Caregivers of children with Complex Communication Needs from low socio-economic  backgrounds are deprived of facilities for communication training. As a result, they struggle to communicate with their children even for activities of daily living. This study focuses on how professionals help such parents to communicate with their non-verbal children. Also, it looks into the condition of parents and the facilitators and the barriers professionals face while working in such situations. To conduct the study qualitative study design with an interview method was chosen. Data were collected from seven participants who are special educators. The results revolves around various themes related to the aim. The main results deal with the burden of caregivers, their motivation level, issues related to lack of training, building rapport with parents, the role of parents, and teaching basics. Studying the barriers and facilitators of professionals identified changes in children, parents' positive attitude, regular follow-up, mother as a caregiver, and other support services as facilitators. Barriers were focused on lack of changes, negative attitudes, grandparents as caregivers, hygiene, transportation, and workload. The results indicate that issues were rooted in low socio-economic backgrounds and the need to provide extra support for caregivers to communicate effectively with their children.

Background: Lifestyle related non-communicable diseases are now the biggest cause of death and burden of disease in Thailand. NANDA is an evidence- based classification system of nursing diagnosis. Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify and describe the nursing needs of a patient group from a low socio-economic background located in an urban primary health-care setting in Thailand by using NANDA. Method: The study is a structured observation study with a quantitative approach. The study was conducted at a health- center in Bangkok, Thailand. Result: 42 different NANDA diagnoses were identified in the observed group. In total 609 nursing diagnoses were distributed among 96 patients of which 76 were women. The most frequent nursing need diagnosis found was; Imbalanced nutrition; more than body requirement. The most frequent nursing risk diagnosis identified was: Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion. Conclusion: The nursing needs observed in the patient group were mainly related to non- communicable diseases. The disease panorama observed in the patient group coherent with findings in international modern research. Significant relationships and patterns between nursing needs could be identified which strengthens the idea of using an instrument such as NANDA. In conducting the study it was evident that some nursing problems did not match with any diagnosis in the NANDA taxonomy. Clinical impact: The study shows the nursing needs among a patient group with low-socio economic backgrounds in an urban primary health care setting in Bangkok. NANDA is a good tool to systematize nursing care in the nursing profession. It can be beneficial for students in similar situations to use a tool like NANDA to categorize their assessments and impressions. / Bakgrund: Livsstil relaterade icke-smittsamma sjukdomar är numera den största dödsorsaken och sjukdomsbördan i Thailand. NANDA är en evidensbaserad klassificeringssystem av omvårdnad diagnos. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva och identifiera omvårdnadsbehov hos en patientgrupp med låg socioekonomisk bakgrund inom primärvården i Bangkok genom att använda NANDA. Metod: Studien är en strukturerad observationsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. Studien genomfördes på en primärvårsinstans i Bangkok. Resultat: 42 olika NANDA diagnoser identifierades i den observerade gruppen. Totalt fördelades 609 diagnoser på 96 patienter, varav 76 var kvinnor. Vanligaste omvårdnadnadsdiagnosen var Obalanserad kost, mer än kroppsbehovet. Den vanligaste omvårdnads riskdiagnosen identifierad var Risk för minskad hjärtvävnads perfusion. Slutsats: Omvårdnads behovet i den observerade patient gruppen var främst relaterat till icke smittsamma livsstilsrelaterade sjukdomar. Sjukdomspanoramat i den observerade patientgruppen var i överensstämmelse med resultat i internationell modern forskning. Att använda NANDA visade sig vara använbart för att organisera och systematisera observationer och data oavsett sammanhang. Signifikanta samband och mönster mellan olika omvårdnadsbehov kunde identifieras. Ett antal identifierade omvårdnadproblem matchade inte med någon diagnos i NANDA taxonomin. Klinisk betydelse: Studien visar på omvårdnadsbehovet hos en patientgrupp med låg socioekonomisk bakgrund i en urban primärvårdsinstans i Bangkok. NANDA är ett bra verktyg för att systematisera omvårdnad i sjuksköterskeyrket. Det kan vara fördelaktigt för studenter i liknande situationer att använda ett verktyg som NANDA att kategorisera sina bedömningar och intryck.

This study focuses on the barriers that hinder the Zulu-speaking English second language learner in the Foundation Phase in acquiring basic reading and spelling skills. Nine hypotheses were developed from the literature study. Emanating from this, a quantitative empirical investigation, undertaken at various Foundation Phase schools in and around the greater Durban area, examined these barriers. A questionnaire was used as the main instrument in investigating these barriers. The study highlighted the relationships between the various variables. These relationships were, in the main, found significant. The research has indicated that contextual, language, school and intrinsic factors are significantly correlated to the problems L2 learners experience in acquiring English reading and spelling skills. The limitations of this investigation were discussed and recommendations, based on these results, were forwarded. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance & Counselling)

This study focuses on the barriers that hinder the Zulu-speaking English second language learner in the Foundation Phase in acquiring basic reading and spelling skills. Nine hypotheses were developed from the literature study. Emanating from this, a quantitative empirical investigation, undertaken at various Foundation Phase schools in and around the greater Durban area, examined these barriers. A questionnaire was used as the main instrument in investigating these barriers. The study highlighted the relationships between the various variables. These relationships were, in the main, found significant. The research has indicated that contextual, language, school and intrinsic factors are significantly correlated to the problems L2 learners experience in acquiring English reading and spelling skills. The limitations of this investigation were discussed and recommendations, based on these results, were forwarded. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance & Counselling)