This thesis proposes a nonlinear differential semblance approach to full waveform inversion as an alternative to standard least squares inversion, which cannot guarantee a reliable solution, because of the existence of many spurious local minima of the objective function for typical data that lacks low-frequency energy. Nonlinear differential semblance optimization combines the ability of full waveform inversion to account for nonlinear physical effects, such as multiple reflections, with the tendency of differential semblance migration velocity analysis to avoid local minima. It borrows the gather-flattening concept from migration velocity analysis, and updates the velocity by flattening primaries-only gathers obtained via nonlinear inversion. I describe a general formulation of this algorithm, its main components and implementation. Numerical experiments show for simple layered models, standard least squares inversion fails, whereas nonlinear differential semblance succeeds in constructing a kinematically correct model and fitting the data rather precisely.

The development of integrated circuit technology seen in the last decades has enabled a large variety of battery operated equipment to emerge, such as smallsensors and medical implants. These applications often has low requirements on sampling frequency but require a very low power consumption to achieve a longbattery life. This thesis investigates one aspect of implementing a low power and low frequency analog to digital converter (ADC) using a technique called Sigma Delta-modulation.The Sigma Delta-ADC uses few analog components but instead it requires a digital filter to extract the wanted resolution. It is this filter which is under investigation in this work. To investigate the power consumption under the presumption that the filter would be a custom circuit implemented on-chip, a simplistic approach has been taken. Based on a high-level algorithmic investigation and the fact that it is popularly used together with Sigma Delta-modulators the Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filter was chosen for implementation. The CIC-filter uses only adders and delay elements which is a great advantage when aiming at a low power consumption. The drawback is that this filter has a poor passband which can introduce distortion within the signal band. Using the Spectre simulator provided in the Cadence Virtuoso suite the lowest power consumption achieved was 16 nW, extracting 80 % of the theoretically available resolution.

Interconnection of electric power systems is becoming increasingly widespread as part of the power exchange between countries as well as regions within countries in many parts of the world. There are numerous examples of interconnection of remotely separated regions within one country. Such are found in the Nordic countries, Argentina, and Brazil. In cases of long distance AC transmission, as in interconnected power systems, care has to be taken for safeguarding of synchronism as well as stable system voltages, particularly in conjunction with system faults. With series compensation, bulk AC power transmission over very long distances (over 1000 km) is a reality today. These long distance power transfers cause, however, the system low-frequency oscillations to become more lightly damped. As a result, many power network operators are taking steps to add supplementary damping devices in their systems to improve the system security by damping these undesirable oscillations. With the advent of thyristor controlled series compensation, AC power system interconnections can be brought to their fullest benefit by optimizing their power transmission capability, safeguarding system stability under various operating conditions and optimizing the load sharing between parallel circuits at all times. This thesis reports the results of digital time-domain simulation studies that are carried out to investigate the effectiveness of a phase imbalanced hybrid single-phase-Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) compensation scheme in damping power system oscillations in multi-machine power systems. This scheme which is feasible, technically sound, and has an industrial application potential, is economically attractive when compared with the full three-phase TCSC which has been used for power oscillations damping.<p> Time-domain simulations are conducted on a benchmark model using the ElectroMagnetic Transients program (EMTP-RV). The results of the investigations have demonstrated that the hybrid single-phase-TCSC compensation scheme is very effective in damping power system oscillations at different loading profiles.

The object of this thesis is to explore the low-frequency noise (LFN) in silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and lateral bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). The LFN of SiGe HBTs and lateral BJTs not only determines the lowest detectable signal limit but also induces phase noise in high-frequency applications. Characterizing the LFN behavior and understanding the physical noise mechanism, therefore, are very important to improve the device and circuit performance. The dissertation achieves the object by investigating the LFN of SiGe HBTs and lateral BJTs with different structures for performance optimization and radiation tolerance, as well as by building models that explain the physical mechanism of LFN in these advance bipolar technologies. The scope of this research is separated into two main parts: the LFN of SiGe HBTs; and the LFN of lateral BJTs. The research in the LFN of SiGe HBTs includes investigating the effects of interfacial oxide (IFO), temperature, geometrical dimensions, and proton radiation. It also includes utilizing physical models to probe noise mechanisms. The research in the LFN of lateral BJTs includes exploring the effects of doping and geometrical dimensions. The research work is envisioned to enhance the understanding of LFN in SiGe HBTs and lateral BJTs.

