Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [347]-361).

Two species of Viscum, the dioecious Viscum capense ssp capense and the monoecious Viscum rotundifolium , were compared in terms of their ecology, repioductive biology and genetics in order to determine some potential selective advantages of dioecy in this genus Data was collected in such a way thiat several of the current hypotheses for the evolution of dioecy could be tested Selection for outcrossing; disruptive selection or decreased infraspecific competition; pollinator or fi ugivore attraction to tussive pollen or fruit crops and escape from seed predation were among the hyp?the~es investigated. The population structure of Viscum capense showed no evidence for disruptive selection, both in terms of host choice, and associations between plants of different sexes. Viscum rotundifolium was found to be more highly clumped than Viscum capense, which is an advantage in terms of disnerser attraction, but a disadvantage in terms of seed predation. A closer examination of the results, however, showed that the distribution of seed-bearing plants in both species was not dependant on the breeding system. Pollinator observations eliminateo the hypothesis that large polien crops would be advantageous in terms of pollinator attraction, since the pollinators were found to visit male flowers foi neotar, and not pollen. The genetic results showed that the dioecious Viscum capense and the monoecious Viscum rotundifolium did not differ in levels of genetic heterozygosity, and thus, it was assumed, that dioecy did not evolve in response to ^election * or outcrossing in this genus. These res jits also revealed a number of loci in both species which were fixed for heterozygosity, and some possible explanations for the mechanism by which these were maintained are put forward. No overwhelming selective advantage of dioecy could be determined in this case and it was hypothesized that dioecy could have been fixed in the population by chromosomal translocations which also facilitated rapid speciation, thus enabling the gene combinations for dioecy to escape elimination by selection within the original gene pool

As plantas hemiparasitas de ramos, comumente chamadas de erva-de-passarinho, estão presentes em três famílias no Brasil: Loranthaceae, Santalaceae e Viscaceae, que juntas somam cerca de 200 espécies, sendo o grupo mais representativo da ordem Santalales no país. No entanto, os estudos taxonômicos no grupo são escassos, especialmente na região Sul do Brasil. Este estudo tem por objetivo estudar a taxonomia das espécies destas três famílias, com ênfase em características morfológicas, realizando a atualização nomenclatural, avaliando a circunscrição das espécies e fornecendo informações que permitam o reconhecimento de cada táxon confirmado. Além disso, fornecer informações sobre a distribuição geográfica dos táxons estudados, sobre o habitat e os hospedeiros preferenciais das espécies e sobre as fases fenológicas. Foram confirmadas 29 espécies para o Sul do Brasil, Loranthaceae (7 espécies): Ligaria cuneifolia, Psittacanthus dichroos, Struthanthus martianus, S. polyrhizus, S. sessiliflorus, S. uraguensis e Tripodanthus acutifolius; Santalaceae (1 espécie): Eubrachion ambiguum; e Viscaceae (21 espécies): Phoradendron argentinum, P. bathyoryctum, P. berteroanum, P. burkartii, P. chrysocladon, P. coriaceum, P. craspedophyllum, P. crassifolium, P. dipterum, P. ensifolium, P. habrostachyum, P. hexastichum, P. holoxanthum, P. inaequidentatum, P. mucronatum, P. obtusissimum, P. pellucidullum, P. perrottetii, P. piperoides, P. quadrangulare e P. undulatum. Os três estados possuem números próximos de espécies, o Paraná e o Rio Grande do Sul com 22 espécies e Santa Catarina com 21 espécies. Quatro espécies são exclusivas do Rio Grande do Sul (Ligaria cuneifolia, Phoradendron argentinum, P. habrostachyum e P. inaequidentatum), duas do Paraná (Phoradendron mucronatum e P. obtusissimum) e uma de Santa Catarina (Phoradendron pellucidullum). Dentre as espécies sul brasileiras, um novo nome foi proposto (Struthanthus martianus), dez nomes são propostos como sinônimos (Psittacanthus hatschbachii, Struthanthus polyrhizus var. oblanceolatum, Phoradendron affine, P. falcifrons, P. interruptum, P. liga, P. lindemanii, P. linearifolium, P. paraguari e P. reductum), um nome é reestabelecido (Phoradendron burkartii) e um nome é tipificado (Phoradendron argentinum). Em um trabalho adicional sobre nomenclatura, dez nomes de espécies americanas também são tipificadas. São fornecidas chaves de identificação para as famílias, gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações ou fotografias, comentários sobre a taxonomia, distribuição, relações parasita-hospedeiro e fenologia.

