Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-118) Also available online.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 93-115.

Orientador: Marta Helena Krieger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:20:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wanschel_AmarylisClaudineBonitoAzeredo_M.pdf: 1512032 bytes, checksum: 92d5d4fda32e196e08b7ee261c365152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A incidência de riscos de doença aterosclerótica cardiovascular é maior em homens do que em mulheres na fase reprodutiva, essa diferença diminui quando diminui a produção de estrógenos após a menopausa. Uma série de estudos sugere que essa diferença em ambos os sexos pode ser causada em parte, pela ação pró-aterogênica dos andrógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a participação do dimorfismo sexual em camundongos adultos LDLr-/- no efeito vasculoprotetor promovido pelo tratamento com a S-nitrosotiol-N-acetilcisteína (SNAC) na fase inicial da aterogênese por meio dos seguintes avaliações : a) expressão fenotípica da hipertensão; b) desenvolvimento de ateroma; c) perfil lipídico; d) imunorreatividade das isoformas das NOS vasculares. Camundongos machos e fêmeas com 3 meses de idade foram avaliados nos seguintes grupos experimentais: selvagens C57BL/6 (WT) sob dieta comercial; LDLr-/- sob dieta comercial com os controles (CT);LDLr-/-sob dieta hipercolesterolêmica (HC); LDLr-/- sob diet hiperlipidêmica associado ao tratamento com SNAC 0,51µm ip/dia ( HC+SNAC). Após 2 semanas de tratamento com administração de dieta hipercolesterolêmica, verificou-se que as fêmeas desenvolveram lesões ateroscleróticas na aorta proximal ascendente 50% menores em relação aos machos. Tais evidências sugerem o papel protetor do estrógeno presente nas fêmeas adultas no estágio inicial da aterosclerose. O tratamento com SNAC promoveu a redução em 50% na instalação do ateroma em ambos sexos, evidenciando não haver relação com o dimorfismo sexual. Contudo, o perfil lipídico das fêmeas mostrou valores mais elevados que os encontrados em machos, tanto de colesterol (COL), como de triglicérides (TG) plasmáticos nos camundongos sob dieta hipercolesterolêmica. Assim, o tratamento com SNAC não impediu o aumento dos teores lipidêmicos induzidos pela dieta hipercolesterolêmica em fêmeas, inferindo que a condição não está correlacionada ao tamanho da área de lesão desenvolvida. Camundongos fêmeas LDLr-/- sob dieta aterogênica evidenciaram aumento de cerca de 10% na pressão arterial, quando comparados aos respectivos camundongos selvagens (WT). O tratamento com SNAC preveniu totalmente a hipertensão induzida pela dieta hipercolesterolêmica. Contudo, nos machos tal hipertensão foi verificada ocorrer em camundongos LDLr-/- sem dieta hipercolesterolêmica, e o tratamento com SNAC não produziu efeito preventivo na hipertensão. Tais resultados indicam que a gênese da hipertensão é diferente nos dois sexos, sugerindo a participação das vias androgênicas. As fêmeas não apresentaram hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou redução na frequência cardíaca associada à hipertensão, a qual foi evidenciada nos machos sob as mesmas condições. Assim o conjunto de alterações hemodinâmicas indica que as fêmeas sofreram um menor impacto do que camundongos machos nas alterações cardiovasculares estudadas. A expressão de NOS foi evidenciada na aorta das fêmeas LDLr-/- sob dieta comercial (CT), contudo ausente nas WT e, sob dieta hipercolesterolêmica (HC) a sua imunorreatividade foi menor que no animal controle porém expressiva e difusa , as expressões tanto no controle como no animal HC foram reduzidas pelo tratamento com a SNAC. Estas alterações indicaram a sua participação na disfunção endotelial presente neste modelo e o fato de que o efeito protetor promovido pela SNAC está associado às vias NO/NOS / Abstract: The incidence of risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is greater in men than in woman during the reproducible years, and this gender difference diminishes after cessation of estrogen production after menopause (Kannel et al, 1976). Many studies have ben suggested also that this gender difference may be caused in part by proaterogenic actions of androgens. The aim this study was verify the role of the sexual dimorphism in LDLr-/- mice in the vasculoprotector effect treatment promoted by S-nitroso-N-acetilcisteína (SNAC) in the initial phase of atherogenesis valuation following:1- phenotypic expression of the hypertension; 2- lesion area development; 3- plasma lipid levels; 4- localization of NOS using immunohistochemistry; Male and female mice 3 months old were evaluated in experimental groups following: C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) chow diet; LDLr-/- control group (CT) chow diet; LDLr-/- hypercholesterolemic diet(HC); LDLr-/- hypercholesterolemic diet plus SNAC 0.51 µmol/Kg ip/daily (SNAC). After treatment for 