The concrete maturity method can be utilized to determine in situ strength of concrete. It uses the temperature of concrete to determine a maturity index that can then be used to determine strength of concrete. However, monitoring the concrete temperature using thermocouples brings up a wiring issue, which is not advisable in an equipment and human intensive area like a construction site. One of the ways to get around this wiring issue is to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, which is capable of transmitting information wirelessly. Previous research implemented using ultra high frequency RFID tags embedded in fresh concrete found that water could be the impediment for transmitting RFID signal from within concrete during early stages of curing. From literature it was found that lower the frequency, better the chances of the wave penetrating water. The objective of the research was to figure out whether the frequency of RFID tags has any relationship with the readability of RFID tags embedded in fresh concrete. For this investigation, low frequency, high frequency, and ultra high frequency RFID tags were tested within fresh concrete to see any difference between tags in terms of transmitting information. This experiment was carried out in a controlled space to reduce the number of variables affecting the experiment outcome. The low frequency, high frequency, and ultra high frequency RFID tags were placed within 2 in x 3 in x 2 in wooden formwork at a depth of 4 in, 8 in, and 12 in. Ready mix concrete was poured into the formwork and 3 concrete cubes were cast with the tags embedded within them. Readers that could be connected to a laptop were used to monitor and collect the time at which these RFID tags can be detected. The test showed that the RFID signals from the low frequency tags at all depths were detected as soon as concrete was poured. The Ultra High Frequency tags placed at the 4" level could be detected 15 minutes after concrete was poured. The UHF tags at the 8" level could be detected after 30 minutes. The UHF tags at the 12" level took on an average 2 hours to be detected from the vicinity of the formwork. The greater the depth at which the ultra high frequency tag was buried the longer it took for it to be detected. The high frequency tags could be detected only at the 4" level. The reason the performance of the HF card degraded in concrete could be because it uses an aluminum foil antenna which is more susceptible to the environment changing the relative permeability. A copper wire antenna could have fared better in this condition, increasing the chances of detecting the tag. Moreover a passive tag was used. The read range and chances of detection could have been increased had an active tag been used. The power of the reader that was used was also very less which might have contributed to the tag not being detected. Among the tags that were used in the experiment it was found that low frequency tags was the tag that could be detected the earliest after concrete was poured into the forms. However, the maximum read range of the tag observed in the experiment was 20" which is too small a distance to be used on an actual construction site.

No description available.

