Thesis (Ed.S.)--Western Kentucky University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Tambra J. Kent, for the Master of Science degree in the field of Education in Workforce Education and Development, presented on November 3, 2008, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD CARE ISSUES AND SUCCESSFUL EMPLOYMENT FOR LOW INCOME PARENTS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Cynthia Sims This mixed method study was considered and carried out to determine the relationship between child care issues and successful employment for low income parents. The study specifically sought to determine if accessibility to affordable and quality child care are barriers to employment for low income working parents who are recipients of the Illinois Child Care Assistance Program and who live in Williamson County, Illinois. There were a total of 117 respondents who participated in the study. A questionnaire was mailed to the study population and used to collect data for the study. Findings revealed that accessibility to affordable and quality child care was not a barrier for the respondents. An inference made regarding these findings is that because these respondents are recipients of the Illinois Child Care Assistance Program and their child care is subsidized, they do not have a barrier when accessing affordable and quality child care. Subsidizing child care for low income working parents provides them with the choice of selecting a quality child care provider.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELI IKUT SHIMIZU.pdf: 673332 bytes, checksum: c3f75101c9952c3e7e9efec68d8a076e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-27 / One in every five people in the world is an adolescent, a person between 10 and 19 years old. About 85% of that living in developing countries (WHO, 2006). In Brazil 21% of the population is in this age range, (IBGE, 2002). Adolescents are generally thought to be healthy, but it is recognizes the increase of the mortality in accident, suicide, violence, pregnancy related complication and other illnesses that are either preventable or treatable. The objective of this study is to investigate the situations of risk and protection to the health, for a low income adolescents. It is a qualitative descriptive study, carried through in the community of São Remo, São Paulo City, characterized for the poverty and the violence. The method used for collection of data was the focus group. 20 adolescents participated, divided in two groups, one of 12 to 14 years and another one of 15 to 18 years. Three meetings with each group were carried. The meetings were recorded, transcribed and the content of these data were analised according to Bardin (1977). The research results demonstrated that situations of risks to the health are consequence of the fragil familiar support, physical violence caused by third with emphasis in the police violence, psychological violence, test of social inclusion at school, use of drugs and transgressive behaviors. The factors of protection detected were: family, particulary the mother figure, religions, teacher as reference and future projects. The results demonstrate that the situations of risk to the health of low income adolescents are more evident than for those concerning protection. / No mundo, um em cada cinco pessoas estão na faixa etária de 10 a 19 anos, sendo que 85% habitam países em desenvolvimento (WHO, 2006). Brasil, 21% do total da população está nesta faixa etária (IBGE, 2002). A adolescência é considerada um dos períodos mais saudáveis da vida humana, porém é reconhecido o aumento dos índices de mortalidade em acidentes, suicídios, violência, complicações na gestação e outras doenças que podem ser prevenidas ou tratadas. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as situações de risco e de proteção à saúde e à vida, vivenciadas por um grupo de adolescentes de baixa renda. É um estudo descritivo qualitativo, realizado na Comunidade São Remo, município de São Paulo, caracterizada pela pobreza e violência. O método utilizado para a coleta de dados foi o grupo focal. Participaram 20 adolescentes, divididos em dois grupos, um de 12 a 14 anos e outro de 15 a 18 anos, foram realizadas três reuniões com cada grupo. As reuniões foram gravadas, posteriormente transcritas e os conteúdos foram analisado, segundo os propostos de Bardin (1977). Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que situações de riscos à saúde estão presentes na fragilidade do suporte familiar, violência física causada por terceiros (com ênfase na violência policial), violência psicológica, situações de exclusão social vivenciadas na escola, uso de drogas e condutas transgressoras. Os fatores de proteção detectados foram: família com ênfase na mãe, religiosidade, professor como referência e projetos futuros. Os resultados demonstram que as situações de risco à saúde são mais evidentes do que de proteção para este grupo de adolescentes de baixa renda.