As plantas hemiparasitas de ramos, comumente chamadas de erva-de-passarinho, estão presentes em três famílias no Brasil: Loranthaceae, Santalaceae e Viscaceae, que juntas somam cerca de 200 espécies, sendo o grupo mais representativo da ordem Santalales no país. No entanto, os estudos taxonômicos no grupo são escassos, especialmente na região Sul do Brasil. Este estudo tem por objetivo estudar a taxonomia das espécies destas três famílias, com ênfase em características morfológicas, realizando a atualização nomenclatural, avaliando a circunscrição das espécies e fornecendo informações que permitam o reconhecimento de cada táxon confirmado. Além disso, fornecer informações sobre a distribuição geográfica dos táxons estudados, sobre o habitat e os hospedeiros preferenciais das espécies e sobre as fases fenológicas. Foram confirmadas 29 espécies para o Sul do Brasil, Loranthaceae (7 espécies): Ligaria cuneifolia, Psittacanthus dichroos, Struthanthus martianus, S. polyrhizus, S. sessiliflorus, S. uraguensis e Tripodanthus acutifolius; Santalaceae (1 espécie): Eubrachion ambiguum; e Viscaceae (21 espécies): Phoradendron argentinum, P. bathyoryctum, P. berteroanum, P. burkartii, P. chrysocladon, P. coriaceum, P. craspedophyllum, P. crassifolium, P. dipterum, P. ensifolium, P. habrostachyum, P. hexastichum, P. holoxanthum, P. inaequidentatum, P. mucronatum, P. obtusissimum, P. pellucidullum, P. perrottetii, P. piperoides, P. quadrangulare e P. undulatum. Os três estados possuem números próximos de espécies, o Paraná e o Rio Grande do Sul com 22 espécies e Santa Catarina com 21 espécies. Quatro espécies são exclusivas do Rio Grande do Sul (Ligaria cuneifolia, Phoradendron argentinum, P. habrostachyum e P. inaequidentatum), duas do Paraná (Phoradendron mucronatum e P. obtusissimum) e uma de Santa Catarina (Phoradendron pellucidullum). Dentre as espécies sul brasileiras, um novo nome foi proposto (Struthanthus martianus), dez nomes são propostos como sinônimos (Psittacanthus hatschbachii, Struthanthus polyrhizus var. oblanceolatum, Phoradendron affine, P. falcifrons, P. interruptum, P. liga, P. lindemanii, P. linearifolium, P. paraguari e P. reductum), um nome é reestabelecido (Phoradendron burkartii) e um nome é tipificado (Phoradendron argentinum). Em um trabalho adicional sobre nomenclatura, dez nomes de espécies americanas também são tipificadas. São fornecidas chaves de identificação para as famílias, gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações ou fotografias, comentários sobre a taxonomia, distribuição, relações parasita-hospedeiro e fenologia.