Telica Volcano, Nicaragua, is a persistently restless volcano with high rates of seismicity that can vary from less than ten events to over a thousand events per day. Low-frequency (LF) events dominate the seismic catalogue and seismicity rates at Telica show little clear correlation with periods of eruption. As such, traditional methods of forecasting of volcanic activity based on increases in seismicity and recognition of LF activity are not applicable. A single seismic station has been operating at Telica since 1993, and in 2010 we installed a broadband seismic and continuous GPS network (TESAND network) at Telica. In this study we investigate the seismic characteristics surrounding a nine-month period of phreatic to phreatomagmatic explosions in 1999, and also from the initial three-and-a-half year deployment of the TESAND network, including a three-month phreatic vulcanian eruptive period in 2011. We demonstrate that pertinent information can be obtained from analysis of single-station data, and while large seismic networks are preferable when possible, we note that for many volcanoes this is not possible. We find unusual patterns of seismicity before both eruptive periods; rather than a precursory increase in seismicity as is observed prior to many volcanic eruptions, we observe a decrease in seismicity many months prior to eruption. We developed a new program for cross-correlation of large seismic data catalogues and analysed multiplet activity surrounding both eruptive periods. We observed that the formation of new multiplets corresponds to periods of high event rates (during inter-eruptive periods) and high percentages of daily events that belong to a multiplet. We propose a model for the seismicity patterns observed at Telica, where changes in seismicity are related to a cyclic transition between open-system degassing and closed-system degassing. Periods of open-system degassing occur during non-eruptive episodes and are characterised by high event rates, a broad range of frequency content of events and high degrees of waveform correlation. A transition to closed-system degassing could be due to sealing of fluid pathways in the magmatic and/or hydrothermal system, or due to magma withdrawal. Periods of closed-system degassing are characterised by low event rates, higher frequency contents and low degrees of waveform correlation. Eruptive periods may then represent a transition from closed-system degassing to open-system degassing, however the system must also be capable of transitioning to open-system degassing without eruption. These observations have important implications for volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting at persistently restless volcanoes. Rather than a precursory increase in seismicity as is often observed prior to eruption at other volcanoes, our observations indicate that phreatic eruptions at Telica occur after a decrease in seismicity, a corresponding change in the frequency content of events, and a decrease in waveform correlation. These changes may represent a period of closed-system degassing that could culminate in phreatic eruptions. The inclusion of real-time analysis of variations in frequency content and multiplet activity provides critical information for volcano monitoring institutions.

Σκοπός: Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η αξιολόγηση της δυνατότητας πρώιμης διάγνωσης της νόσου Ménière με τη χρήση ηχοκάλυψης χαμηλής συχνότητας. Υλικό και μέθοδος: Τριανταπέντε ασθενείς που έπασχαν από τη νόσο Ménière εξετάστηκαν επανειλημμένα κατά την πορεία της νόσου τους. Τα αποτελέσματα των ασθενών αυτών συγκρίθηκαν με αυτά που ελήφθησαν από 10 αυτιά με φυσιολογική ακοή και 40 αυτιά με βαρηκοΐα από θόρυβο. Οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν με τη βοήθεια ειδικού εξοπλισμού ικανού να παράγει έναν ήχο χαμηλής συχνότητας σε συνδυασμό με ένα tone burst. Με τη βοήθεια των κατάλληλων μηχανημάτων ήταν δυνατή η ανεξάρτητη μεταβολή του πλάτους των δύο ηχητικών ερεθισμάτων, καθώς και της διαφοράς φάσης μεταξύ τους από 0 ως 360 μοίρες. Προσαρμόζοντας τις εντάσεις και τη διαφορά φάσης ο εξεταζόμενος μπορούσε να ακούσει δύο ήχους έναν χαμηλής συχνότητας ως ηχοκάλυψη και έναν υψηλής συχνότητας που ακουγόταν δυνατότερα από την ηχοκάλυψη. Η κύρια παράμετρος που μελετήθηκε ήταν το πλάτος διαμόρφωσης (modulation depth) που είναι η μέγιστη διαφορά μεταξύ του βέλτιστου και του χείριστου ουδού ακοής ενός εξεταζόμενου στο ακοόγραμμα φάσης και μετράται σε dB HL. Αποτελέσματα:Σε φυσιολογικά άτομα η αποτελεσματικότερη ηχοκάλυψη εντοπίστηκε στις 250° και η μικρότερη στις 360°. Λιγότερο αποτελεσματική ήταν η ηχοκάλυψη που παρατηρήθηκε στις 90°. Τα άτομα με φυσιολογική ακοή είχαν πλάτος διαμόρφωσης (modulation depth) μεταξύ 20 και 35 dB HL, οι ασθενείς με βαρηκοΐα αγωγιμότητας παρουσίασαν modulation depth περίπου 10 dB HL και στους ασθενείς με νόσο Ménière μετρήθηκε πλάτος modulation depth σχεδόν 0 dB. Συμπέρασμα: Ο εξοπλισμός και η μέθοδος που αναπτύξαμε πιθανόν να συμβάλλει στη διάγνωση και διαφορική διάγνωση της νόσου Ménière στα πρώιμα στάδια της και στις εξάρσεις που χαρακτηρίζουν την πορεία της. Ο εξοπλισμός που απαιτείται είναι απλός και προσιτός και μπορεί να βρεθεί σε οποιοδήποτε εργαστήριο ιατρικής φυσικής ή μηχανολογίας. Περισσότερες μελέτες είναι αναγκαίες προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η πιθανή συμβολή της μελέτης του οπισθίου λαβυρίνθου με ηχοκάλυψη χαμηλής συχνότητας στην πρώιμη διάγνωση της νόσου Ménière. / OBJECTIVES: The evaluation of low frequency masking in early diagnosis of Ménière’s Disease (MD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients suffered from Ménière’s disease were examined. The results were compared with that of 10 normal hearing ears and 40 noise damaged ears. The examination of all of these individuals was made by the use of a special instrumentation capable to produce a low frequency sound signal superimposed with a tone burst. We were able to independently change the amplitudes of the two applied signals, as well as the phase lag between them from 0° to 360°. Adjusting the two amplitudes and the phase lag the examined individuals heard two sounds one as the masking tone and one high frequency tone superimposed to that of low frequency masking. RESULTS: In normal individuals the highest masking effect was evident at 250° and the lowest at 360°. A smaller masking effect was also evident at 90°. Normal hearing subjects had a modulation depth between 20 and 35 dB, while patients with noise damaged about 10 dB and patients with Ménière’s disease a modulation depth closing to 0 dB. The instrumentation and method presented in this article, shows a relative good clinical diagnostic accuracy as it is capable to diagnose the basilar membrane stiffness on an almost null modulation depth, and sensitivity near 70%. CONCLUSION: The developed instrumentation and method is possible to distinguish and diagnose the early stages of Ménière’s disease and also the acute recurrences. This may lead to a further study of the results of low frequency masking on the anterior labyrinth from research centers worldwide, in order to reinforce the diagnostic accuracy and strength of this newly developed diagnostic method.

