for Morris's literary work, and particularly for his prose romances, which have been most unjustly neglected, has come about chiefly through two factors: the changes in taste which have caused twentieth century critics to be chiefly interested in lyric poetry and in the novel, instead of in narrative poetry and in the prose romance; and the resulting ignorance about the conventions of these genres which have led them to judge Morris's work by inappropriate norms. That Morris's work is relevant to the twentieth century is shown by the new non-academic revival of interest in his prose romances, and it seemed that the time had come when a serious attempt should be made to understand just what Morris was trying to do in his poetry and prose, and how far he succeeded.</p> <p>This thesis attempts therefore to distinguish a line of development in Morris's aesthetic theory, working from his writings on art and on literature, to analyse that development, and to apply it to his literary work. The thesis thus falls into five parts: a section which deals with critical attitudes to Morris and the break-down of suitable critical terminology for judging his work which has brought about his present low status; two sections setting out Morris's aesthetic theory in design-work and literature; and two sections in which this theory is related to his literary achievements in the earlier and the later work. This means that the thesis considers at least briefly most of Morris's literary production, but main areas of concentration are on the early prose tales, The Earthly Paradise, and the late prose romances. The resulting picture of Morris's theory and practice shows how his thought and art, modified by the needs of his political ideals, developed from his early naive work in design and literature towards a much more sophisticated art, which can be read on a number of levels, in which his wide knowledge of myth and legend and his own symbol-system taken from the world of nature blend in equal parts.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les réacteurs à lit fixe arrosé vers le bas en régime ruisselant se comportent comme des filtres en profondeur quand des liquides contaminés entrent en contact avec le lit. La rétention des solides de petite taille occasionne une augmentation progressive de la perte de charge. Éventuellement, l’opération du réacteur doit être interrompue et le lit colmaté est écarté, même si le matériel catalytique qui le constitue demeure encore actif occasionnant de la sorte des pertes économiques importantes. Cet ouvrage propose des méthodes et des modèles pour la simulation du colmatage du lit fixe avec des écoulements mono et biphasiques. Deux niveaux d’analyse sont présentés. Au niveau du lit complet, le modèle Eulérien-Eulérien, qui est une procédure de la mécanique des fluides numérique (CFD), permet l’inclusion des équations de fermeture pour le transfert de masse et de quantité de mouvement dans le contexte de la filtration en profondeur (deep bed filtration, DBF).. A l’échelle d’un seul élément de garnissage, l’analyse de trajectoire est couramment acceptée pour l’étude du taux de capture de particules dans le cadre de la filtration en profondeur dans le lit fixe. Dans le cas de l’écoulement monophasique, la capture de particules est calculée par l’expression de Rajagolapan &amp; Tien (1976). L’insertion de cette expression dans le code CFD fourni des informations utiles à propos du comportement de la colonne en état transitoire. Dans le cas de l'écoulement biphasique en régime ruisselant, aucune procédure d’analyse de trajectoire n'est connue. En conséquence, une toute nouvelle adaptation de cette méthodologie est proposée. En utilisant un modèle de film pour représenter le réacteur à lit arrosé, l'analyse de TA est accomplie dans les cas suivants; monophasique et biphasique avec déposition monocouche et multicouche. Les tendances de TA concordent avec l'analyse de Rajagopalan et Tien (1976) démontrant que les mécanismes de capture sont du même type que ceux qui se présentent dans l'écoulement monophasique et qu’ils sont modifiés uniquement par la présence de la phase gazeuse. Les résultats ont été comparés aux données expérimentales de Gray et al. (2002). La rétention liquide statique (SLH) est un paramètre qui, selon des observations expérimentales, affecte sensiblement la capture en conditions multiphasiques. Une collection presque exhaustive des données de la SLH a été construite à partir de la littérature expérimentale disponible. Avec ces données de SLH et avec l'utilisation d'un algorithme considérant un minimum d'énergie de ménisque, des angles de contact moyennés pour une gamme de liquides et de garnissages ont été obtenus. En réinsérant les angles de contact calculés dans un logiciel de réseaux neuronaux, une corrélation qui surpasse toutes les corrélations disponibles a été obtenue. À l’avenir, il serait souhaitable que la rétention liquide statique soit incluse dans le modèle de colmatage, ou à tout le moins dans l’analyse des trajectoires. / Trickle bed reactors (TBR) behave as deep bed filtration (DBF) units when the liquid feedstock is contaminated with fine particles. Solid retention causes an ever increasing pressure drop in the bed that leads to eventual halting of the installation. Industry response has been so far to change the plugged, but still active, catalytic bed with a fresh catalyst packing causing important profit losses of the process. In this work two levels of analysis are proposed for the DBF in single