Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 367-388). Also available on the Internet.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Thesis--Lehigh University. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 642-655).

Thesis--University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves xvi-xlv).

Texte remanié de: Doctoral th. / Bibliogr. p. [215]-236. Index.

Policing in Britain has been built around the notion of prevention. That is to say that the preventative function of British policing has traditionally been put to the forefront of discourse concerning formal or state social control. The eventual formation in 1829 of a centrally controlled police force was founded upon the ethos of prevention, and this in turn led to the uniformed 'Bobby' emerging as the focus of subsequent concern. A covert police presence, while unsupportable within the philosophical parameters of prevention, proved, in the context of the intensification of formal control to be necessary, and the detective began to operate within the expanding network of state control agencies. The ambiguity of detective work led to its partial detachment from the aims, functions and bureaucratic control of the uniform branch who remain to this day in the vanguard as a symbol of policing, and are manifested as exemplars of legitimate, normative policing practice. The style of British detective work has parallels with that found in the cultural milieu of East London. The areas deviant identity and economically determined traditions that stress autonomous action and entrepreneurial ability, have been compounded by market forces, and should be regarded as responses to the strictures and oppressions of both pre-capitalist and capitalist market economies. These responses are unique in the form of cultural style, and find favour amongst detectives of the Metropolitan Police, who, despite their formal function as thief-takers, appropriate and acquire certain of the more tangible manifestations of East End style for their own use. This thesis is concerned with the evolution of policing in Britain and in particular with the nature of police agencies, their consequent operational styles, and the genesis of their respective occupational cultures. The crucial source of one particular policing style, and its subsequent effect upon the occupational culture is considered at some length and primary and secondary historical documents, formal and informal interviews and participant observation techniques are utilised to this end. The contemporary realities of both the CID and East End cultures are considered and paralleled within an informal historical frame that has been structured by both formal and informal responses to the transient rigours of the market place. Consequently, this thesis is concerned with buying and selling on either side, across and under the legal counter. Before introducing the historical data of chapters one to five, and the original data introduced in chapters six to ten, it may be prudent to provide some discussion of the methodology that I have employed.

No description available.

Hospitals throughout the nineteenth century remained the one of the main channels for the Victorians’ voluntary zeal, but from the 1850s onwards tensions emerged as charity became ill-suited to meeting all the hospitals’ financial needs. An historiographical survey shows that metropolitan hospitals have been seen as an institution funded and administered through philanthropy, but these views are insufficient. By looking at seven hospitals in London between 1850 and 1898 a different view is suggested. Hospital governors were adept at manipulating philanthropic interests through their innovative fundraising tactics, playing on a wide range of motivations for benevolent action. Administrators used feelings from guilt to gratitude to promote support, suggesting that philanthropy and contributions cannot be constrained by any simple approach. Using the hospitals’ financial records, charitable contributions are placed in the overall context of funding in an institution that drew its income from a wide variety of sources. Over time these sources of funding changed their relative relation to one another in a process of financial diversification. Expenditure, expansion, the financial demands of different hospitals, local charitable resources, competition for funds, and popular perceptions of individual institutions all created pressures on finances that made diversification desirable. Financial diversification, however, took place in a context where the hospitals’ voluntary ethic was not affected. Hospitals experienced administrative expansions as they adopted more medical functions, but management remained on voluntary lines and administrators continued to be drawn from London’s wealthy business and social elite. Within this changing managerial structure doctors competed for authority and asserted their influence through a series of internal conflicts which often stressed the importance of medical science. A comparative investigation of the Whitechapel Union shows that a similar process of change occurred. Financial and administrative diversification was therefore more the consequence of institutional healthcare rather than a development limited to the voluntary hospitals.

No description available.

Number pattern generalisation is often regarded a difficult topic for students to learn. To explore this perception, the present study undertakes an empirical investigation with the main aim of providing a comprehensive description of how 14-year-old secondary school students in Singapore generalise figural patterns and justify their generalisations when varying the formats of pattern display and the types of function. Comprising two interrelated parts, the study first examines 515 students’ strategies and justifications and probes systematically the influence of the formats of pattern display and the types of function on their generalisations through a specially developed paper-and-pencil test. The other part, through a specially designed questionnaire, looks at their beliefs about which strategy would best help them to derive the rule for predicting any term of a figural pattern as well as their ability to construct the rule using their choice of strategy. The first part uses an independent-measures research design to examine whether different formats of pattern display have any effect on students’ rule construction and a repeatedmeasures research design to determine whether their rule construction is influenced by the different types of function. In the second part, a survey study is employed with all students asked to identify their choice of best-help generalising strategy. This is then followed by interviews with 16 of the 515 students to probe whether they are able to derive a correct functional rule using their chosen strategy. This study complements many previous studies mainly undertaken in the west in that its findings indicate that the more academic students are competent in developing a functional rule for linear patterns but falters when working with quadratic patterns. There is a widespread failure of the less academic students in both linear and quadratic patterns, confirming the oft-regarded view that expressing generality is elusive. Successful students perceive the patterns in several ways and generate wide-ranging functional rules, predominantly symbolic, to describe them. They employ a variety of generalising strategies, especially the figural type, and some of which are new in the literature. Both the test and the survey confirm that the figural strategy involving the breaking up of the whole configurations into non-overlapping parts is their clear favourite. For rule justification, verifying it using the numerical cues and drawing diagrams to explain its development are their favourite approaches. Task features such as the format of pattern display and the type of functions do contribute to student difficulties in generalisation. Based on these findings, some useful teaching strategies for teachers and teacher educators are then suggested to help them improve their teaching of pattern generalisation. The findings also point the direction for future research studies on pattern generalisation by suggesting some recommendations for researchers.