As plantas hemiparasitas de ramos, comumente chamadas de erva-de-passarinho, estão presentes em três famílias no Brasil: Loranthaceae, Santalaceae e Viscaceae, que juntas somam cerca de 200 espécies, sendo o grupo mais representativo da ordem Santalales no país. No entanto, os estudos taxonômicos no grupo são escassos, especialmente na região Sul do Brasil. Este estudo tem por objetivo estudar a taxonomia das espécies destas três famílias, com ênfase em características morfológicas, realizando a atualização nomenclatural, avaliando a circunscrição das espécies e fornecendo informações que permitam o reconhecimento de cada táxon confirmado. Além disso, fornecer informações sobre a distribuição geográfica dos táxons estudados, sobre o habitat e os hospedeiros preferenciais das espécies e sobre as fases fenológicas. Foram confirmadas 29 espécies para o Sul do Brasil, Loranthaceae (7 espécies): Ligaria cuneifolia, Psittacanthus dichroos, Struthanthus martianus, S. polyrhizus, S. sessiliflorus, S. uraguensis e Tripodanthus acutifolius; Santalaceae (1 espécie): Eubrachion ambiguum; e Viscaceae (21 espécies): Phoradendron argentinum, P. bathyoryctum, P. berteroanum, P. burkartii, P. chrysocladon, P. coriaceum, P. craspedophyllum, P. crassifolium, P. dipterum, P. ensifolium, P. habrostachyum, P. hexastichum, P. holoxanthum, P. inaequidentatum, P. mucronatum, P. obtusissimum, P. pellucidullum, P. perrottetii, P. piperoides, P. quadrangulare e P. undulatum. Os três estados possuem números próximos de espécies, o Paraná e o Rio Grande do Sul com 22 espécies e Santa Catarina com 21 espécies. Quatro espécies são exclusivas do Rio Grande do Sul (Ligaria cuneifolia, Phoradendron argentinum, P. habrostachyum e P. inaequidentatum), duas do Paraná (Phoradendron mucronatum e P. obtusissimum) e uma de Santa Catarina (Phoradendron pellucidullum). Dentre as espécies sul brasileiras, um novo nome foi proposto (Struthanthus martianus), dez nomes são propostos como sinônimos (Psittacanthus hatschbachii, Struthanthus polyrhizus var. oblanceolatum, Phoradendron affine, P. falcifrons, P. interruptum, P. liga, P. lindemanii, P. linearifolium, P. paraguari e P. reductum), um nome é reestabelecido (Phoradendron burkartii) e um nome é tipificado (Phoradendron argentinum). Em um trabalho adicional sobre nomenclatura, dez nomes de espécies americanas também são tipificadas. São fornecidas chaves de identificação para as famílias, gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações ou fotografias, comentários sobre a taxonomia, distribuição, relações parasita-hospedeiro e fenologia.

Bibliography: leaves [347]-361 / 361 leaves, [7] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1985

Mistletoes intimately connect to their host trees with a haustorium that allows them to access nutrients and water. Mistletoes in South Africa vary greatly in their degree of host specificity. Most species occur on a wide range of host families, while others are restricted to a single host family or—at the extreme—to a single host species. Mistletoes that are host generalists at a larger spatial scale may become host-specific at a local scale. One of the challenges in mistletoe biology is determining the factors that maintain local host specificity. Birds potentially reinforce the mistletoe–host interactions by direct dispersal. However, many mistletoe species coexist while parasitising different co-occurring host species. This suggests that host trees may impose more selection pressure than birds in determining host specificity. Thus, my thesis examines the role of host trees as ecological and physiological filters that influence the infection patterns and determine host specificity of mistletoes in South Africa. The second chapter of this thesis synthesises the literature on host specificity in mistletoes. I then present the results of four field and laboratory experiments that were used examine the features affecting host specificity in representatives of two families of mistletoes (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) in South Africa. My main research objectives focus on host abundance and morphology, host compatibility, host water and nutrient content, abiotic influences on mistletoe seedling survival and growth and mistletoe–host stomatal morphology in relation to water potential that affect nutrient acquisition by mistletoes from their host trees. The geographic mosaic approach was explored as a potential explanation for the mistletoe–host interactions