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This study focuses on the sustainable development indicators at a local level. For twenty years indicators have been validated both by the international and the French frameworks as a tool for local sustainability. Identifying and developing a set of indicators demands a reflection on the sustainable development theories and represents a passageway from theory to practice, crystallizing all the unanswered questions left or discrepancies between theories. Analyzing the content of sustainable development indicators (i.e., not how the numerical value is provided but what it measures) seem to be an interesting path to look for what dimensions and interpretations of sustainable development are taken into account by the cities and intercommunalities and how this can give clues on their interpretation of urban sustainability.  It is also an opportunity to explore how the indicators are used and if the municipalities are taking advantages of all their potentialities. After a classification and analysis of more than 1800 indicators distributed between 21 French cities and intercommunalities, several observations have been made. First of all, the different facets on sustainability are taken into account and the connections with French policies are made. However, the quality and coherence are very diverse and uneven from one city and another. The municipalities lack transparency about the evolution of indicators and they are not taking advantages of the communication potential of the indicators towards the public. Also, the indicators are rarely if ever kept on the long term so far. To sum up, indicators of sustainability at a local level represent a way to push the debates and views over sustainable development on a new level.  But they are also encountering obstacles from a lack of knowledge and because of the difficulty to define and apply sustainable development. If knowledge and pedagogy are slowly spreading, much is left to learn about how to create a shareable vision of the future as well as common values and a common culture within a community.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22710号 / 地環博第200号 / 新制||地環||39(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 星野 敏, 教授 西前 出, 教授 寶 馨 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Sustainability has been framed by the World Commission on Environment and Development as a fundamental concept in human society and by Fiorino (2010) as a critical conceptual focus for public administration over the next decade. A large number of U.S. local governments have implemented sustainability initiatives. Nevertheless, relatively few studies have comprehensively examined sustainability implementation by local governments. This study makes a concerted effort to examine sustainability implementation in U.S. local governments, which have taken the lead in many areas of sustainability. This study also develops a capacity building model to empirically evaluate how organizational strategies and capacities influence sustainability practices at the local level of government through a national survey of U.S. cities with populations over 50,000. The results show that cities are most successful in implementing sustainability initiatives if they develop proper technical, financial, and, particularly, managerial capacities and if they pursue primarily external, bottom-up, more participative, citizen or stakeholder driven strategies. These results suggest a public manager road map for sustainability implementation. From a theoretical perspective, the capacity building model adopted in this study provides a relatively powerful explanation of sustainability implementation, which demonstrates the value of a capacity building model in further studying sustainability implementation.

Le développement durable territorial se compose de deux axes. Chaque collectivité est censée concilier les piliers du développement durable sur son territoire, puis articuler sa démarche de développement durable avec celles des autres collectivités. Ainsi, l’application du développement durable serait généralisée et harmonieuse. Cependant, le manque de force contraignante de ces deux axes emporte deux conséquences opposées. Une partie des collectivités profitent de la marge de manœuvre qui leur est laissée pour adapter le développement durable aux spécificités de leurs territoires. A l’inverse, d’autres collectivités tirent avantage de ce droit « doux » pour appliquer le développement durable de manière superficielle, voire pour en faire abstraction. En outre, les inégalités entre les territoires rompent la cohésion territoriale et la solidarité inhérentes à la notion de développement durable. En l’état actuel du droit, l’application du développement durable par chaque collectivité est inaccessible. Des moyens juridiques permettent d’étendre le développement durable au-delà des seules collectivités volontaires. Ceux-ci présentent, néanmoins, des failles. Pour que chaque collectivité territoriale soit tenue de mettre en œuvre le développement durable, le droit doit être modifié. Le premier axe doit devenir un standard. Ainsi, les collectivités pourront adapter le développement durable aux caractéristiques de leurs territoires, mais plus l’ignorer. Une décentralisation qui obligerait à une meilleure articulation entre les échelons de collectivité permettrait de mieux respecter le deuxième axe du développement durable. Enfin, une péréquation mieux pensée soutiendra financièrement ces modifications juridiques. / Two milestones guide the implementation of local sustainable development by local governments : first each local authority must conciliate sustainable development pillars on its territory ; then this approach must be integrated with the one of the other local authorities. Only then can local sustainability management be overspread and harmonious. However, the lack of legal constraint imposing the implementation of these milestones has two consequences: on the one hand, Sustainable development norms can be adapted by local authorities to the specificities of their territories, on the other hand, other local authorities do not apply these rules or only partially, taking advantage of “soft law”. Those diverse levels of commitment to sustainable development norms disrupt the territorial cohesion and solidarity that should be part of the notion of sustainable development. In the actual state of law the implementation of sustainable development norms by every single local authority is unattainable. There are nevertheless legal means to enforce sustainable development norms beyond the circle of willing territories. But these means are not completely effective. Therefore, in order to make every local authority apply sustainable development norms, some changes have to be made to the existing Law. The first pillar must become a standard so that local authorities won't be able to ignore sustainable development norms anymore, only to adapt it to their local specificities. Moreover,decentralization would lead to a better articulation between each local governing body, therefore allowing forbetter respect of the second pillar of sustainable development. Finally a better financial redistribution between those local authorities would support these legal changes.

Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2010. / Submitted by Luize Santos (lui_rg@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-03T16:25:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-03T23:32:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-03T23:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os projetos de formação e capacitação que a ONG Casa Ambiental oferece aos seus freqüentadores para verificar em que medida se desenvolvem práticas orientadas a sustentabilidade local e a educação ambiental. E como objetivos específicos: a) Investigar o cenário onde se insere as organizações nãogovernamentais ambientalistas; b) Verificar como um processo não-formal de Educação Ambiental pode proporcionar a integração da comunidade local com a ONG Casa Ambiental e o seu modo de vida, por meio da organização do trabalho alternativo; e c) Apresentar o contexto das políticas públicas ambientais no Uruguai para entender os desdobramentos dos conceitos de meio ambiente, desenvolvimento sustentável e educação ambiental. O modelo teórico metodológico de referência a essa pesquisa foi o da abordagem qualitativa através da etnografia, sendo que os materiais foram obtidos através de diversos instrumentos de coleta, tais como: revisão bibliográfica, análise de documentos, observação participante, diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturada. O estudo foi realizado na Cidade de Castilhos – Uruguai junto a ONG Casa Ambiental. Foram entrevistados 4 pesquisadores e técnicos ambientalistas e 3 produtores de alimentos, ou seja, sujeitos que participam dos projetos de formação e capacitação que a Casa Ambiental desenvolve. Os resultados indicam que a ONG Casa Ambiental atua a mais de 10 anos nas áreas de pesquisa, conservação dos recursos naturais, desenvolvimento sustentável e educação ambiental, em diferentes ecossistemas no Uruguai. Suas atividades estão destinadas aos setores mais pobres do Departamento de Rocha, mais exatamente da cidade de Castilhos e seus arredores, promovendo a possibilidade da sustentabilidade local a partir do uso sustentável dos recursos naturais.Desse modo, viabiliza-se a melhoria da qualidade de vida dessa comunidade, pois envolve a formação, capacitação e organização dos grupos. Os resultados indicam também que para a Casa Ambiental, a prática da educação ambiental está intensamente ligada à sustentabilidade da comunidade local, juntamente com a conservação do ambiente e seus recursos naturais. Assim, conclui-se que como um processo de educação ambiental não-formal pode proporcionar a integração da comunidade local com uma ONG e o seu modo de vida através da organização do trabalho alternativo. / This study aimed to analyze the projects for training the NGO Environmental Home offers its patrons to check to what extent practices geared to develop local sustainability and environmental education. The specific objectives are: a) investigate the scene where he falls in the non-governmental environmental groups, b) investigate how a non-formal environmental education can provide the integration of the local community with the Home Environmental NGOs and their way of life, through the organization of alternative work, and c) present the context of environmental public policies in Uruguay to understand the ramifications of the concepts of environment, sustainable development and environmental education. The theoretical model and methodological reference to this research was the qualitative approach of ethnography, and the materials were obtained through various data collection instruments, such as literature review, document analysis, participant observation, field diary and interviews semi-structured. The study was conducted in the City of Castilhos - Uruguay to the Home Environmental NGOs. We interviewed four researchers and environmental specialists and three food producers, ie, subjects who participate in training and capacity building projects that the Home Environmental develops. The results indicate that the Home Environmental NGO operates more than 10 years in research, conservation of natural resources, sustainable development and environmental education in different ecosystems in Uruguay. Its activities are aimed at the poorest sectors of the Department of Rocha, more precisely the city of Castilhos and its surroundings, promoting the possibility of local sustainability from sustainable use of natural resources. Thus, it allows to improve the quality of life of this community because it involves the formation, training and organization of the groups. The results also indicate that for the Home Environment, the practice of environmental education is strongly linked to the sustainability of the local community, together with the conservation of environment and natural resources. Thus,we conclude that as a process of non-formal environmental education can provide the integration of the local community with an NGO and their way of life through the organization of alternative work.

