Für viele Anwendungen auf bewegten Plattformen wird eine genaue Information zur Orientierung der Plattform benötigt. Zur Bestimmung der Lagewinkel werden dabei inertiale Messsensoren verwendet, welche zu einer inertialen Messeinheit (Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU) zusammengefasst werden. In dieser Arbeit werden vier IMUs aus dem Niedrigpreissegment auf die zu erhaltene Genauigkeit der Lagewinkel untersucht. Die untersuchten IMUs sind dabei als Mikrosysteme (Microelectromechanical systems) gefertigt, was neben den Vorteilen eines geringen Preises, eines geringen Gewichts und eines geringen Energieverbrauchs allerdings auch den Nachteil einer schlechteren Genauigkeit gegenüber klassischen IMUs hat. In dieser Arbeit wird die Genauigkeitsuntersuchung anhand eines Datensatzes einer Flugkampagne durchgeführt, für welche auch eine Referenzlösung vorliegt. Die Messungen der IMUs werden über ein Erweitertes Kalman-Filter mit einer genauen GNSS- (Global Navigation Satellite System) Lösung gestützt. Neben der Navigationslösung werden dabei auch die Fehler der Sensoren mitgeschätzt. Aufgrund von zu großen Fehlern der Startwerte kommt es bei einigen Schätzungen teilweise zur Divergenz. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wird eine iterative Auswertung angewendet, wodurch eine stabile Lösung möglich ist. Eine weitere Verbesserung wird über eine Glättung erzielt. Einzelne, kleine Fehler in der Zeitstempelung, welche sich stark auf die Genauigkeit der Lösung auswirken, werden über eine Interpolation der Daten auf Zeitstempel in regelmäßigen Abständen ausgeglichen. Damit können für zwei der vier untersuchten IMUs auf den Fluglinien Genauigkeiten der Roll-, Pitch- und Yaw-Winkel von 0,05°, 0,10° und 0,20° erreicht werden. Die Genauigkeiten der zwei weiteren IMUs fallen teilweise erheblich schlechter aus, was auf die ungenaue Zeitstempelung bei der Datenaufnahme zurückgeführt wird. Für die Anwendung von Laserscanning auf bewegten Plattformen wird in einer Genauigkeitsabschätzung gezeigt, dass Genauigkeiten der Höhenkomponente von besser als 1 dm mit den erhaltenen Lagewinkelgenauigkeiten der beiden besseren IMUs möglich sind.

Utöver kundernas förväntningar på produkter och tjänster är det också viktigt att ta hänsyn till medarbetarnas förväntningar på chefer och arbetsmiljö. Författarna analyserar hur dessa förväntningar påverkar medarbetarnas motivation, arbetsprestationer och arbetstillfredsställelse samt hur ledningen kan minska förväntningsgapet och de potentiella konsekvenserna. Genom en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod har författarna i denna uppsats undersökt hur medarbetarnas förväntningar och förväntningsgapet ser ut i en lågkostnadsorganisation. Författarna har även undersökt hur förväntningsgapet bemöts och behandlas i en lågkostnadsorganisation som valdes att nämnas för organisationen X. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka, analysera och bygga en förståelse för medarbetarnas förväntningar, förväntningsgap och dess konsekvenser i en lågkostnadsorganisation. Författarna studerade även hur ledningen hanterar olika situationer som uppstår på grund av medarbetarnas förväntningar. För att uppnå dessa mål valde författarna att använda en kombination av forskningsmetoder, de metoder som användes var semistrukturerade intervjuer, deltagarobservation och litteraturgenomgångar. Intervjuerna genomfördes med åtta respondenter sedan transkriberades och analyserades deras svar utifrån teorier. Som slutsats har författarna kommit fram till att medarbetarna har förväntningar på organisationen X, enligt sex av åtta respondenter handlar det om organisationens utveckling. Förväntningsgapet har lett till minskad motivation hos medarbetarna. Organisationen X möter inte upp anställdas förväntningar på ett positivt sätt, då det är en lång process att göra det. / In addition to customers' expectations of products and services, it is also important to consider employees' expectations of managers and the work environment. We analyze how these expectations affect employee motivation, work performance and job satisfaction, and how management can reduce the expectation gap and the potential consequences.  Through a qualitative research method, in this essay we have investigated what the employees' expectations and the expectation gap look like, as well as how the expectation gap is met and treated in a low-cost organization that we chose to name organization X.  The purpose of this study was to investigate, analyze and build an understanding of employee expectations, expectation gaps and their consequences in a low-cost company. We have also studied how management handles various situations that arise due to employee expectations. To achieve these goals, we chose to use a combination of research methods such as semi-structured interviews, participant observation and literature reviews. The interviews were conducted with eight respondents, transcribed, and analyzed based on theories. In conclusion, we have concluded that the employees have expectations of organization X which, according to six out of eight respondents, is about the organization's development.