2 weeks the female developed a 50% decrease lesion area in the proximal aortic as compared to males. This evidence indicated the protector role of the estrogen in female in the initial stage of atherosclerosis. The treatment with SNAC promoted a 50% reduction in installation of atherosclerosis in both sexes with no sexual dimorphism. In female the lesion area was not correlated with the average plasma cholesterol levels. Female mice LDLr-/- under a hypercholesterolemic diet showed an increase of 10% in blood pressure compared whith the background (WT). The treatment with SNAC prevented the hypertension induced by the hypercholesterolemic diet. Nevertheless male hypertension is associated with mice LDLr-/- and chow diet treatment does not prevent hypertension. These results showed that hypertension genesis is different in both sexes suggesting the participation of androgenic pathways. The males showed left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased heart rate associated with hypertension, but the female in the same conditions did not show. Thus is hemodynamic alteration set indicate that female have a less impact than male mice in the studied cardiovascular alterations. The expression of the three types of NOS was evident in aorta of the female LDLr-/- chow diet, although absent in WT. In female LDLr-/- hypercholesterolemic diet there was enhanced immunoreactivity. This overexpression was decreased by treatment with the SNAC. These alterations participated in endothelial dysfunction present in this model and the protector effect promoved by SNAC is associated with the NO/NOS pathways / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

ABO blood type has been shown to be associated with both cardiovascular risk and toxicity‐preventing activity (TxPA) stress response in elderly males. Twenty middle‐aged, healthy males, 14 blood type A and six blood type O, were involved in this project. Volunteers completed a battery of psychological assessments, then gave blood and had several psychophysiological measures taken prior to, during and after two stressors. The stressors consisted of mental arithmetic tasks plus audiotapes of combat sounds and a baby crying. The anger‐out and hard‐driving scores of blood type O subjects were significantly higher than the blood type A means. TxPA decreased significantly as a function of stress and some suggestive blood type effects of TxPA were found. Plasma protein, microhematocrit, plasma cortisol, finger temperature, skin conductance, blood pressure and two facial electromyograph (EMG) variables were also significantly affected by stressors but not by the blood type factor. No significant differences of any kind were found for total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein or pulse variables. The importance of age and other individual subject characteristics was discussed.

The toxicity of elevated levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d < 1.006 g/ml) was investigated using porcine aortic endothelial cells in vitro. VLDL isolated from normal rat serum and added at elevated levels was as toxic as VLDL isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat serum. Injury was detected by scanning electron microscopy in 4-day-old primary cultures of endothelial cells after a 1 2 exposure to diabetic rat serum. Bleb formation and contraction was seen first in isolated cells ( 1 2 h), followed by cells at the periphery of the monolayer (1 h) and finally in cells throughout the monolayer (4 h). By 10 h few cells remained attached to the dish. A similar sequence of events occurred in 1-day-old cultures after a 3-h lag period. Serum from sucrose-fed as well as aged rats was also found to be toxic to endothelial cells in vitro. Elevated levels of VLDL were responsible for the toxicities of these sera. Scanning electron microscopy of the aortas from diabetic and sucrose-fed rats revealed endothelial desquamation, platelet and leukocyte attachment, fibrin deposition and the presence of microthrombi. The common occurrence of both micro- and macrovascular disease in diabetic, sucrose-fed, and aged rats and the toxicity of their serum in vitro suggest that elevated levels of VLDL may initiate vascular disease in these models.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been recorded as the number one cause of death worldwide, accounting for 32% of total deaths annually. More than two-thirds of all CVD cases are associated with atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of fats and other substances causing plaque formation in the interior walls of major arteries. This leads to narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the arteries, ultimately resulting in angina, heart attack and/or stroke. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and associated CVDs is strongly linked to elevated secretion of liver-specific lipoproteins called very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDLs are crucial lipoproteins responsible for transportation of triacylglycerides (TAGs), chemically inert particles that are physiologically significant for their energy storing capacity, from the liver to peripheral tissues. These VLDL particles are synthesized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes, transported from the ER to the cis-Golgi in special transport vesicles called VLDL-transport-vesicles (VTVs) and secreted into plasma through a highly regulated secretory pathway. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that VTV-mediated ER-to-Golgi VLDL trafficking is the rate-limiting step in overall VLDL secretion from hepatocytes into plasma. In this project, we investigated intracellular VLDL trafficking and VLDL secretion in Ames dwarf (Prop1df, df/df) mice, a mutant mouse model homozygous for a recessive mutation at Prop1 gene locus (Prop1df) having deficiency of growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL). This model is characteristic of prolonged longevity (~50% longer) and improved insulin sensitivity in comparison to their wild-type (N) counterparts. Ames dwarf (df/df) mice have recently been shown to have highly reduced plasma TAG levels, associating them with reduced susceptibility to atherosclerosis and associated CVDs. The underlying mechanism responsible for reduced VLDL secretion in Ames dwarf mice is yet to be characterized. We hypothesize that VTV-mediated trafficking of VLDL is reduced in Ames dwarf mice because of reduced expression of proteins regulating VLDL and VTV formation. To test our hypothesis, we first performed VTV-budding assay using cellular fractions isolated separately from Ames dwarf (df/df) and wild-type (N) mice livers. Our results show a significant (45%) reduction in VTV-budding process in Ames dwarf (df/df) mice compared to wild-type (N). Next we performed 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2-DIGE) on VTV and whole cell lysate (WCL) samples in order to examine the differences in protein expression and to have highly specific protein separation. ExPASy database was used to analyze protein spots that allowed us in identifying proteins specifically expressed in each of the mouse groups. Employing western blotting, samples (ER, cytosol, VTV and WCL) from both sets of mice were tested for expression levels of VLDL and VTV associated proteins (ApoB100, Sec22b, CideB, MTP, Apo-A1 and Apo-AIV) with ?-actin as the loading control. Significant differences in expression level of these proteins were observed which strongly suggest that the formation of VTV from ER in male Ames dwarf (df/df) mice is reduced compared to wild-type (N). Overall, we conclude that the differential expression of proteins required for VLDL transport causes reduced VLDL secretion in male Ames dwarf (df/df) mice.

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Yang, Yaling. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-207). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Atherosclerosis is a vascular degenerative disease leading to progressive thickening in the intima of large and medium sized arteries through the formation of plaque that is very rich with cholesterol. The cholesterol is carried by LDL (low density lipoprotein) particles which pass through the endothelium and accumulate in the intima. The passage of LDL is influenced by wall shear stress which activates physiological responses of the endothelium. However, the causal relationship between the physiological responses and their effect on LDL mass transport is not fully understood. To obtain blood flow patterns in human carotid arteries, a fluid structure interaction (FSI) computational approach is employed, based on the in-vivo arterial geometry constructed from black blood magnetic resonance images (BBMRI) and flow rate boundary conditions obtained from phase contrast images (PC). Wall shear stress (WSS) on the luminal surface is computed, and this variable is related to the formation of leaky junctions, which is a major transendothelial pathway for LDL. A model for the fraction of leaky junction at a surface is incorporated into the overall computational scheme for mass transport, along with pore theory. The theoretical model is applied to images from three human carotid arteries in which the degree of disease ranges from mild to moderate. Maximum mass flux is predicted to be in the downstream region of stenoses where WSS is low, and this result is consistent with the clinical observation of plaque progression downstream of the stenosis. The hypothesis that the majority of LDL enters into the intima through leaky junctions is supported by observation of similar distributions between the pattern of volume flux via leaky junctions and mass flux. These studies suggest that mass flux of LDL can be a predictor to indicate areas with potential for plaque formation and progression in human carotid artery disease.

