[pt] Esta dissertação trata da passagem da invenção à inovação por meio de um estudo exploratório das percepções de empreendedores tecnológicos de empresas start-up de origem universitária. Tendo em vista as diferenças existentes entre os setores da economia e por ser o setor de bens de capital uma prioridade da política industrial brasileira e um setor difusor de tecnologia, foram abordados empreendedores apenas de empresas start-up desse setor. Os objetivos deste estudo são: coletar e analisar as percepções do empreendedor em relação à passagem da invenção à inovação e analisar o processo decisório de avaliação da oportunidade pelo empreendedor. Através dos relatos dos empreendedores discutem-se os fatores que levam o empreendedor a perseguir a oportunidade identificada, que questões se destacam na passagem da invenção à inovação e, por fim, o aprendizado do empreendedor. Essa análise cruzada permitiu, entre outros pontos, observar o papel dos role models no empreendedorismo tecnológico, a importância das incubadoras, o papel do governo federal em relação ao gap financeiro, o caráter local da inovação e a extensão da transição entre a invenção e a inovação. / [en] This work deals with the transition from invention to innovation through an exploratory study of university-based technological start- up entrepreneurs' perceptions. In light of the differences among economic sectors, and of the fact that the capital goods sector is an industrial policy priority for Brazil and plays a role in technology diffusion, the start up entrepreneurs covered in this study belong to this sector. This dissertation has two objectives: collect and analyze entrepreneurs' perceptions on the passage from invention to innovation and on the opportunity assessment decisionmaking process that makes the entrepreneur to launch a start-up. Making use of interviews with entrepreneurs, this work discusses the factors that make the entrepreneur pursue an opportunity, what issues he considers most relevant in the passage from invention to innovation and, finally, the entrepreneurs' learning curve. This composite analysis, allowed to identify the importance of role models for technological entrepreneurship, the importance of business incubators, the role of federal government in dealing with the financial gap, and the localized nature of innovation and the long time it takes to cross from invention to innovation.

La presente tesis se encuadra dentro del debate sobre el papel de las universidades en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las regiones. En la primera parte de la tesis se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre economía regional, centrada en cómo tres conceptos principales ¿distrito industrial, cluster y sistema local de innovación-- han tratado desde sus respectivos enfoques teóricos, el papel de las instituciones de educación superior. En la segunda parte de la tesis se presentan los aspectos metodológicos de cómo abordar el análisis de un fenómeno tan complejo como es el de la evolución del papel de una universidad, atendiendo a la selección del caso estudio, los diferentes niveles de análisis, así como las técnicas de investigación y de recolección y posterior análisis de datos. En la tercera parte de la tesis se muestran los resultados empíricos traducidos en la presentación, tanto del contexto en donde se inserta la universidad objeto de estudio, como de las tres etapas identificadas en la historia de la institución que, si bien presentan características propias de una región de baja tecnología, han sufrido cambios institucionales que conviene tener en cuenta no sólo desde el punto de vista de las políticas universitarias, sino también desde el punto de vista de la gestión de las instituciones de educación superior. Definitivamente, en la cuarta y última parte de la tesis se presentan las principales conclusiones que se desprenden del estudio realizado a lo largo de esta tesis. / This thesis is framed within the debate on the role of universities in the socioeconomic development of regions. It has three distinct parts. The first part of the thesis presents a review of the literature on regional economy, focusing on how three main concepts - industrial district, cluster and local innovation system - have addressed from their respective theoretical approaches, the role of Higher Education Institutions. The second part of the thesis presents the methodological aspects of how to approach the analysis of a phenomenon as complex as is the changing role of a university, based on the selection of the case study, different levels of analysis and research techniques and collection and subsequent data analysis. The third part of the PhD dissertation presents the empirical results of the thesis translated into the presentation of the context in which to insert the university under study, and the three stages identified in the history of the institution, although their characteristics specific to a region of low-tech, have been institutional changes should take into account not only from the viewpoint of university policies, but also from the standpoint of managing Higher Education Institutions. Definitely, the fourth and final part of the thesis presents the main findings from the study along this thesis. / Ortega Colomer, FJ. (2013). The evolution of a higher education institution's local role in a peripheral low-tech region [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34789

