This master's thesis deals with the description of LPWAN technologies focused on LoRaWAN technology in the theoretical part. The next part deals with description and analyzing of LoRaWAN protocol. In theoretical part also security elements of the LoRaWAN protocol are discussed and LoRaWAN 1.0.2 and 1.1.x versions are compared. The thesis also deals with LoRaWAN tapping and its decryption, both on the physical layer and the MAC protocol layer LoRaWAN. The thesis shows how to use software-defined radio to listen to LoRaWAN communication. Lastly, a replay attack and fake message over the fake session are performed

Tato práce je zaměřena na návrh terénní bezdrátové senzorové sítě pro mikroklimatologická měření, zejména výronů juvenilního oxidu uhličitho v oblasti hydrotermílního krasu, založené na LoRaWAN. V teoretické části práce je předložen přehled cílové oblasti, možností řešení měření, získávání a přenosu dat. Praktická část se pak věnuje kompletnímu návrhu celého systému, to znamená od měřicího zařízení přes koncentrátor a gateway až po backend odesílání dat do cloudového úložiště. Výsledky tohoto komplexního problému jsou prezentovány průběžně a přílohy obsahují detailnější a názornější ukázky.

Air pollution is a global issue which has negative impacts not only on the environment but also on human health. Therefore, it is important to design and implement systems to allow cities and villages to monitor air quality so that they take the required actions to maintain a good air quality in the city/village. Since IoT facilitates implementing efficient monitoring systems, many IoT systems have been proposed to monitor air pollution. In this paper, we review different IoT-based systems to monitor air quality. In addition, we do an experiment where we propose and evaluate our system to monitor air pollution in a smart village, Veberöd, utilizing the LoRaWAN and the IoT platform, Yggio, which is already used in the village. Our proposed system is used to monitor temperature, humidity, pressure, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, and CO. As a result of our experiment, we found that the data received by Yggio was encoded, and Yggio did not provide the decoding functionality to decode the data sent from our devices. Therefore, another IoT platforms were used to decode, visualize, and analyse the data. The results of the experiments shows that as far as PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and CO are concerned, the air quality in the village is good. The results also showed that some LoRaWAN messages were lost and never received on Yggio.

In the Internet of things (IoT), many applications will require low-power and low-cost to achieve long lifetime and scale (respectively). These types of applications are referred to as massive IoT, as opposed to critical IoT, which emphasizes ultra-high reliability and availability and low latency. One type of network catering to massive IoT applications are Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), and presently, many LPWAN standards are trying to assert their role in the IoT ecosystem. This thesis explores LPWANs from both technical and non-technical perspectives to ascertain their use-case versatility and influence on the future telecommunications’ landscape. With respect to spectrum, the studied LPWANs may be categorized as unlicensed LPWAN or licensed LPWAN. The prior category typically refers to proprietary solutions and in this thesis are represented by SigFox and LoRaWAN. The latter group includes EC-GSM-IoT, eMTC, and NB-IoT and can be considered synonymous with cellular LPWAN because they are designed to be integrated into existing cellular infrastructures. The results indicate that all of the different types of explored LPWANs support applications without strict downlink, payload size, and latency requirements. For use cases without these specific demands (typically sensors, meters, tracking, etc.), it is not a question of whether or not a network fulfills the requirements, but rather how flexible the requirements are. As a result the choice of network will be determined by non-technical aspects and a cost versus functionality trade-off where unlicensed LPWAN is typically cheaper. Hence, both categories of LPWANs offer a unique value proposition; therefore, they can be considered complementary. This notion is reinforced when looking at non-technical aspects such as ecosystem, regulation, network ownership and control, and network coordination, which differ quite significantly. Furthermore, unlicensed LPWANs are likely to be the vanguard of a new type of competitor offering the core service of connectivity. / Inom Internet of Things (IoT) kommer många applikationer att kräva låg effekt och låg kostnad för att uppnå en lång livstid och skala. Dessa typer av applikationer refereras till som massiv IoT, vilket står i motsats till kritisk IoT som kräver ultrahög tillförlitlighet och tillgänglighet och låg fördröjning. En typ av nätverk som ämnar tillgodose kraven av massiv IoT är Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), och idag försöker många av dessa hävda sig inom IoT ekosystemet. Detta examensarbete undersöker LPWANs from ett teknisk och icke-tekniskt perspektiv för att utröna deras mångsidighet och påverkan på det framtida telekomlandskapet. Med avseende på spektrum kan de i detta examensarbete undersökta nätverken kategoriseras som olicensierat LPWAN eller licensierat LPWAN. Den tidigare hänvisar typiskt till proprietära lösningar och representeras i detta arbete av SigFox och LoRaWAN. Den senare kategorin består av EC-GSM-IoT, eMTC, och NB-IoT och kan betraktas som synonymt med mobil LPWAN eftersom de designade för att bli integrerade i existerande mobila nätverk. Resultaten indikerar att alla nätverk stödjer applikationer utan strikta krav när det gäller nedlänkens funktionalitet, mängden data per meddelande, och fördröjning. För applikationer utan dessa specifika krav (typiskt sensorer, mätare, spårning, etc.) är det inte en fråga om huruvida ett nätverk uppfyller kraven eller ej, utan snarare hur flexibla kraven är. Därför kommer valet av nätverk att bestämmas av icke-tekniska aspekter och en avvägning mellan kostnad och funktionalitet vari olicensierat LPWAN är vanligtvis billigare. Därmed erbjuder båda kategorier av nätverk en unik värde proposition och kan därför betraktas som komplementerande. Denna föreställning är förstärkt av att nätverken skiljer sig signifikant när det gäller deras icke-tekniska aspekter såsom ekosystem, reglering, ägandeskap och kontroll, och nätverks koordinering. Dessutom är olicensierade LPWANs troligen är förtruppen av en ny typ av konkurrent som erbjuder den grundläggande servicen av konnektivitet.