In the southwestern United States, the North American monsoon (NAM) is the main driver of severe weather and accounts for nearly half the annual precipitation. How the monsoon has behaved in the past and how it will change in the future is a question of major importance for natural resource management and infrastructural planning. In this dissertation, I present the results of three studies that have investigated North American monsoon variability and change from the perspective of paleoclimate records, future climate change projections, and simulation of the low-frequency variability with the longest retrospective atmospheric reanalysis. In the first study, a monsoon-sensitive network of tree-ring chronologies is evaluated within its ability to reproduce NAM variability during the past four centuries. Matrix methods are used to detect the low-frequency spatiotemporal variability. The treering chronologies can reasonable characterizes the dominant modes of NAM climate variability. The monsoon tree-ring network is able to reproduce the interannual variability of cool and warm season precipitation, in a manner similar to the period of the instrumental record. Earlywood and latewood adjusted chronologies reveal low frequency climate variability at decadal and longer timescales that is beyond the ability of the instrumental record to temporally well resolve. This low-frequency climate variability seems to be part of a much larger cycle that coincides with the occurrence of multiyear persistent droughts. In the second study, we consider the modes of natural climate variability identified in the previous study to objectively assess the degree of physical uncertainty in climate change projections for NAM from Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). Climate change projection models are evaluated mainly on their ability to represent warm season driven by quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains and El Niño Southern Oscillation – Pacific Decadal Variability (ENSO-PDV). It is concluded that use of the NARCCAP model ensemble mean for NAM climate projections is probably not suitable. NARCCAP RCMs are largely a slave to their driving global models and their error in the specification of large-scale atmospheric circulation. Only one out of eight NARCCAP RCMs has a reasonable representation of the seasonal cycle of monsoon precipitation and ENSOdriven interannual variability in both the 20th and 21st centuries. No decadal variability was observed in any of the NARCCAP RCMs. In the third study, the low-frequency drought signal found with tree-ring chronologies is further explored within the framework of a regional climate modeling. Version 2 of the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (DD-20CR) is dynamically downscaled over a contiguous U.S.-Mexico domain. Statistic analysis of the DD-20CR suggests that the low-frequency drought signal in the Southwest is driven by atmospheric circulation changes on global to continental scales that affect precipitation in Central American as well. DD-20CR reproduces the spatial patterns of precipitation associated with climate variability at decadal and longer timescales in a manner that compares well with observational records and tree-ring chronologies. Low-frequency climate variability is therefore likely responsible for the multiyear persistent droughts in the last four centuries, as independently evaluated from the tree-ring monsoon-sensitive network.