Les politiques de clusterisation se présentent comme inédites et porteuses de changement dans un monde, jugé sclérosé, où science et industrie seraient insuffisamment reliées. Regroupant géographiquement laboratoires, entreprises et formations d'un même domaine disciplinaire, les dispositifs de clusters sont, en effet, les produits d'une large rhétorique célébrant leurs bienfaits. Forgée au cœur des instances politiques transnationales par des « chercheurs-experts », venus de la science gestionnaire et économique, la notion de cluster est transposée dans la plupart des politiques publiques des pays industrialisés. Ainsi, dans un cluster français particulier, spécialisé dans les biotechnologies, on observe l'appropriation de cette politique et sa rhétorique. Au-delà de l'attribution d'un label et de services octroyés à ses membres (accompagnement, équipements mutualisés, etc.), le cluster étudié met en mots et en image l'interrelation harmonieuse entre entreprises et laboratoires, productrice d'innovations. Afin d'être conforme à cet imaginaire, il expérimente des formes de mises en relation plurielles. Néanmoins, le procédé de mise en contact reste sensiblement le même : réunir des individus sur des espaces-temps communs et en attendre des coopérations spontanées. Grâce au recours à la méthode d'analyse de réseau, complémentaire des entretiens et observations menés, la thèse montre, qu'à l'épreuve du dispositif, les acteurs manifestent des résistances par leur absence de participation. Au-delà d'un impact limité en termes d'interactions, le processus de clusterisation se révèle même paradoxal. Soumis à des exigences de performance et de confidentialité, propres à leur laboratoire ou à leur entreprise, les individus sont pourtant encouragés à investir les instances de coopération créées par le cluster. Des stratégies d'évitement sont alors à l'œuvre. Les participants esquivent, délibérément, les sujets relatifs à la production scientifique et industrielle, dont l'imbrication est pourtant le fondement du concept de cluster. / Clustering policies appear to be unprecedented and transformative in a world, deemed fossilised, where science and industry are considered insufficiently linked. Clusters, which are geographically based laboratories, companies and training courses in the same disciplinary field, are the products of a wide range rhetoric celebrating their benefits. Forged at the core of transnational political institutions by “expert researchers”, from management and economics science, the concept of cluster is transposed in most public policies in industrialized countries.In that respect, within a specific French biotechnology cluster, we observe an appropriation of such policy and its rhetoric. Beyond the label award and services offered to its members (accompaniment, mutual facilities, etc.), the cluster put into words and images the harmonious interrelation imaginary between companies and laboratories productive of innovations. To comply with such imaginery, the cluster is trying out plural forms of connections and networking. However, the process of contact remains significantly the same: bringing people together in common time spaces and expecting spontaneous cooperation.By using network analysis method, complementary to interviews and observations, the thesis shows that actors resist to cooperation by their lack of participation. Additionally to a limited impact in terms of interactions, the clustering process proves to be contradictory. Subject to performance and confidentiality requirements specific to their laboratory or firm, workers are, paradoxically, encouraged to take part in cooperation institutions created by the cluster. That is when we observe avoidance strategies. Participants deliberately avoid topics related to scientific and industrial production, which interconnection yet is the basis of the cluster concept.

With continuous development, businesses cannot restrict to only one country or area. Establishing operation or production centers across the sea is the most important factor for businesses to live permanently. Thus, many large-scale companies become multinational corporations to integrate global resources and create the most powerful synergy. With this change, those corporations also strengthen their competitiveness in the market. It is the most obvious phenomenon after the 20th century that multinational or multi-national corporations rapidly expand by the work of value chain of their oversea subsidiary companies. Many researches show that enterprises benefited a lot from successfully practice Knowledge Management (KM). KM does not success in the enterprise just only spending a fortune, purchasing and using KM software; it also depends on coordinating enterprise¡¦s culture and resources, carrying out the KM plan systematically and progressively to establish a climate of KM among all employers. Many companies practice ISO quality management system (the ISO) before KM. The ISO makes all explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge into formal papers and documents and easy to arrange. Thus, the ISO lays a conceptual and systematic foundation KM and makes the enterprise practice KM more easily. This research to discuss the relation between KM activities and global disposition strategies of MNCs. It contents analysis of KM topics by the view of technology mature degree, the relation between the ISO and KM, the relation between roles of Human Resources Management and the activities of value chain of its oversea subsidiary companies under different Knowledge Innovation strategies, and the relation between KM and strategies of global resources disposition under different technology mature degree. Following are the conclusions of this research: 1. Companies belong to low degree of technology maturity should use dispersal strategies of global resources disposition). 2. All companies should emphasize ¡¨sharing¡¨ no matter they belong to which degree of technology maturity. 3. Knowledge processing should match the company¡¦s KM system. 4. High response knowledge innovation strategy benefits the activities of value chain of oversea subsidiary companies. 5. Coordinate and control roles of Human Resource Management is more and more important when the company uses local for local innovation strategy of knowledge innovation. 6. Companies practice the ISO benefit to knowledge transfer. According to the conclusions above, there are some suggestions to businesses: 1. To build up the Software System of KM that meets the company¡¦s needs. 2. To develop professional KM manager. 3. To set up the concept of ¡¨employees¡¦ knowledge is a big fortune¡¨. 4. To establish the culture of ¡§sharing¡¨. 5. To make good use of the ISO. 6. To integrate strategies of global resources disposition and KM. 7. To play different roles of Human Resource Management when come across different KM activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAKES_Paulo_2015.pdf: 1766170 bytes, checksum: a22d7e4e9c47f17b2aba1641d59fa30f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / To compete globally, companies need to build and accumulate technological capabilities for operation activities and innovation activities. Despite the development of technological capability to innovate primarily take place within companies, other organizations in the innovation system may contribute to this process. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the industrial innovation activities on a Local Innovation System (LIS) and analyze its fragmentation. The local innovation system of Sorocaba / SP was defined as an object of study. An integrated unique case study was conducted, the sample was composed of 43 companies from various sectors. It has been described the level of knowledge of the companies in relation to innovation legislation, the intention of investments in related technologies to market, management and production, the structure of Research and Development (R&D) and innovation management, relevant factors to the practice of innovation , partnerships for innovation, as well as the demand for technological services in Basic Industrial Technology. In addition, Data collected included the supply of technological services from 19 institutions of science, technology and innovation leading to a comparative analysis in relation to the services demanded by the local industry. Among the results, it was found: a) lack of knowledge about the innovation law; b) the intention of investments in technologies focuses on the areas of production and management c) about half of the companies has innovation management department or R & D department structured; d) interaction with STI public and private institutions has little relevance to the practice of innovation; e) the formation of partnerships to innovate occurs mainly with customers and suppliers; f) the interaction among industries and other institutions from the LIS suggests that the observed level of local interaction is reduced, so that the LIS appears as fragmented. / Para que possam competir globalmente, as empresas precisam construir e acumular suas capacidades tecnológicas, tanto para atividades de produção/operação, quanto para atividades de inovação. Apesar do desenvolvimento de capacidade tecnológica para inovar ocorrer primariamente dentro de empresas, as demais organizações do sistema de inovação podem contribuir com este processo. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa visou caracterizar as atividades inovativas da indústria em um Sistema Local de Inovação (SLI) e analisar suas interações com as Instituições de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (ICTIs) locais para obtenção de serviços tecnológicos. Tomou-se como objeto de estudo o SLI de Sorocaba/SP. Conduziu-se um estudo de caso, cuja amostra foi composta por 43 empresas de diversos setores. Caracterizou-se o nível de conhecimento das empresas quanto à legislação de inovação, a intenção de investimentos em tecnologias nas áreas de mercado, gestão e produção, a estruturação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) e gestão da inovação, fatores relevantes à prática de inovação, formação de parcerias para inovar, bem como a demanda por serviços tecnológicos. Ademais, coletaram-se informações sobre a oferta de serviços tecnológicos junto a 19 instituições de ciência, tecnologia e inovação com vistas à análise comparativa em relação aos serviços demandados pela indústria local. Dentre os resultados, constatou-se que: a) o desconhecimento sobre a legislação de inovação é predominante; b) a intenção de investimentos em tecnologias se foca sobre as áreas de produção e gestão; c) cerca de metade das empresas possui departamento de gestão de inovação ou de P&D estruturados; d) a interação com instituições de ciência, tecnologia e inovação públicas e privadas é considerada pouco relevante à prática de inovação; e) a formação de parcerias para inovar ocorre principalmente com clientes e fornecedores; f) a interação entre as indústrias e demais organizações do SLI sugere que o nível de interação local é reduzido, de maneira que o SLI se apresenta como fragmentado.

National innovative capacity, a central driver of countries’ long-term economic growth, has been one of the focal points in innovation research for roughly thirty years. Initially proposed as an index to measure technologic invention over time, this concept has become the widely accepted standard for measuring the performance of (sub) national and sectoral innovation systems toward being an analytic tool attributed to innovation systems theory. Country comparison, knowledge flows, and R&D forecasting are in the center of analysis feeding the concrete practical use of innovation policy optimization. In this regard, a rich body of studies has contributed indispensable knowledge about the determinants of innovative capacity. However, the multi-dimensional interconnections have not been covered in depth. Thus, to gain a holistic understanding of the “DNA” behind national innovative capacity a new “comparative” view of these determinants is necessary. To this end, this dissertation proposes revisiting the focus, unit and parameters of analysis that predominate within current national innovative capacity studies and sets forth three interlinked academic articles that focus on different layers of innovative capacity in countries. Besides furthering academic discourse on the determinants of innovational outcome, this conceptual revision leads to a new approach on national innovation capacity research. Its intention is to make policy makers aware of certain pathways leading to the same outcome. This knowledge will enable them to pursue a dynamic approach of supporting the innovative processes in countries by defining appropriate innovation strategies that consider both the countries’ specific preconditions and the sub-systems perspective.:1. Introduction 2. The purpose of revisiting the NIC concept for innovation policy 3. The scientific contribution of this doctoral thesis 3.1 Article 1: Increasing the national innovative capacity: Identifying the pathways to success using a comparative method 3.2 Article 2: National Health Innovation Systems: Clustering the OECD countries by innovative output in healthcare using a multi-indicator approach 3.3 Article 3: Increasing the innovative capacity of European cities: Making use of proven concepts from the national level 4. References