South Africa is plagued with a staggering housing backlog (estimated at approximately 2.1 million units at present) due, in part, to the poor planning principles advocated by the Apartheid regime. Concerted efforts were made by the newly elected government since 1994 to provide houses for the urban poor who were previously disadvantaged. As such, a subsidised housing scheme in South Africa was introduced as a method to provide adequate housing to citizens who could not afford to do so themselves. However, despite the construction of approximately 3 million dwellings over the past 19 years, the backlog today is larger than the initial backlog experienced in 1994. Two questions were therefore raised in this research: 1) Whether the current approach to subsidised housing provision is sustainable, given the socio-economic conditions present in South African cities and 2) Which planning principles could be applied with regards to subsidised housing in order to ensure the development of sustainable human settlements. In order to address these issues, research regarding sustainable human settlements, and the South African context in terms of housing provision, was done in the form of a literature review and empirical study. The literature reviewed shed light on (a) urban models, (b) the elements of sustainable human settlements, (c) policies and legislation relating to subsidised housing provision in South Africa and (d) the criticisms against the South African policies and the current method of subsidised housing provision in South Africa. Information gained during the literature review phase was used to compile a set of criteria by which housing provision for the urban poor could be evaluated. This evaluation took the form of an empirical study which consisted of structured questionnaires and interviews, and a comparative analysis of international and local pilot studies. The following subsidised housing projects were scrutinised to establish best practices that may be applied to the South African context: * Bairro Carioca and Taroni Condiminiums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, * Haram City in October 6 City, Egypt, * Cosmo City, South Africa, * Community Residential Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa, and * Reconstruction and Development Program Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Through the critical evaluation of the above mentioned projects, it became clear that the typical South African method of subsidised housing provision, in which beneficiaries receive a loose standing dwelling house on a single erf, is in fact unsustainable, and that this approach is not facilitating the formation of sustainable human settlements. Alternative methods of housing delivery that can be implemented in the South African context were identified and led to the formulation of planning related recommendations in terms of sustainable subsidised housing provision, focussing on (1) increased densities, (2) improved location and (3) providing a range of household types. Mention was also made of non-planning related recommendations such as (4) alternative services delivery, (5) including different forms of tenure and (6) increasing financial responsibility. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa is plagued with a staggering housing backlog (estimated at approximately 2.1 million units at present) due, in part, to the poor planning principles advocated by the Apartheid regime. Concerted efforts were made by the newly elected government since 1994 to provide houses for the urban poor who were previously disadvantaged. As such, a subsidised housing scheme in South Africa was introduced as a method to provide adequate housing to citizens who could not afford to do so themselves. However, despite the construction of approximately 3 million dwellings over the past 19 years, the backlog today is larger than the initial backlog experienced in 1994. Two questions were therefore raised in this research: 1) Whether the current approach to subsidised housing provision is sustainable, given the socio-economic conditions present in South African cities and 2) Which planning principles could be applied with regards to subsidised housing in order to ensure the development of sustainable human settlements. In order to address these issues, research regarding sustainable human settlements, and the South African context in terms of housing provision, was done in the form of a literature review and empirical study. The literature reviewed shed light on (a) urban models, (b) the elements of sustainable human settlements, (c) policies and legislation relating to subsidised housing provision in South Africa and (d) the criticisms against the South African policies and the current method of subsidised housing provision in South Africa. Information gained during the literature review phase was used to compile a set of criteria by which housing provision for the urban poor could be evaluated. This evaluation took the form of an empirical study which consisted of structured questionnaires and