La tuberculose est une cause majeure de mortalité chez les enfants infectés par le VIH, représentant plus d'un tiers de la mortalité chez ceux-ci. Il n'existe actuellement pas d’estimation précise de la prévalence du VIH dans le million de cas de tuberculose pédiatrique annuel. Cependant, les décès liés au VIH pourraient représenter jusqu'à 1/5 de tous les décès dus à la tuberculose chez les enfants. Le diagnostic de la tuberculose est difficile chez les enfants du fait de sa nature paucibacillaire et des difficultés de recueil d’échantillons respiratoires. Il constitue un obstacle majeur à l'accès au traitement. Plus de 96% des décès pourraient survenir chez des enfants non traités. Les enfants infectés par le VIH présentent des difficultés diagnostiques accrues et une mortalité plus élevée. Notre objectif principal était de contribuer à l'amélioration du diagnostic de la tuberculose chez les enfants infectés par le VIH par le développement d'un algorithme diagnostic. Ce travail est basé sur l'étude ANRS 12229 PAANTHER 01 qui a recruté 438 enfants séropositifs âgés de 0 à 13 ans suspects de tuberculose dans 8 hôpitaux du Burkina Faso, du Cambodge, du Cameroun et du Vietnam d'avril 2011 à mai 2014. La mortalité était élevée (19,6%) chez les enfants naïfs de traitement antirétroviral (TARV), malgré l'accès au traitement. Elle était plus élevée les cas confirmés par l’Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) ou la bacilloscopie. Le traitement antituberculeux était associé à une diminution de la mortalité chez les tuberculoses confirmées et non confirmées et à un retard problématique au début du TARV, celui-ci étant associé à une réduction massive de la mortalité quand débuté durant le premier mois de suivi. L'évaluation de la performance diagnostique de l’Xpert sur des échantillons alternatifs, y compris des aspirations naso-pharyngées (ANP), des échantillons de selles et le string test a montré que la combinaison d’un ANP et d’un échantillon de selles avait une faisabilité (100%) et une sensibilité (75,9%) élevées par rapport aux méthodes standards (crachats ou aspirations gastriques). L’algorithme diagnostique a inclus 11 prédicteurs dont des symptômes et des signes, le contage, les résultats de radiographie pulmonaire (RP) et d'échographie abdominale, ainsi que les résultats du Quantiferon Gold In-Tube (QFT). L’aire sous la courbe de ROC était de 0,866 lorsque Xpert était inclus. Le score développé à partir du modèle avait une bonne performance diagnostique globale. L'interprétation de la RP avait un accord inter-relecteurs médiocre à passable pour la détection de lésions compatibles avec la tuberculose chez les 403 enfants avec toutes les revues disponibles, et une précision diagnostique limitée (sensibilité 71,4%, spécificité 50,0%) pour le diagnostic de la tuberculose chez 51 cas et 151 contrôles vivants sans traitement à 6 mois. Enfin, nous présentons des travaux sur l'utilisation chez les enfants infectés par le VIH du standard de référence recommandé pour les études diagnostiques sur la tuberculose, décrivant les changements dans la classification résultant d'une mise à jour récente et soulignant les limites de ces standards. Ce travail souligne la nécessité d'un diagnostic rapide de la tuberculose chez les enfants infectés par le VIH afin de réduire la mortalité. Il propose d'améliorer le diagnostic par une approche alternative à la confirmation microbiologique et le développement d'un algorithme rapide de décision de traitement chez les enfants à haut risque de mortalité. Il met en évidence les défis pratiques et méthodologiques liés à l'utilisation de la RP et du standard de référence diagnostique dans cette population. Le projet TB Speed permettra la validation externe de l'algorithme chez les enfants infectés par le VIH et contribuera à l'amélioration du diagnostic de la tuberculose et à la réduction de la mortalité chez les enfants en décentralisant la confirmation microbiologique et le diagnostic dans des pays à faible revenu. / Tuberculosis remains a major cause of death in HIV-infected children, accounting for more than 1/3 of mortality in this group. There are currently no estimates of HIV prevalence in the one million childhood tuberculosis cases every year. However, it is estimated that HIV-related deaths account for up to 1/5 of all tuberculosis deaths in children. Due its paucibacillary nature and difficulties in collecting respiratory specimen, tuberculosis diagnostic is challenging in children and is a major barrier hampering access to treatment. It is estimated that more than 96% of tuberculosis death could occur in children not receiving treatment. HIV-infected children present greater diagnostic challenges in a context of higher mortality. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to the improvement of tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected children by the development of a diagnostic algorithm. This work is based on the ANRS 12229 PAANTHER 01 study which enrolled 438 HIV infected children aged 0 to 13 years presenting with a suspicion of tuberculosis in 8 hospitals from Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, and Vietnam from April 2011 to Mai 2014. The mortality was high [50 deaths (19.6%)] in 266 art-naïve children from this study, despite access to antiretroviral and tuberculosis treatment. It was significantly higher in those with bacteriological confirmation by Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) or smear microscopy. Introduction of tuberculosis treatment led to decreased mortality in both confirmed and unconfirmed tuberculosis and to delayed ART introduction, which is a problem, as ART was associated with a more than 10-fold reduction in mortality when started during the first month of follow-up. The assessment of the diagnostic performance of Xpert on alternative specimens including nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA), stool samples, and string tests showed that a combination of NPA and stool samples had high feasibility (100%) and sensitivity (75.9%) and a yield similar to standard specimen collection methods consisting in sputum samples or gastric aspirates. We developed a tuberculosis diagnostic algorithm for HIV-infected children. The model identified 11 predictors including some symptoms and signs, history of contact, chest radiograph (CXR) and abdominal ultrasonography findings, and Quantiferon TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) results. Its area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.839, and 0.866 when Xpert was included. The score developed from the model had a good diagnostic performance overall. CXR interpretation showed poor to fair inter-reader agreement for the detection of lesions consistent with tuberculosis in 403 children with all reviews available, and limited diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 71.4%; specificity 50.0%) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 51 culture confirmed cases and 151 controls alive without treatment at 6 months. At last, we present work on the use of the recommended tuberculosis reference standard for diagnostic studies in HIV-infected children, describing changes in classification occurring from a recent update and highlighting limitations of these reference standards. Overall, this work contributes to highlight the need for an accurate and timely tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected children to reduce mortality. It proposes two major ways to improve diagnosis by an alternative approach to microbiological confirmation and the development of an algorithm for prompt treatment decision in children with a high risk of mortality. It also highlights practical and methodological challenges related to the use of CXR and diagnostic reference standards in this population. The newly funded TB Speed project will enable external validation of the algorithm in HIV-infected children. By decentralizing Xpert performed on NPA and stool in district health systems in low-income countries, it will further contribute to the overall goal of improving tuberculosis diagnosis and reducing mortality in children.

Magister Educationis - Med / Parental involvement in low-income school communities in the Western Cape, South Africa, has received little attention irrespective of its significance to learner outcomes. This study explores parental involvement with regard to teachers' perceptions of parental involvement, as well as barriers and solutions to meaningful parental involvement in a low-income school community in the Western Cape. This study, in the form of a qualitative study, sought to establish how teachers perceived parental involvement, and what restricts parents with poor socio-economic backgrounds from becoming involving in their children's education. Additionally, the study sought to establish or develop ways in which parental involvement could be improved. This study adopted a qualitative method design using qualitative procedures such as semistructured interviews, focus group interviews, observation and an open-ended questionnaire. It emerged from the findings that teachers had limited understanding of parental involvement. They perceived parental involvement to be parent's school-based activities such as fund-raising and the provision of school materials for the learners. Most of the teachers were never exposed to training on how to involve parents. Teachers believed that lack of material resources and poor parental education contributed to the issue of a lack of parental involvement in the school. Furthermore, participant parents indicated that they are willing to become involved in their children's education; however, their involvement was restricted by various barrier factors such as poverty and a lack of enabling environment. Both (teachers and parents) participants also suggested programmes or useful ways in which parental involvement could be promoted, such as the provision of basic infrastructures, grant support, educational training or facilities and a supportive environment for the parents. The findings revealed that creating an enabling environment to nurture these parents' capabilities will improve parental involvement. The capability-approach framework was used not only to explain the restraining factors to parental involvement but also to propose or suggest ways or intervention measures to improve parental involvement in their children's education, especially the parents from the community of this research. The approach was use to analyse parental involvement with the view to develop parental involvement or parents' capabilities in the school community.