that direct host specificity in mistletoes. I synthesised the available literature on the mechanisms and factors that direct mistletoe host specificity. This was supported by data analysed from South African herbarium collections, books describing the South African flora and field observations in South Africa. I suggest that host abundance (host availability through time and space) and host compatibility (as determined by genetic, morphological, physiological and chemical factors) play a primary role in determining host specificity in South African mistletoes, while differential bird dispersal strengthens or weakens mistletoe–host interactions. Analysis of the network structure of mistletoe–host interactions at different levels (e.g., at the level of population, species and genus) followed by genetic and reciprocal germination experiments may reveal the patterns and mechanisms of host specificity in mistletoes. I quantified the mistletoe–host composition, height of potential host trees and nutrient and water content of mistletoes and their hosts at Pniel Estates. Surveys of the study site revealed a single mistletoe species, Viscum rotundifolium, parasitising only Ziziphus mucronata and Ehretia rigida. Both parasitised host species were not the most abundant trees, were not the tallest trees and did not have the highest water or nutrient content of trees in the area, although these factors have been found to be good predictors for mistletoe parasitism in other studies. Subsequently, I tested mistletoe–host compatibility by conducting a germination experiment in the greenhouse by inculcating seeds of V. rotundifolium on freshly cut branches of nine available potential host trees. I found that mistletoe seeds had a greater chance of attachment and subsequent survival on branches of E. rigida and Z. mucronata as compared with seeds on co-occurring Acacia and other potential host species. This suggests that host compatibility plays a role in directing the host specificity of V. rotundifolium at Pniel Estates. I found that individuals of V. rotundifolium had more negative water potentials than their host trees and, by doing so, they passively maintain the flow of nutrients. In addition, I found evidence that the mistletoe uses active uptake to access nutrients from host phloem because the leaf tissue of a mistletoe had a nitrogen-to-calcium ratio (N:Ca) >1. Conventionally, a high N:Ca ratio (>1) in the leaf tissue of a mistletoe is taken as evidence of active uptake from host phloem because N is highly phloem-mobile while Ca is a large molecule and is phloem-immobile. This method has shortcomings discussed at greater length in the chapter but my findings suggest that the mistletoe V. rotundifolium uses a combination of passive and active nutrient uptake. I quantified the mistletoe–host community composition and host physical features (height and diameter at breast height) in two sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa—Highover and Mtontwane. The mistletoe Agelanthus natalitius (Loranthaceae) is common at both sites, parasitising the most abundant host species—Acacia karroo—and the second most abundant host tree—Acacia caffra. Prevalence of mistletoe infection (percentage of trees parasitised) was positively correlated with tree size (height and diameter at breast height). The two host species did not differ significantly in height. At Highover the host species A. caffra and A. karroo had a similar prevalence of mistletoe infection but at Mtontwane a significantly higher percentage of A. caffra trees was parasitised in comparison with A. karroo. However, the intensity of mistletoe infection (mean number of mistletoes per tree) was lower for A. caffra (Highover: 0.66 ± 0.01, Mtontwane: 0.89 ± 0.04) than for A. karroo (Highover: 0.73 ± 0.04, Mtontwane: 1.03 ± 0.64). There were two highly infected big trees in Highover and one in Mtontwane where many mistletoe-dispersing birds were nesting which inflated the numbers for intensity of mistletoe infection in A. caffra, however. I tested mistletoe–host compatibility by conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment in the two study sites. I applied a paired design, using one local and one non-local mistletoe seed in each pair, with seed pairs placed on the two main host species at the different sites. Except in Highover where an unidentified pathogen retarded growth and survival, mistletoe seeds placed on the same substrate and in the same site as their source host