Dans ce mémoire, je démontre que la distribution de probabilités de l'état quantique Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) sous l'action locale de mesures de von Neumann indépendantes sur chaque qubit suit une distribution qui est une combinaison convexe de deux distributions. Les coefficients de la combinaison sont reliés aux parties équatoriales des mesures et les distributions associées à ces coefficients sont reliées aux parties réelles des mesures. Une application possible du résultat est qu'il permet de scinder en deux la simulation de l'état GHZ. Simuler, en pire cas ou en moyenne, un état quantique comme GHZ avec des ressources aléatoires, partagées ou privées, et des ressources classiques de communication, ou même des ressources fantaisistes comme les boîtes non locales, est un problème important en complexité de la communication quantique. On peut penser à ce problème de simulation comme un problème où plusieurs personnes obtiennent chacune une mesure de von Neumann à appliquer sur le sous-système de l'état GHZ qu'il partage avec les autres personnes. Chaque personne ne connaît que les données décrivant sa mesure et d'aucune façon une personne ne connaît les données décrivant la mesure d'une autre personne. Chaque personne obtient un résultat aléatoire classique. La distribution conjointe de ces résultats aléatoires classiques suit la distribution de probabilités trouvée dans ce mémoire. Le but est de simuler classiquement la distribution de probabilités de l'état GHZ. Mon résultat indique une marche à suivre qui consiste d'abord à simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures pour pouvoir ensuite savoir laquelle des distributions associées aux parties réelles des mesures il faut simuler. D'autres chercheurs ont trouvé comment simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures de von Neumann avec de la communication classique dans le cas de 3 personnes, mais la simulation des parties réelles résiste encore et toujours. / In this Master's thesis, I show that the probability distribution of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger quantum state (GHZ) under local action of independent von Neumann measurements follows a convex distribution of two distributions.The coefficients of the combination are related to the equatorial parts of the measurements, and the distributions associated with those coefficients are associated with the real parts of the measurements. One possible application of my result is that it allows one to split into two pieces the simulation of the GHZ state. Simulating, in worst case or in average, a quantum state like the GHZ state with random resources, shared or private, as well as with classical communication resources or even odd resources like nonlocal boxes is a very important in the theory of quantum communication complexity. We can think of this simulation problem as a problem in which many people get the description of a von Neumann measurement. Each party does not know the description of any other measurements belonging to the other parties. Each party after having applied his measurement on the subsystem of the state that he shares with the others gets a classical outcome. The joint distribution of the outcomes of every parties follows the distribution studied in this thesis in the case of the GHZ state. My result indicates that in order to simulate the distribution, we can first simulate the equatorial parts of the measurements in order to know which distribution associated to the real parts of the measurements to simulate. Other researchers have found how to simulate the equatorial parts of the von Neumann measurements with classical resources in the case of 3 parties, but it is still unknown how to simulate the real parts.

Scientific computing is used frequently in an increasing number of disciplines to accelerate scientific discovery. Many such computing problems involve the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDE). In this thesis we explore and develop methodology for high-performance implementations of PDE solvers for shared-memory multiprocessor architectures. We consider three realistic PDE settings: solution of the Maxwell equations in 3D using an unstructured grid and the method of conjugate gradients, solution of the Poisson equation in 3D using a geometric multigrid method, and solution of an advection equation in 2D using structured adaptive mesh refinement. We apply software optimization techniques to increase both parallel efficiency and the degree of data locality. In our evaluation we use several different shared-memory architectures ranging from symmetric multiprocessors and distributed shared-memory architectures to chip-multiprocessors. For distributed shared-memory systems we explore methods of data distribution to increase the amount of geographical locality. We evaluate automatic and transparent page migration based on runtime sampling, user-initiated page migration using a directive with an affinity-on-next-touch semantic, and algorithmic optimizations for page-placement policies. Our results show that page migration increases the amount of geographical locality and that the parallel overhead related to page migration can be amortized over the iterations needed to reach convergence. This is especially true for the affinity-on-next-touch methodology whereby page migration can be initiated at an early stage in the algorithms. We also develop and explore methodology for other forms of data locality and conclude that the effect on performance is significant and that this effect will increase for future shared-memory architectures. Our overall conclusion is that, if the involved locality issues are addressed, the shared-memory programming model provides an efficient and productive environment for solving many important PDE problems.

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In this dissertation we seized less conspicuous attractions which are situated in the choice locations of Tábor landscape. We endeavoured to discover other possibilities of utilization of the chosen destination, despite our initial impression that the destination was fully used. The most important task of this thesis was to analyze natural, historical and natural interests of this region. After detailed research/analyzes/discussions we discovered that there are a lot of ``hidden{\crq}q attractions in the locality. These attractions deserve their renewal and more attention from their visitors. On the base of information were created suggestions and recommendations for development of this destination.