interviews, and a comparative analysis of international and local pilot studies. The following subsidised housing projects were scrutinised to establish best practices that may be applied to the South African context: * Bairro Carioca and Taroni Condiminiums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, * Haram City in October 6 City, Egypt, * Cosmo City, South Africa, * Community Residential Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa, and * Reconstruction and Development Program Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Through the critical evaluation of the above mentioned projects, it became clear that the typical South African method of subsidised housing provision, in which beneficiaries receive a loose standing dwelling house on a single erf, is in fact unsustainable, and that this approach is not facilitating the formation of sustainable human settlements. Alternative methods of housing delivery that can be implemented in the South African context were identified and led to the formulation of planning related recommendations in terms of sustainable subsidised housing provision, focussing on (1) increased densities, (2) improved location and (3) providing a range of household types. Mention was also made of non-planning related recommendations such as (4) alternative services delivery, (5) including different forms of tenure and (6) increasing financial responsibility. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Ad hoc networking protocols enable the formation of self-organizing networks with automatic selfhealing operation in dynamic environments. There are a number of existing or planned ad hoc implementations and a body of research on protocols and performance. Ad Hoc technologies promise significant impact in future communications architectures. This paper presents a general overview of ad hoc networking and presents specific examples, including a recent implementation of a prototype ad hoc networked sensor system. The protocols used have unique characteristics derived by tailoring particular protocols to the specific application requirements. The potential relevance of ad hoc networking to possible telemetry applications is discussed.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop a framework for the signal reconstruction algorithm with sub-Nyquist sampling rate and the low-cost hardware design in system level. A further objective of the proposed research is to monitor the device-under-test (DUT) and to adapt its behaviors. The key contribution of this research is that the high-speed signal acquisition is done by direct subsampling. As the signal is directly sampled without any front-end radio-frequency (RF) components such as mixers or filters, the cost of hardware is reduced. Furthermore, the distortion and the nonlinearity from the RF components can be avoided. The first proposed work is wideband signal reconstruction by dual-rate time-interleaved subsampling hardware and Multi-coset signal reconstruction. Using the combination of the dual-rate hardware and the multi-coset algorithm, the number of sampling channel is significantly reduced compared to the conventional multi-coset works. The second proposed work is jitter tracking by accurate period estimation with incoherent subsampling. In this work, the long-term jitter in PRBS is tracked without hardware synchronization and clock-data-recovery (CDR) circuits. The third proposed work is eye-monitoring and time-domain-reflectometry (TDR) by monobit receiver signal reconstruction. Using a monobit receiver based on incoherent subsampling and time-variant threshold signal, high resolution of reconstructed signal in both amplitude and time is achieved. Compared to a multibit-receiver, the scalability of the test-system is significantly increased.

A good product does not guarantee its successful adoption. This can be seen in a project in rural Ethiopia, in which a new type of house provides great advantages over current housing alternatives. This thesis, which focuses on the Sustainable Rural Dwelling Unit project in Ethiopia, aims to contribute knowledge about how to implement rural-housing innovations successfully. Interviews with the project’s stakeholders show that although a construction concept is a genuine breakthrough, its diffusion process may stumble. Successful diffusion of a housing innovation appears to depend on wider factors. Two success factors identified here are: (1) to analyse the innovation’s attributes, and (2) to analyse the interests of stakeholders. Furthermore, these successful practices are possible with analysis tools that are exemplified in the thesis. The needs for clear communication among stakeholders, and for identifying contradictory implementation strategies, were identified to be important elements for successful innovation diffusion. Another conclusion of this thesis is that the studied project both has great potential for future rural housing in Ethiopia and is relevant for other developing countries where there is a need for durable, higher-standard, low-cost housing.