Climate change and its impacts are currently affecting countries all around the world. Sweden is facing an increased risk of landslides, floods and a rising sea level that will cause major damage to infrastructure in the future. Sustainable Development Goal number 13 aims to mitigate these risks and others by strengthening different climate adaptation systems and reducing human impact on the environment. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate Sweden’s commitment to goal 13 and review the progress so far. In addition, it aimed to identify what national climate initiatives are in place and how integrated the goal is at the local level. Through official documents from the Swedish government and the United Nations, scientific research articles, and interviews with involved actors at the local level, a detailed overview of Sweden’s work on sustainable development goal 13 was produced. The research showed that Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goal 13 are well integrated in the different levels of governance, and recent initiatives are leading Sweden in the right direction to reaching the different targets set by the goal. However, certain areas within Sweden’s climate work seem to still lack proper guidance and will require changes in the near future if more progress is to be made. Consumption-based emissions produced outside of Sweden’s borders remain high, a specific national climate scenario has not been elaborated and municipalities sometimes appear to lack the necessary resources and support to effectively plan for climate change. In addition, it became apparent that the sub targets for goal number 13 in some cases did not have clear indicators. This ultimately limited to what extent Sweden’s progress could be identified and measured with respect to these targets. / Klimatförändringen påverkar för närvarande länder runt om hela världen. Sverige står inför en ökad risk för jordskred, översvämningar och en stigande havsnivå som kommer att orsaka stora skador på infrastrukturen i framtiden. Mål 13 för hållbar utveckling siktar på att mildra konsekvenserna genom att stärka olika klimatanpassningssystem och minska människors påverkan på miljön. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att undersöka Sveriges engagemang för mål 13 och framstegen hittills. Dessutom skulle studien identifiera vilka nationella klimatinitiativ som fanns och hur integrerat mål 13 var på lokal nivå. Genom officiella dokument från den svenska regeringen och FN, vetenskapliga forskningsartiklar, och intervjuer med involverade aktörer på lokal nivå, producerades en detaljerad översikt av Sveriges arbete med hållbarhetsmål 13. Forskningen visade att Agenda 2030 och mål 13 är väl integrerade i de olika nivåerna. Med de initiativ som nyligen genomförts verkar Sverige vara på väg i rätt riktning för att uppnå de olika delmålen under hållbarhetsmål 13. Vissa områden inom Sveriges klimatarbete förefaller dock fortfarande sakna lämplig vägledning och kan komma att kräva förändringar inom en snar framtid om mer framsteg ska kunna uppnås. Konsumtionsbaserade utsläpp producerade utanför Sveriges gränser är fortfarande höga, ett specifikt nationellt klimatscenario har inte utarbetats och kommuner anser sig ibland sakna nödvändiga resurser och stöd för att effektivt planera för klimatförändringar. Dessutom försvårades arbetet på lokal nivå av att delmålen för mål nummer 13 i vissa fall inte hade tydliga indikatorer. Detta begränsade i slutändan i vilken utsträckning Sveriges framsteg kunde identifieras och mätas med avseende på dessa mål.