Nous proposons une nouvelle structure de programmation appelée XFOR (Multifor), dédiée à la programmation orientée réutilisation de données. XFOR permet de gérer simultanément plusieurs boucles "for" ainsi que d’appliquer/composer des transformations de boucles d’une façon intuitive. Les expérimentations ont montré des accélérations significatives des codes XFOR par rapport aux codes originaux, mais aussi par rapport au codes générés automatiquement par l’optimiseur polyédrique de boucles Pluto. Nous avons mis en œuvre la structure XFOR par le développement de trois outils logiciels: (1) un compilateur source-à-source nommé IBB, qui traduit les codes XFOR en un code équivalent où les boucles XFOR ont été remplacées par des boucles for sémantiquement équivalentes. L’outil IBB bénéficie également des optimisations implémentées dans le générateur de code polyédrique CLooG qui est invoqué par IBB pour générer des boucles for à partir d’une description OpenScop; (2) un environnement de programmation XFOR nommé XFOR-WIZARD qui aide le programmeur dans la ré-écriture d’un programme utilisant des boucles for classiques en un programme équivalent, mais plus efficace, utilisant des boucles XFOR; (3) un outil appelé XFORGEN, qui génère automatiquement des boucles XFOR à partir de toute représentation OpenScop de nids de boucles transformées générées automatiquement par un optimiseur automatique. / We propose a new programming structure named XFOR (Multifor), dedicated to data-reuse aware programming. It allows to handle several for-loops simultaneously and map their respective iteration domains onto each other. Additionally, XFOR eases loop transformations application and composition. Experiments show that XFOR codes provides significant speed-ups when compared to the original code versions, but also to the Pluto optimized versions. We implemented the XFOR structure through the development of three software tools: (1) a source-to-source compiler named IBB for Iterate-But-Better!, which automatically translates any C/C++ code containing XFOR-loops into an equivalent code where XFOR-loops have been translated into for-loops. IBB takes also benefit of optimizations implemented in the polyhedral code generator CLooG which is invoked by IBB to generate for-loops from an OpenScop specification; (2) an XFOR programming environment named XFOR-WIZARD that assists the programmer in re-writing a program with classical for-loops into an equivalent but more efficient program using XFOR-loops; (3) a tool named XFORGEN, which automatically generates XFOR-loops from any OpenScop representation of transformed loop nests automatically generated by an automatic optimizer.

In this thesis, I deal with the Zero tolerance policy in its perspective of theory, records and application. I regard it as a disciplining policy, which leads to polarization and consequent deepening of problems in absence in of indications of social issues by their proper names. Answer to the issue of work is evidence of a practical example in a foreign surrounding and subsequent in-depth qualitative analysis of the two urban cases of region Ústí nad Labem - Duchcov and Litvínov. The data were processed by qualitative methods and techniques of sociological research in support partial statistics and hard data. This combined methodology aims to grasp the topic in the field of urban sociology and on that basis try for plasticity research based on interdisciplinarity. Based on research confirmed that the Zero tolerance policy in Duchcov and Litvínov is not recommendable manual for dealing with long-term social and deteriorating security situation. found that the appointment of politicians do not address the causes of incurred to shape the long-term problems. Furthemore been found the named policy do not address the causes of incurred to shape the long-term problems. Vice versa, reverses the logic of cause and effect - the cause of the decline in the quality of life in cities. In thus considered the...