grew a longer hypocotyl and had greater survival. Regardless of source, mistletoes placed on A. karroo had longer hypocotyls and greater survival than mistletoes on A. caffra. These results suggest that there may be adaptation of the mistletoe Agelanthus natalitius to the most frequently encountered host species, Acacia karroo. To simulate the conditions encountered by mistletoes during the dry and cold South African winter, mistletoe seedlings were monitored at different levels of microclimate (light, temperature and moisture) in a growth chamber. I found that higher light availability (20% and 40% shade versus 80% shade), cool temperatures (15°C and 20°C versus 25°C) and continuous moisture availability improved seedling development and subsequent survival of two mistletoe species (Viscum rotundifolium and Agelanthus natalitius). I studied the leaf stomata of two host–mistletoe pairs (Acacia karroo–Agelanthus natalitius and Vitex obovata–Erianthemum dregei) using a scanning electron microscope to investigate some of the underlying mechanisms that enable mistletoes to maintain more negative water potentials than their host trees and at the same time control water loss. In addition, I examined the response of mistletoes to the application of abscisic acid (ABA), a plant growth regulator that controls stomatal closure. I found that the mistletoes had a higher density of stomata and had larger stomata than their host trees. In addition, both mistletoe and host leaves closed their stomata during midday and in response to exogenous ABA. The ability of mistletoes to control water loss in this way may be one reason why mistletoes rarely kill their host trees, which would be maladaptive. The mistletoes used in my studies are known to be host generalists at a larger spatial scale but I found that they were host specific at a local scale. The results of my research suggest that host abundance and compatibility play a role in directing host specificity, while host nutrient and water status have little effect on host specificity at this local scale. The interactions between the generalist mistletoes used in my studies and their hosts are likely to vary over the geographic ranges of the mistletoe and alternate among different hosts. This may create multiple locally host–specific mistletoe populations and produce a complex geographic mosaic of mistletoe–host combinations across space and time. I suggest that mistletoe populations in South Africa may comprise numerous lineages incapable of parasitising the full range of host species, which could potentially lead to the formation of distinct host races over time. In the future, it would be interesting to document the infection patterns of these generalist mistletoe species across their entire geographic ranges in southern Africa, with particular focus on the patterns of mistletoe infection in places where the host abundance changes among sites. Host preferences may vary with changes in host frequency and host community composition. This could be paired with reciprocal transplant germination experiments in several sites to ascertain whether the mistletoe species have higher fitness on the most locally abundant hosts. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-02T21:00:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Sanay Feitosa Lima.pdf: 1448310 bytes, checksum: 5f834ba306b1fec92af1d35b4e7fc328 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T18:39:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Sanay Feitosa Lima.pdf: 1448310 bytes, checksum: 5f834ba306b1fec92af1d35b4e7fc328 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T18:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Sanay Feitosa Lima.pdf: 1448310 bytes, checksum: 5f834ba306b1fec92af1d35b4e7fc328 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:47:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Sanay Feitosa Lima.pdf: 1448310 bytes, checksum: 5f834ba306b1fec92af1d35b4e7fc328 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The plants belonging to the family Loranthaceae are popularly known as ervas-de- passarinho. Among the various plants known belonging to this family, there is Oryctanthus alveolatus, which sparked interest due to the few phytochemicals and microbial studies with this plant. Microorganisms are mostly seen as pathogenic agents, especially fungi and bacteria. However, they are also useful in the production of chemicals such as antibiotics and antitumor. Among the existing fungi, endophytic fungi are microorganisms that inhabit the interior of plants bringing benefits to them. So the aim of this study was to obtain and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of 29 isolated endophytic fungi of the leaves and stems of Oryctanthus alveolatus species, in the face of pathogenic Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. All extracts were subjected to antimicrobial assay using agar diffusion test at concentrations of 0,5 μg.