and two phase trickle flow conditions. At bed scale, an Eulerian-Eulerian CFD approach is used that provides the framework for the insertion of closure equations for the mass transfer in DBF. At pore scale, Trajectory Analysis (TA) is used as is an accepted procedure for the analysis of Deep Bed Filtration (DBF) in single-phase aqueous systems. In single phase flow through packed beds, the known TA based expression of Rajagolapan and Tien (1976) is used. By inserting this expression in the CFD approach it becomes possible to obtain valuable information about the transient structure and development of plugging. Benchmarking was obtained with the work of Narayan et al. (1997). In two phase trickle flow, no TA approach is known so far and an all new extension of this methodology is proposed in this work. Using a film model to represent the trickle bed reactor, TA analysis is performed in single phase, one-layer and multilayer deposition in TBR conditions. TA tendencies were akin to the analysis of Rajagopalan and Tien (1976) demonstrating that deposition mechanisms are of the same kind as in the single phase flow only modified by the presence of the gas phase. Results were compared with the data of Gray et al. (2002). Static liquid hold-up (SLH) is a parameter that, according to experimental observations, affects significantly solid deposition in multiphase conditions. An almost exhaustive collection of SLH values was constructed from the available experimental literature. With the SLH data and with the use of a minimum energy algorithm, average contact angles for a wide range of liquids and packing were obtained. Reinserting the calculated contact angles in neural network software, a correlation was obtained which outperforms all the available correlations. It is hoped that in future work, this last parameter, the SLH, will be included in the plugging model or at least in the trajectory analysis at the collector scale.

Parmi les réacteurs triphasiques gaz-liquide-solide utilisés dans la pratique industrielle, les réacteurs catalytiques à lit fixe arrosé à cocourant de gaz et de liquide vers le bas, i.e., trickle bed reactors (TBR), sont très répandus en particulier dans divers processus de transformation à hautes température et pression. Les travaux expérimentaux se poursuivent depuis plus de quatre décennies sur la quantification des paramètres hydrodynamiques (transition des régimes d'écoulement, perte de pression biphasique, rétention liquide, efficacité de mouillage, etc.) pour cette configuration de réacteurs. Différentes approches ont été mises en œuvre par un grand nombre d’équipes de recherche pour mesurer ces paramètres hydrodynamiques dans le but de construire des outils de prédiction et de description par rapport aux conditions réelles d’opération des processus à l’échelle industrielle. La présente contribution se propose de répondre à la question suivante : Dans quelle mesure les connaissances accumulées à partir d’observations à l’échelle laboratoire dans les conditions ambiantes sont-elles fiables pour opérer un TBR à pression et température élevées? Une question sous-jacente à la précédente concerne le comportement hydrodynamique avec la température lorsque le réacteur est alimenté par un liquide non-newtonien. L'intensification des procédés est une approche en vogue et prometteuse pour continuer à apporter des perfectionnements (gains en économie et en efficacité) au réacteur TBR. Aussi, l’induction artificielle d’impulsions est-elle envisagée dans cette étude en tant que méthode d'intensification de processus pour des températures et pressions non-ambiantes. Le présent travail tentera de démontrer les avantages de plusieurs variantes de l'opération périodique sur l'hydrodynamique des TBR pour des systèmes coalescent, non-newtonien et moussant à des températures et pressions augmentées. / Trickle bed reactor (TBR) is one of the most widely used three-phase reactors in various processes mostly operated at high temperature and high pressure. The ongoing experimental work on the hydrodynamic parameters (flow regime transition, pressure drop, liquid holdup, wetting efficiency etc.) of this packed bed reactor configuration goes to early 1960’s. Different techniques were applied by different researchers for the measurement of these hydrodynamic parameters which let the comparison and the decision of more convenient method by means of doing investigations at conditions near to that of industrial processes. Process intensification is considered to be a leading approach for the ongoing research on the economic reduction and reactor efficiency enhancement. Artificial induction of pulses is pronounced as one of the methods for the process intensification in TBRs. As trickle bed reactor is also used in biochemical processes, and the initial liquid behaving like a Newtonian fluid could turn into a non-Newtonian fluid after various biochemical processes; it is emphatic to study TBR hydrodynamics with non-Newtonian systems. Despite large amount of work exists in the literature for steady state hydrodynamics of TBR operating at high pressure; the hydrodynamic behavior of TBR at high temperature has been left as a concealed issue. Additionally none of the experimental work performed to demonstrate the advantages of periodic operation on TBR hydrodynamics dealt with the effects of increased temperature and pressure. This study illustrates the hydrodynamics of TBR at increased temperature and pressure under constant throughput flow and cyclic operation.