The IoT offers enormous potentials thanks to its Widespread adoption by many industries, individuals, and governments, leading explosive growth and remarkable breakthroughs that have made it a technology with seemingly boundless applications. However, the far-reaching IoT applications cum its characteristic heterogeneity and ubiquity come with a huge price for more security vulnerabilities, making the deployed IoT systems increasingly susceptible to, and prime targets of many different physical and cyber-attacks including insider attacks, thereby growing the overall security risks to the systems. This research, which focuses on addressing insider attacks on IoT, studies the likelihood of malicious insiders' activities compromising some of the security triad of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) of a supposedly secure IoT system with implemented security mechanisms. To further establish the vulnerability of the IoT systems to the insider attack being investigated in our research, we first produced a research output that emphasized the need for multi-layer security of the overall system and proposed the implementation of security mechanisms on components at all layers of the IoT system to safeguard the system and ensure its CIA. Those conventional measures however do not safeguard against insider attacks, as found by our experimental investigation of a working IoT system prototype. The outcome of the investigation therefore necessitates our proposed solution to the problem, which leverages the integration of distributed edge computing with decentralized Ethereum blockchain technology to provide countermeasures that preserve the Integrity of the IoT system data and improve effectiveness of the system. We employed the power of Ethereum smart contracts to perform integrity checks on the system data logically and take risk management decisions. We considered the industry use case of Downstream Petroleum sector for application of our solution. The solution was evaluated using datasets from different experimental settings and showed up to 86% accuracy rate. / Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria through the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) Overseas Scholarship Scheme (OSS)

Diploma thesis deals with the implementation of LTE Cat-M1 technology in simulator NS--3 (Network Simulator 3). The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes key terms concerning IoT (Internet of Things), M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LPWA (Low-Power Wide Area) networks. The practical part summarizes the possibilities of currently available modules for cellular technologies for NS-3, ie. the LENA module and the subsequent extension of LENA+ and ELENA. Simulation scenarios offer a comparison of LTE/LTE-A and LTE Cat-M1 (also known as eMTC - enhanced Machine Type Communication) technologies for M2M communication. The results of the simulations are well-arranged in the form of graphs and discussed at the end of the thesis.

The Diploma work deals with the implementation of LTE Cat-M technology in the simulation tool Network Simulator 3 (NS-3). The work describe LPWA technologies and their use cases. In first are described the main parts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Subsequently are described and defined the most used technologies in LPWA networks. Technologies which are used in the LPWA networks are Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE Cat-M), where LTE Cat-M technology is described in more details. Simulations are simulated in simulation tool NS-3 and use LENA module. In NS 3 tool are simulated Simulations, which give us informations of Network state according to different Network set up. At the end are done changes of Radio Resource Control (RRC) states in NS-3 tool. These changes are required for correct implementation LTE Cat-M technology in NS-3 tool. Then we are able to simulate simulations, which meet to definition of LTE Cat-M technology.

New innovations, technologies, ideas and businesses are driving the realisation of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. As with many other fields in technology comes competing protocols and standards, ranging from modulation schema used for transmitting data to security standards used to ensure safe operation and the privacy needs for all involved entities. This thesis looks into one of the competing modulation schema and network protocols for IoT applications: the LoRaWAN protocol. The main contribution of this thesis is a datadriven empirical study that helps verify theoretically obtained results from other authors. Our results also suggest that as long as other signals on the same frequency band uses different modulation techniques (or just other parameters for the same modulation technique), then only the signal to noise ratio is affected without introducing collisions. This affects the scalability and overall practical distance covered by a LoRaWAN. Our general conclusion is that the LoRaWAN as a technology/protocol has its disadvantages, mainly how heavily different traffic profiles may affect the scalability of it and a general lack of hard quality of service guarantees.