μL-1 and 1000 μg.mL-1. Only three extracts; Coa 007, 009a and 014, were able to inhibit bacterial growth of one or more strains tested at 1000 μg.mL-1. Subsequently, the active extracts were tested at concentrations of 200, 500, 700, 800 and 900μg.mL-1, and the Coa 007 extract showed the CIM values of 900 μg.mL-1 for the bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa and CIM of 1000 μg.mL-1 for the bacteria S. aureus. The Coa 009a extract showed CIM of 1000 μg.mL-1 for S. aureus and E. coli bacteria and Coa 014 extract showed CIM in the amount of 900 μg.mL-1 for E. coli and 1000 μg.mL-1 for the bacteria P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The other fungi tested did not inhibit bacterial growth. Fungi in the extracts were active, they were also evaluated the morphological point of view. The Coa 007 and Coa 014 fungi presented macromorfológicas initially similar characteristics: both possessed white coloring, with algodonosa and opaque texture. Over time, the Coa 007 now presents beige-pink color reverse, differentiating Coa 014 that pasou to present pink pigmentation spots, with reverse part of beige. The Coa 009a initially presented black color, becoming black-gray, cotton wool spots, and reverse the black colony. / As plantas pertencentes à família Loranthaceae são popularmente conhecidas como ervas- de-passarinho. Entre as mais diversas plantas conhecidas pertencentes a essa família, destaca-se Oryctanthus alveolatus, na qual despertou o interesse, devido aos poucos estudos fitoquímicos e microbianos realizados com esta planta. Os microrganismos são em sua maioria, vistos como agentes fitopatogênicos, principalmente fungos e bactérias. Entretanto, eles também são úteis na produção de substâncias químicas, como antibióticos e antitumorais. Dentre os fungos existentes, os fungos endofíticos são microrganismos que habitam o interior das plantas trazendo benefícios às mesmas. Assim o objetivo desse trabalho foi obter e avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos brutos de 29 fungos endofíticos isolados das folhas e caules da espécie Oryctanthus alveolatus, frente às bactérias patogênicas Gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis e Gram-negativas Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli. Todos os extratos foram submetidos a ensaio antimicrobiano utilizando teste de difusão em ágar nas concentrações de 0,5 μg. μL-1 e 1000 μg.mL-1. Apenas três extratos; Coa 007, 009a e 014, conseguiram inibir o crescimento bacteriano de uma ou mais cepas testadas na concentração de 1000 μg.mL-1. Posteriormente, os extratos ativos foram testados nas concentrações de 200, 500, 700, 800 e 900 μg.mL-1, sendo que o extrato Coa 007 apresentou CIM nos valores de 900 μg.mL-1 para as bactérias E. coli e P. aeruginosa e CIM no valor de 1000 μg.mL-1 para a bactéria S. aureus. O extrato Coa 009a apresentou CIM no valor de 1000 μg.mL-1 para as bactérias S.aureus e E.coli e o extrato Coa 014 apresentou CIM nos valores de 900μg.mL-1 para a bactéria E. coli e 1000 μg.mL-1 para as bactérias P. aeruginosa e S. aureus. Os demais fungos testados não inibiram o crescimento bacteriano. Os fungos, em que os extratos apresentaram atividade, também foram avaliados do ponto de vista morfológico. Os fungos Coa 007 e Coa 014 apresentaram características macromorfológicas inicialmente parecidas: ambos possuiam coloração branca, com textura algodonosa e opaca. Com o tempo, o Coa 007 passou a apresentar coloração reversa bege-rosa, diferenciando do Coa 014 que pasou a apresentar pontos de pigmentação rosa, com parte reversa de cor bege. O Coa 009a apresentou inicialmente coloração preta, tornando-se negro-acinzentado, algodonoso, e reverso da colônia negro.