Les trois principales ressources du calcul sont le temps, l'espace et l'énergie, les minimiser constitue un des défis les plus importants de la recherche de la performance des processeurs.Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à un quatrième facteur qui est l'information. L'information a un impact direct sur ces trois facteurs, et nous montrons comment elle contribue ainsi à l'optimisation des performances. Landauer a montré que c’est la destruction - logique - d’information qui coûte de l’énergie, ceci est un résultat fondamental de la thermodynamique en physique. Sous cette hypothèse, un calcul ne consommant pas d’énergie est donc un calcul qui ne détruit pas d’information. On peut toujours retrouver les valeurs d’origine et intermédiaires à tout moment du calcul, le calcul est réversible. L'information peut être portée non seulement par une donnée mais aussi par le processus et les données d’entrée qui la génèrent. Quand un calcul est réversible, on peut aussi retrouver une information au moyen de données déjà calculées et du calcul inverse. Donc, le calcul réversible améliore la localité de l'information. La thèse développe ces idées dans deux directions. Dans la première partie, partant d'un calcul, donné sous forme de DAG (graphe dirigé acyclique), nous définissons la notion de « garbage » comme étant la taille mémoire – le nombre de registres - supplémentaire nécessaire pour rendre ce calcul réversible. Nous proposons un allocateur réversible de registres, et nous montrons empiriquement que le garbage est au maximum la moitié du nombre de noeuds du graphe.La deuxième partie consiste à appliquer cette approche au compromis entre le recalcul (direct ou inverse) et le stockage dans le contexte des supercalculateurs que sont les récents coprocesseurs vectoriels et parallèles, cartes graphiques (GPU, Graphics Processing Unit), processeur Cell d’IBM, etc., où le fossé entre temps d’accès à la mémoire et temps de calcul ne fait que s'aggraver. Nous montons comment le recalcul en général, et le recalcul inverse en particulier, permettent de minimiser la demande en registres et par suite la pression sur la mémoire. Cette démarche conduit également à augmenter significativement le parallélisme d’instructions (Cell BE), et le parallélisme de threads sur un multicore avec mémoire et/ou banc de registres partagés (GPU), dans lequel le nombre de threads dépend de manière importante du nombre de registres utilisés par un thread. Ainsi, l’ajout d’instructions du fait du calcul inverse pour la rematérialisation de certaines variables est largement compensé par le gain en parallélisme. Nos expérimentations sur le code de Lattice QCD porté sur un GPU Nvidia montrent un gain de performances atteignant 11%. / The main resources for computation are time, space and energy. Reducing them is the main challenge in the field of processor performance.In this thesis, we are interested in a fourth factor which is information. Information has an important and direct impact on these three resources. We show how it contributes to performance optimization. Landauer has suggested that independently on the hardware where computation is run information erasure generates dissipated energy. This is a fundamental result of thermodynamics in physics. Therefore, under this hypothesis, only reversible computations where no information is ever lost, are likely to be thermodynamically adiabatic and do not dissipate power. Reversibility means that data can always be retrieved from any point of the program. Information may be carried not only by the data but also by the process and input data that generate it. When a computation is reversible, information can also be retrieved from other already computed data and reverse computation. Hence reversible computing improves information locality.This thesis develops these ideas in two directions. In the first part, we address the issue of making a computation DAG (directed acyclic graph) reversible in terms of spatial complexity. We define energetic garbage as the additional number of registers needed for the reversible computation with respect to the original computation. We propose a reversible register allocator and we show empirically that the garbage size is never more than 50% of the DAG size. In the second part, we apply this approach to the trade-off between recomputing (direct or reverse) and storage in the context of supercomputers such as the recent vector and parallel coprocessors, graphical processing units (GPUs), IBM Cell processor, etc., where the gap between processor cycle time and memory access time is increasing. We show that recomputing in general and reverse computing in particular helps reduce register requirements and memory pressure. This approach of reverse rematerialization also contributes to the increase of instruction-level parallelism (Cell) and thread-level parallelism in multicore processors with shared register/memory file (GPU). On the latter architecture, the number of registers required by the kernel limits the number of running threads and affects performance. Reverse rematerialization generates additional instructions but their cost can be hidden by the parallelism gain. Experiments on the highly memory demanding Lattice QCD simulation code on Nvidia GPU show a performance gain up to 11%.

This thesis describes the construction development of residential real estate in the area of Brno - Stranice. It considers not only the description of the location and its history but also it describes the development of construction of the residential real estate in individual periods of time when the main attention is given to the period of the First Republic, in which the greatest construction development took place. Furthermore, this work describes the significant architectonic building works as well as the current construction and development of this location in the future. The main purpose of this thesis is to summarize the progress of the residential real estate construction in the location of Brno – Stranice since the beginning of the construction in the nineties of 19th century till present, when the construction is almost completed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare prices of ornamental plants founded by simplified and cost method of valuation. Comparison was made on a sample of garden situated in the functional unit with a terraced house and the land built over by this building. Based on the obtained results the influence of different location and age of the trees on their price is evaluated. The thesis also defines basic terms and explains issues which are closely related with valuation of ornamental plants.

In this diploma thesis the main task is to clarify the development of residential properties in city of Rychnov nad Kněžnou. The thesis deals with this city since its foundation to the present day. The work is divided into several chapters of development of construction and each of these periods is represented by a characteristic building. Development of the construction, main traits of a period and the materials used for the construction of residential property are described for each period, including drawings, maps and plans of the city Rychnov nad Kněžnou, which depict the urban composition of the location and placement of selected residential properties used in the thesis. These maps binds analysis of development potential of construction. There is also a photographic documentation of historical development of Rychnov streets and neighborhoods.