Abstract Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and infections potentially contribute to its pathogenesis. Oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is a key event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation produces reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and MDA-acetaldehyde that form immunogenic adducts on for example LDL particles. This thesis investigated natural IgM antibodies that recognize MDA and MDA-acetaldehyde adducts and bind, through molecular mimicry, to epitopes on oral pathogenic bacteria. In the first study, the induction of cross-reactive IgM antibodies binding to MDA adducts was investigated in mice immunized with periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The effect of immunization on the development of atherosclerosis was analyzed after a high fat diet. Immunization of mice with killed P. gingivalis elevated IgM levels to MDA adducts and reduced atherosclerosis. Mouse monoclonal IgM to MDA modified LDL recognized epitopes on P. gingivalis that were identified as gingipain protease enzyme of this bacterium. The presence of IgM with similar specificity was also demonstrated in human sera. In the second study the effect of immunization with MDA modified LDL in conferring protection against pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis was investigated. Mice were immunized with MDA modified LDL before challenge with live P. gingivalis. The extent of atherosclerosis after a high fat diet was reduced in immunized mice compared to control groups. Immunized mice had elevated IgM and IgG levels to MDA modified LDL compared to controls. The third study investigated antibody recognition of MDA-acetaldehyde adducts in umbilical cord blood plasma of preterm and full-term newborns. Natural IgM to MDA-acetaldehyde adducts was enriched in umbilical cord blood plasma compared to maternal levels even in preterm neonates. This thesis highlighted the importance of immune recognition of MDA adducts by natural IgM antibodies, and demonstrated that pathogenic bacteria and MDA derived structures are recognized by natural IgM throughout the lifespan. These natural IgM are proposed to modulate the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and periodontitis. / Tiivistelmä Valtimonkovettumatautiin, eli ateroskleroosiin, liittyy matala-asteinen tulehdustila, ja myös infektiot vaikuttavat taudin ilmentymiseen. LDL:n (low-density lipoprotein) hapettuminen on merkittävä valtimonkovettumataudin syntyä edistävä reaktio. Lipidiperoksidaatio tuottaa reaktiivisia aldehydejä, kuten malonidialdehydiä (MDA) ja MDA-asetaldehydiä, jotka muodostavat immuunijärjestelmän tunnistamia rakenteita esimerkiksi LDL-partikkeleihin. Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin luonnollisia IgM-vasta-aineita, jotka tunnistavat MDA- ja MDA-asetaldehydirakenteita, ja jotka rakenteiden samankaltaisuuden takia sitoutuvat myös parodontiittipatogeenien epitooppeihin. Ensimmäisessä työssä MDA-rakenteisiin sitoutuvien IgM-vasta-aineiden ristireaktiota tutkittiin hiirillä, jotka immunisoitiin Porphyromonas gingivalis parodontiittipatogeenillä. Hiirten immunisoiminen inaktivoidulla P. gingivalis bakteerilla lisäsi IgM-vasta-ainetasoja MDA-rakenteita vastaan ja vähensi valtimonkovettumatautia. MDA-LDL:ään sitoutuva hiiren monoklonaalinen IgM-vasta-aine sitoutui P. gingivalis bakteerin proteiineihin, joiden tunnistettiin olevan osia tämän bakteerin gingipain proteaasientsyymistä. Myös ihmisen seerumista osoitettiin IgM-vasta-aineita, joilla oli samantyyppinen sitoutumisspesifisyys. Toisessa työssä tutkittiin MDA-LDL-immunisaation suojaavaa vaikutusta infektion kiihdyttämän valtimonkovettumataudin synnyssä. Hiiret immunisoitiin MDA-LDL:llä ennen infektiota elävällä P. gingivalis bakteerilla. Valtimonkovettumatauti väheni immunisoiduilla hiirillä rasvaruokinnan jälkeen verrattuna kontrolliryhmiin. Immunisoiduilla hiirillä IgM- ja IgG-vasta-ainetasot MDA-LDL:ää vastaan olivat kohonneet verrattuna kontrolliryhmiin. Kolmannessa työssä tutkittiin, tunnistavatko ennenaikaisten ja täysiaikaisten vastasyntyneiden luonnolliset vasta-aineet MDA-asetaldehydirakenteita. IgM-vasta-aineita MDA-asetaldehydirakenteisiin esiintyi jo ennenaikaisesti syntyneiden napaverinäytteissä. MDA-asetaldehydiin sitoutuvien IgM-vasta-aineiden määrä vastasyntyneillä oli korkeampi verrattuna äiteihin. MDA-rakenteet ovat yksi tärkeä kohde immuunijärjestelmän luonnollisille IgM-vasta-aineille, jotka tunnistavat myös taudinaiheuttajabakteereja. Näillä vasta-aineilla voi olla vaikutusta kroonisten tulehdustautien, kuten valtimonkovettumataudin ja parodontiitin syntymekanismeissa.