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-06T15:39:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_ Armando C. Garcia.pdf: 2450304 bytes, checksum: adcfc8fa060149a887ed8f134e8e63ea (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-06T15:39:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_ Armando C. Garcia.pdf: 2450304 bytes, checksum: adcfc8fa060149a887ed8f134e8e63ea (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-06T15:39:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_ Armando C. Garcia.pdf: 2450304 bytes, checksum: adcfc8fa060149a887ed8f134e8e63ea (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-06T15:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_ Armando C. Garcia.pdf: 2450304 bytes, checksum: adcfc8fa060149a887ed8f134e8e63ea (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that live in interne tissues of plants, without causing them immediate damage. They are considered an important source to the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial, antitumor activities, among others. The present work describes the chemical and biological study of the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. isolated from the plant Passovia stelis. For that, the fungus at hand was cultivated in large scale using the liquid medium of dextrose potato. The ethylacetat crude extract was obtained through extraction from the broth and then submitted to larvicide assay against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and antimicrobial against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was also performed assays against the enzyme anticholinesterase, antioxidants and antifungal against Cladosporium cladosporioides e Cladosporium sphaerospermum. In the selective larvicide, 3 fractions showed bioactivity (100 ppm) in 24h. In the dosing assay larvicide, the extract of the fungus Phomopsis sp. showed bioactivity with LD50 of 84.7, 81.6 and 79.5 ppm and LD90 de 147.8, 140.2 and 137.7 ppm after 24, 48 e 72 h, respectively. The crude extract was analyzed using TLC, HPLC and NMR and then purified through column chromatography and HLPC-DAD. From F4, the 3-nitropropionic acid was isolated, which is used in neurological research. Succinic acid, which is considered one of the construction blocks in chemical synthesis industry, was isolated from the fraction F7. Other 3 esterified substances, derivatives of tyrosol, were isolated of the fraction F1, and one of them unpublished. In the antioxidant assay, two fractions (F5, F6) showed positive results and in the assay against the enzyme anticholinesterase four fraction (F2, F5, F6, F7) presented bioactivity. These results demonstrate the expressive biopotency of the fungus Phomopsis sp. and open a new perspective for further studies. / Fungos endofíticos são fungos que vivem no tecido interno das plantas sem que lhes causem prejuízo imediato. Esses microrganismos são considerados uma fonte importante para a produção de metabólitos secundários com ação antimicrobiana, antitumoral, entre outras. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico e biológico dos metabólitos secundários produzidos pelo fungo endofítico Phomopsis sp. isolado da planta Passovia stelis. Para tanto, o fungo em questão foi cultivado em escala ampliada, utilizando meio líquido de batata dextrose. O caldo obtido foi extraído com acetato de etila fornecendo o extrato bruto. Este foi submetido à ensaio larvicida, frente as larvas do mosquito Aedes aegypti, antimicrobiano frente às bactérias patogênicas Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Também foram realizados ensaios anticolinesterase, antioxidante e antifúngico frente aos fungos Cladosporium cladosporioides e Cladosporium sphaerospermum. No ensaio larvicida de dose, o extrato do fungo Phomopsis sp. exibiu bioatividade com valores de DL50 de 84,7; 81,6 e 79,5 ppm e DL90 de 147,8; 140,2 e 137,7 ppm respectivamente, nas leituras realizadas após 24, 48 e 72 h. No ensaio larvicida seletivo, três frações obtiveram bioatividade em 100 ppm nas primeiras 24 horas. Após análise por CCD, CLAE e RMN, o extrato bruto foi fracionado por cromatografia em coluna e por CLAE-DAD. Da fração F4 foi isolado o ácido 3-nitropropiônico que é muito utilizado em pesquisas neurológicas. Da fração F7 foi isolado o ácido succínico tido como um dos principais blocos de construção na indústria da síntese química. Outras três substâncias da classe dos ésteres, derivados do tirosol foram isolados da fração F1 sendo uma delas inédita. No ensaio antioxidante duas frações (F5, F6) deram resultado positivo e no ensaio anticolinesterásico quatro frações (F2, F5, F6, F7) mostraram atividade. Estes resultados mostraram a expressiva biopotência do fungo Phomopsis sp, abrindo novas perspectivas atrativas para estudos futuros.