This thesis focuses on the way in which slanguage, treated as a way of characterization, is rendered in the Lithuanian translation of Marian Keyes’s chick lit novel Anybody Out There (2006) by Regina Šeškuvienė (2007). The main characters in the novel are women who use slang words and swear words in different situations both at work and their personal lives. In this respect, these women are different from traditional heroines of the romance who tend to use language in a traditionally feminine way, i.e. their language is polite and suited to reflect their impeccably feminine character. Swear words for heroines of chick lit serve as a means to express their oftentimes excessive and not always socially approved emotions and attitudes. The use of proper and specific slang helps them to make their conversations sound informal, to show familiarity and friendliness and to speak about uncomfortable issues such as sexual orientation or drug addiction. Slanguage becomes a significant means of characterization in Anybody Out There. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse how the use of language by female characters reveals their character in the source text and in the target text and how slanguage as a means of characterization functions in the Lithuanian translation of the novel. The thesis consists of two main parts, theoretical and analytical. The material and the aim of the thesis are presented in the introduction. Chapter two presents the theoretical background of the... [to full text] / Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos slengo kalbos kaip charakterizavimo priemonės vertimo strategijos airių rašytojos Marian Keyes „chick lit“ romano „Ar ten kas nors yra?“ („Anybody Out There“, 2006 m.) lietuviškame vertime. „Ar ten kas nors yra?“ 2007 m. į lietuvių kalbą išvertė vertėja Regina Šeškuvienė. Pagrindinės romano herojės yra moterys, kurios įvairiose gyvenimo situacijose vartoja slengo žodžius ir keiksmažodžius. Šiuo aspektu jos yra nutolusios nuo tradicinių romano herojų, kurios vartojo gražią, taisyklingą kalbą. „Chick lit“ žanro moterims keiksmažodžiai yra būdas išreikšti savo požiūrį, jausmus ir emocijas. Paprasto ir specifinio slengo žodžių vartojimas joms padeda išvengti formalumo pokalbiuose, parodyti draugiškumą, familiarumą bei leidžia nevaržomai kalbėti tokiomis nepatogiomis temomis kaip seksualinė orientacija ar priklausomybė narkotikams. Slengo kalba romane „Ar ten kas nors yra?“ tampa svarbia herojų charakterizavimo priemone, todėl šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip romano herojų kalba atskleidžia jų charakterį originaliame tekste ir vertime. Šį darbą sudaro dvi pagrindinės dalys – teorinė ir praktinė analizės. Darbo tyrimo medžiaga ir tikslas yra pristatomi įžangoje. Antrą teorinės dalies skyrių sudaro keturi poskyriai, kuriuose aptariama slengo kilmė, apibrėžimas, slengui būdingi požymiai, slengo funkcijos ir slengo kalbos klasifikacija. Šiame skyriuje taip pat yra apžvelgiamos slengo kalbos vertimo problemos ir vertimo strategijos. Trečiame skyriuje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Le travail de thèse porte sur l’étude et la mise au point de nouvelles technologies et de procédés miniaturisés en lit fluidisé. Ce procédé représente une véritable rupture technologique devant les procédés à lits fluidisé traditionnels et offre de nombreux avantages : surface d’échange élevée, bon mélange gaz-solide dans le réacteur, utilisation de faible quantité de produit, coût faible... La présente étude regroupe trois études : conception des micro-lits fluidisés, diagnostic et analyse de l’hydrodynamique des couches fluidisées et modélisation numérique.Dans ce travail quatre MFBs (Micro Fluidized Bed) de 20-4 mm ont été étudiés et comparés à deux réacteurs relativement grands de 100-50 mm. Le rapport du diamètre du réacteur à la hauteur statique des particules (Hs/Dt) a été fixé entre 1-4. La vibration mécanique a été appliquée dans le réacteur de 4 mm. Une nouvelle méthode de diagnostic des régimes de fluidisation a été développée. Elle est basée sur les analyses des fluctuations de pression et le traitement du signal. La modélisation numérique suivant la méthode Eulérien-Eulérien (2D) a été développée. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’identifier six régimes d'écoulement: lit fixe, bouillonnant, bouillonnant/pistonnage, pistonnage, pistonnage/turbulent et bouillonnant/turbulent. On note une fluidisation partielle autour de Hs/Dt=1-2, tandis que le régime de pistonnage s’installe rapidement après le minimum de fluidisation à Hs/Dt=3-4. Dans le réacteur de 4 mm, la fluidisation des particules du groupe B de Geldart montre une meilleure qualité. Les résultats numériques (modélisation) montrent une très bonne concordance avec les données expérimentales / Micro-fluidized bed (MFB) exhibits great advantages such as a large specific contact surface, a fast dissipation of heat (ideal for exothermic reactions) and better mass and heat transfers, but suffers from difficulties in precise control and shows strong frictional wall effect. Present study was conducted experimentally and numerically to understand fundamental hydrodynamics in MFBs. Experimental work was carried out in four MFBs of 20-4 mm compared to two relatively large beds of 100-50 mm using three