Sportinėje treniruotėje taikomų fizinių apkrovų kiekis ir intensyvumas nuolat keičiasi. Treniruotės krūviai gali būti išdėstomi keliais būdais: ištęstai, koncentruotai, kryptingai, nekryptingai. Krūvių išdėstymo strategijos įtaka raumenų pažeidai nėra aiški. Hipotezė: staigiai didėjančio krūvio metu raumenų pažeida bus didesnė, nei nuosekliai didėjančio krūvio metu. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti skirtingo krūvio didinimo strategijų poveikį raumenų pažeidai. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti staigiai didėjančio krūvio poveikį raumenų pažeidai; 2. Nustatyti nuosekliai didėjančio krūvio poveikį raumenų pažeidai. Darbo originalumas: nėra žinoma, kokį poveikį raumenų pažeidai turi krūvių didinimo strategijos pasirinkimas. Praktinė reikšmė: fizinių krūvių didinimo komponentų poveikio raumenų pažeidai nustatymas gali būti naudingas teikiant tinkamesnes raumens stiprinimo ir reabilitacijos programas. Metodika: tyrime dalyvavo sveiki aktyviai nesportuojantys vyrai (n =11), pirma grupė 7 tiriamieji (19,6±1,8 m.), antra grupė 4 tiriamieji (19,5±1,7 m.). Pirma grupė atliko 9 treniruotes, kurių metu krūvis buvo didinamas staigiai: 1–3 treniruotės buvo atliekamos esant vienodam krūviui; 4–6 treniruotės metu atliekamos esant didesniam šuolių skaičių, 7–9 treniruotės atliekamos esant didesniam pritūpimo kampui per kelio sąnarius. Antra grupė atliko 9 treniruotes, kurių metu krūvis buvo didinamas nuosekliai, 1-3 treniruočių metu didėjo pakylos aukštis, 4–6 treniruočių metu didėjo šuolių skaičius, o 7–9... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The intensity and amount of physical workload in sport training can be divided into several ways: continuously, concentrated, directed, not directed. The workload placement strategy’s influence on muscle damage is still unclear. Hypothesis. Rapid increase of workload will result in bigger muscle injury then consistently enhanced workload. Aim. To determine different workload increase strategy’s influence on muscle damage. Objectives: To determine the rapid increased workloads’ effect on the muscle damage. To assess the effect of consistently raising workload on muscle damage. Works’ contribution to practice. The determination of physical workload’s components effect on muscle damage might be useful for the choice of muscle strengthening and rehabilitation programmes. Methods. Healthy and not actively sporting men (n=11), in the first group 7 participants (19,6±1,8 m.), second group 4 participants (19,5±1,7 m.). First group of participants performed 9 trainings, during which the workload was rapidly enhanced: 1-3 exercises were performed in stable workload, 4-6 exercises with bigger number of jumps, 7-9 exercises were performed having bigger squatting angle in knee joints. Second group performed 9 exercises, during which workload was risen stably, during 1-3 exercises, the level of platform was risen, during 4-6th exercises, the number of jumps was increased and during 7-9th exercise – the squatting angle in knee joints was increased. Before and after exercises the... [to full text]