<p>Information about the conditions of specific fields and assets is critical for farm managers to make operational decisions. Location, rainfall, windspeed, soil moisture, and temperature are examples of metrics that influence the ability to perform certain tasks. Monitoring these events in real time and being able to store historical data can be done using Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as sensors. The abilities of this technology have previously been communicated, yet few farmers have adopted these connected devices into their work. A lack of reliable internet connection, the high annual cost of current on-market systems, and a lack of technical awareness have all contributed to this disconnect. One technology that can better meet the demand of farmers is LoRaWAN because of its long range, low power, and low cost. To assist farmers in implementing this technology on their farms the goal was to build a LoRaWAN network with several sensors to measure metrics such as weather data, distribute these systems locally, and provide context to the operation of IoT networks. By leveraging readily available commercial hardware and opens source software two examples of standalone networks were created with sensor data stored locally and without a dependence on internet connectivity. The first use case was a kit consisting of a gateway and small PC mounted to a tripod with 6 individual sensors and cost close to $2200 in total. An additional design was prepared for a micro-computer-based version using a Raspberry Pi, which made improvements to the original design. These adjustments included a lower cost and complication of hardware, software with more open-source community support, and cataloged steps to increase approachability. Given outside factors, the PC architecture was chosen for mass distribution. Over one year, several identical units were produced and given to farms, extension educators, and vocational agricultural programs. From this series of deployments, all units survived the growing season without damage from the elements, general considerations about the chosen type of sensors and their potential drawbacks were made, the practical observed average range for packet acceptance was 3 miles, and battery life among sensors remained usable after one year. The Pi-based architecture was implemented in an individual use case with instructions to assist participation from any experience level. Ultimately, this work has introduced individuals to the possibilities of creating and managing their own network and what can be learned from a reasonably simple, self-managed data pipeline.</p>

[pt] Com o rápido crescimento da Internet das Coisas (IoT), surgiram novas tecnologias de comunicação sem fio para atender aos requisitos de longo alcance, baixo custo e baixo consumo de energia exigidos pelos aplicativos de IoT. Nesse contexto, surgiram as redes de longa distância de baixa potência (LPWANs), as quais oferecem diferentes soluções que atendem aos requisitos dos aplicativos de IoT mencionados anteriormente. Entre as soluções LPWAN existentes, o LoRaWAN tem-se destacado por receber atenção significativa da indústria e da academia nos últimos anos. Embora o LoRaWAN ofereça uma combinação atraente de transmissões de dados de longo alcance e baixo consumo de energia, ele ainda enfrenta vários desafios em termos de confiabilidade e escalabilidade. No entanto, devido a sua natureza de código aberto e à flexibilidade do esquema de modulação no qual ele se baseia (Long Range (LoRa) permite o ajuste de fatores de espalhamento e a potência de transmissão), o LoRaWAN também oferece importantes possibilidades de melhorias. Esta dissertação aproveita a adequação dos algoritmos de Aprendizagem por Reforço (RL) para resolver tarefas de tomada de decisão e os utiliza para ajustar dinamicamente os parâmetros de transmissão dos dispositivos finais LoRaWAN. O sistema proposto, chamado RL-LoRa, mostra melhorias significativas em termos de confiabilidade e escalabilidade quando comparado ao LoRaWAN. Especificamente, diminui a taxa de erro de pacote (PER) média do LoRaWAN em 15 porcento, o que pode aumentar ainda mais a escalabilidade da rede. / [en] With the massive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), novel wireless communication technologies have emerged to address the long-range, lowcost, and low-power consumption requirements of the IoT applications. In this context, the Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have appeared, offering different solutions that meet the IoT applications requirements mentioned before. Among the existing LPWAN solutions, LoRaWAN has stood out for receiving significant attention from both industry and academia in recent years. Although LoRaWAN offers a compelling combination of long-range and low-power consumption data transmissions, it still faces several challenges in terms of reliability and scalability. However, due to its open-source nature and the flexibility of the modulation scheme it is based on (Long Range (LoRa) modulation allows the adjustment of spreading factors and transmit power), LoRaWAN also offers important possibilities for improvements. This thesis takes advantage of the appropriateness of the Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for solving decision-making tasks, and use them to dynamically adjust the transmission parameters of LoRaWAN end devices. The proposed system, called RL-LoRa, shows significant improvements in terms of reliability and scalability when compared with LoRaWAN. Specifically, it decreases the average Packet Error Ratio (PER) of LoRaWAN by 15 percent, which can further increase the network scalability.