types of particles (B347: 347 μm, 2475 kg/m3; B105: 105 μm, 8102 kg/m3; A63: 63.8μm, 2437 kg/m3). The ratio of static bed height (Hs) to bed diameter (Dt) was set between 1-4. Mechanical vibration was applied to the 4 mm bed. A new method for flow regimes diagnosis was developed based on pressure fluctuation analyses, which mainly include calculating the standard deviation, autocorrelation function, probability density function, power spectral density function and time-frequency analysis. Numerical simulations were performed under Eulerian-Eulerian framework in 2D. Six flow regimes were identified: fixed bed, bubbling, bubbling/slugging, slugging, slugging/turbulent and bubbling/turbulent. Partial fluidization is encountered at Hs/Dt=1-2 while slugging prevails quickly after minimum fluidization at Hs/Dt=3-4. In the 4 mm bed, fluidization of B347 particles show better fluidization quality, while an increase in Umf is observed for B105 and A63 particles. Mechanical vibration reduces partial fluidization, thus resulting in larger ΔP and smaller Umf. A larger Umb and a delayed Uc were obtained as well. Results by simulations agree reasonably well with experimental data

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La gazéification étagée de biomasse permet la production d'un gaz de synthèse propre, facilement valorisable en énergie électrique et/ou thermique. Néanmoins, l'optimisation de ces procédés en termes de rendement de conversion et de souplesse vis-à-vis de la nature de la biomasse constitue un enjeu industriel fort. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié spécifiquement une étape clef du procédé : la gazéification du charbon en lit fixe continu. La granulation est la solution proposée pour valoriser des biomasses de faible granulométrie ou densité. Ainsi les comportements de deux charbons de bois - issus de plaquettes forestières et de granulés - ont été étudiés en parallèle à partir d'outils expérimentaux et numériques.Dans un premier temps des expérimentations ont été menées sur un réacteur pilote, très largement instrumenté, reproduisant cette zone du procédé. Les profils mesurés de température, de composition des gaz, de densité du lit et de vitesse des particules constituent une base de données unique, révélatrice du comportement du réacteur. Nous avons ainsi pu localiser en haut du lit une zone très réactive d’épaisseur inférieure à 5 cm, ou encore un tassement significatif du lit entrainant une chute de la vitesse des particules dans un rapport de 8. La gazéification de charbons de granulés conduit aux mêmes taux de conversion finale et compositions du gaz de synthèse que celle de charbons issus de plaquettes forestières. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons développé un modèle numérique de la zone d'étude, basé sur la résolution des équations de conservation couplées aux cinétiques des réactions, à l'aide du logiciel COMSOL. La prise en compte du tassement du lit, et de la cinétique apparente des réactions hétérogènes à l'échelle particule dans les termes sources réactionnels, sont les deux spécificités du modèle. Ce dernier permet de reproduire de manière satisfaisante les profils des grandeurs physiques mesurés pour diverses conditions opératoires et pour les deux charbons de l'étude. L'exploitation de ce modèle apporte des informations nouvelles et complémentaires de l’expérience ; il permettra à terme d'optimiser le procédé industriel / Multi-stage gasification of biomass leads to the production of a clean synthetic gas that can easily be used for electrical and/or thermal energy. However, optimization of these processes in terms of conversion yield and flexibility regarding the type of biomass is a major industrial challenge. To that end, a key stage of the process was specifically studied in this thesis: char gasification in a continuous fixed bed reactor. Granulation is the solution proposed for making use of low density or small particle-size biomasses. The performance of two wood chars – made from wood chips and pellets – was studied at the same time using experimental and numerical tools. Experiments were first conducted in a very highly instrumented pilot reactor, reproducing this zone of the process. The profiles measured, namely temperature, gas composition, bed density and particle velocity formed a unique database revealing reactor performance. A very reactive zone under 5 cm thick was thus located at the top of the bed, or even significant compaction leading to a drop in particle velocity, in a ratio of 8. Granular char gasification led to the same final conversion rates and synthetic gas compositions as for the chars derived from wood chips. A numerical model of the study zone was then developed, based on solving conversion equations combined with reaction kinetics, using COMSOL software. Taking into account bed compaction and the apparent kinetics of the heterogeneous reactions on a particle scale in the reaction source terms were two specificities of the model. It enabled satisfactory reproduction of the profiles of the physical magnitudes measured, for various operating conditions and for the two charsstudied. Use of this model is already providing new and complementary experimental information; it will eventually make it possible to optimize the industrial process