An issue of great concern for amputees continues to be lack of proper fit and comfort in their sockets. This lack can often be attributed to changes in the shape of the residual limb that cannot be compensated for by existing prosthetic socket technology. In regions where cost is a prohibitive factor in the replacement of ill-fitting prosthetic sockets, the need for a volume adjustable, and potentially longer lasting, socket design is abundant. This research focuses on designing a volume adjustable lower limb prosthetic socket that accommodates the needs of amputees in underdeveloped countries using collaborative design techniques. Though advocated as a means of accurately identifying and satisfying their needs, including end-users in the design process often adds an additional layer of complexity because of differences in culture, language, or geography among the participants. This research therefore includes a study in which product design techniques were applied to the same volume adjustable socket design problem with a variety of users – typical users, lead users, and new Empathic Lead Users - from different countries, one developed and one developing. To overcome differences among participants, this research includes an alternative strategy to create Empathic Lead Users (ELU) from non-user product design engineers through the use of simulated lead user experiences. As a result of this study, customer needs analysis with ELU helps to identify 95% of traditional and lead user customer needs and 100% more latent needs, and possibly more avenues for product innovations, than interviewing lead or traditional users alone. The concepts generated by all users were also compared. Based on the resulting concepts’ novelty, variety, quality, and quantity, all users were able to satisfactorily complete the concept generation exercises and produced competitive design solutions. Using the concepts generated during this co-design study, a volume adjustable socket was developed. The final socket design, based on the analogous rotational movement of a camera aperture, is pursued through mechanical and subject testing. Early users of the socket liked the design and it has been demonstrated to provide the necessary volume adjustments, but future design iterations to improve its comfort are necessary. / text

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Due to the rapid advancement of technology in GUI design tools within Microsoft Windows™, a sophisticated human-machine interface can be developed for telemetry systems. A PC Windows™-based telemetry system would effectively provide a "bridge" between the telemetry world and the Windows™ world, bringing many low cost off-the-shelf software and hardware tools into the telemetry realm that has been unprecedented. This paper describes the results of such an approach in the development of Loral's Visual Telemetry System (VTS) software.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The first telemetry tracking system was desired in 1959 for the space program. Cost was of little concern. The tracking technique used was 3 channel monopulse which is still today, after all these years, the optimum in performance for any type of tracking requirement. Telemetry tracking really got off the ground in the early 1970's with the move from P-Band to S-Band for telemetry. In the design of early tracking systems, performance was on the top of the list, and cost was on the bottom of the list in establishing the design criteria. By the beginning of the 1980's cost was approaching performance in importance. Today, with the demise of the cold war and a considerable reduction in global threats coupled with the state of the world economy, cost has now reached the top of the list. The cost of a telemetry tracking system can be reduced by more than a factor of two by going to a single axis tracking technique. The lowest cost single axis approach heretofore has been the use of a cosecant squared (CSC²) distribution. To improve the efficiency of a single axis system and increase the overhead coverage capability, the use of a dual beam antenna has been widely used as another type of single axis approach. The dual beam technique involves additional costs since two tracking antennas are required. Except for satellite tracking, almost all telemetry tracking is performed at low elevation angles and, like it or not, multipath is there. The multipath fade varies from a few dB, to over 20 dB depending upon the reflecting terrain. Most general purpose systems should be designed for at least a 10 dB multipath fade. For all telemetry tracking applications, the multipath effect is completely negligible at elevation angles greater than 10 degrees. The Augustin-Sullivan Distribution, in effect, fades away the multipath margin as the multipath effect decreases. Because of the multipath phenomenon, an antenna beam should not be shaped at the one dB point as is the case with a CSC² distribution, but only needs to be shaped from somewhere between the 15 - 20 dB level based on the mission requirements. This involves a gain reduction from a pencil beam on the order of 1/2 dB or less, rather than the 3 dB reduction associated with the CSC² distribution. The Augustin-Sullivan distribution does not start shaping the beam until shaping is retired, and shapes the beam for constant altitude coverage from the horizon to zenith. For the first time, coverage is provided from the peak of the beam to directly overhead with a single antenna and a single axis rotator. When GPS information is available from the tracked vehicle, the Augustin-Sullivan distribution, with a single axis rotator and using the GPS-TRAK technique, results in the lowest possible cost alternate to autotracking.