Humanity is facing massive sustainability challenges, such as climate change and the associated loss of biodiversity, water scarcity and food insecurity. Capitalist urbanisation drives furthermore profound transformations in rural and urban areas and thus in the agriculture and food systems, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Urban agriculture as a part of a local food system, where food is produced in an urban area and sold to consumers in that area, presents a new food production model, generating innovative tools to lower agricultural land use, improving resource use efficiency and biodiversity. Consequently, great potential can be attributed to a sustainable transformation of the agri-food system through urban agriculture.  Like many cities around the world, Malmö has recognised the need for sustainable development. Therefore, the city of Malmö has been addressing environmental, social and economic challenges for several years and is committed to a holistic and sustainable urban development. Although the city is aware of the benefits of small-scale urban agriculture, there are no policies that enable the upscaling of urban agriculture in the city. Botildenborg, a sustainable urban farm and meeting place in Malmö, on the other hand, has recognised the potential for sustainable business and development through urban agriculture for several years, by setting itself the goal to increase the local and ecologically produced food within the city through this form of agriculture. Botildenborg serves therefore as a case study of this research.  In order to be able to provide indications for policies to shape the transformation steps towards sustainability within the agri-food system in Malmö, structures and patterns, as well as possible drivers and potential obstacles of a sustainable transition, are examined in the course of this research. The empirical results from qualitative and quantitative data are systematically processed using the multi-level perspective in combination with the urban political ecology.  The results indicate that the identified barriers tend to be structural and are predominantly located in the economic and especially the political sphere. It seems that the non-monetary added value from urban agriculture is not perceived to its full potential by the city of Malmö. Botildenborg is stabilising itself mainly through knowledge sharing and network building, and thus will sooner or later be able, through the movement behind the network, to change the dominant agri-food regime. The rapidity of the transformation depends on the political ii willingness of the city of Malmö to explicitly integrate urban agriculture into its policies and regulations.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-29T14:38:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO GERMANO LEITE FILHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1652129 bytes, checksum: 6d87536363723d8e40ca6b871e768e9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T14:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO GERMANO LEITE FILHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1652129 bytes, checksum: 6d87536363723d8e40ca6b871e768e9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-01 / Fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, a produção acadêmica teve por objetivo mostrar a importância da agricultura familiar como uma alternativa viável ao desenvolvimento local sustentável. Diante dessa finalidade, entende-se por sustentabilidade aquilo que satisfaz às necessidades do presente sem comprometer a capacidade das futuras gerações de satisfazer as suas próprias. Pressupondo assim, a continuidade e a permanência da qualidade de vida e das oportunidades no tempo, incorporando perspectiva de longo prazo. Sua consolidação se dá a partir de um conjunto de ações voltadas para a solução ou, no mínimo, redução de grandes problemas de ordem econômica, ambiental e social, tais como esgotamento de recursos naturais, desigualdade social ascendente e crescimento econômico irresponsável. Dentro desse contexto, surge o desenvolvimento local, visto como um processo endógeno registrado em pequenas unidades territoriais e agrupamentos humanos, onde é capaz de promover o dinamismo econômico e a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Na atualidade, principalmente no nordeste brasileiro, a agricultura familiar é apresentada como uma das alternativas mais viáveis ao progresso local sustentável. No Brasil, a agricultura familiar não representa ainda uma real prioridade para as políticas públicas agrícolas. / Because of a bibliographical research, academic production aimed to show the importance of family farming as a viable alternative to sustainable local development. For this purpose, sustainability is understood as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Assuming, therefore, the continuity and permanence of quality of life and opportunities in time, incorporating a long-term perspective. Its consolidation comes from a set of actions aimed at solving or at least reducing major economic, environmental and social problems, such as depletion of natural resources, rising social inequality and irresponsible economic growth. Within this context, local development appears as an endogenous process registered in small territorial units and human groups, where it is capable of promoting economic dynamism and improving the quality of life of the population. At present, mainly in the Brazilian northeast, family farming is presented as one of the most viable alternatives to sustainable local progress. In Brazil family farming does not yet represent a real priority for agricultural public policies.