O setor da construção civil provoca impactos significativos sobre o meio-ambiente. No Brasil, problemas econômicos e sociais tendem a agravar essa situação. Nesse sentido, as carências habitacionais são provavelmente um dos maiores desafios do setor, pois a construção e fornecimento dessas moradias, além de refletir em diferentes impactos no meio ambiente, na saúde e no conforto de seus usuários, usualmente, também apresentam significativas restrições financeiras. Buscando alternativas para esses problemas, o grupo de sustentabilidade do Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) vem desenvolvendo estudos de aprimoramento e de avaliação de uma habitação de interesse social concebida e construída segundo diretrizes para edificações sustentáveis: o Protótipo Alvorada. O objetivo deste trabalho, em continuidade, é a avaliação ambiental dos subsistemas implantados e dos materiais empregados na habitação. Complementarmente, também é feita a identificação dos custos desses materiais. A definição do método de avaliação ambiental, através da revisão bibliográfica, embasou-se naqueles existentes e consolidados, nas cargas ambientais genericamente ocorrentes ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma edificação e nos dados disponíveis no contexto nacional. O método resultante, aplicado, foi composto de critérios de avaliação, que caracterizam cargas ambientais imediatas, vinculadas a potenciais impactos finais. A representação gráfica simultânea das três escalas de análise (da edificação como um todo, dos subsistemas e dos materiais) proporciona uma apreensão rápida e fácil dos resultados e permite identificar quais subsistemas apresentam potenciais de impactos ambientais mais significativos em cada critério e, por sua vez, quais os pontos fracos dos mesmos. A partir dessas informações é possível gerar modificações nas soluções implantadas, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento. Adicionalmente, os dados gerados pela avaliação fornecem valores para o desenvolvimento de referenciais iniciais de desempenho ambiental de edificações de interesse social no contexto brasileiro. Quanto aos custos referentes aos materiais, são considerados elevados se comparados aos de outras tipologias habitacionais de mesmo padrão implantadas atualmente, porém, há de se considerar que são referentes a uma unidade prototípica, os quais tendem a ser superiores àqueles de soluções consolidadas e de implantação em grande escala. / Considerable environmental impacts are involved in the construction industry. In Brazil, economic and social issues tend to make this situation worse. Lack of housing is, probably, the biggest challenge, because construction and allotment reflect impacts in environment, in users health and comfort, and usually is financially restricted. Seeking alternatives to those problems, the sustainability group of Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) has been developing studies on the improvement and assessment of a low-income housing designed and built according to directives in sustainable buildings: The Alvorada prototype. The aim of this continued research is the environmental assessment of subsystems implanted and materials used in dwelling. Complementary, materials costs are identified. The method definition, through bibliographic research, was based in consolidated methods, in environmental loads generically happening along building life cycle and in national context available data. Resultant, applied method is composed of evaluation criteria which characterize immediate environmental loads and are linked up with potential final impacts. Simultaneous graphical representation of the three analysis scales (of the construction as a whole, of the subsystems and of the materials) provides a fast and easy results apprehension and allows to identify which subsystems presents more significant potentials environment impacts in each criterion and their weak points. From this information it is possible to generate modifications in the implanted solutions, aiming their improvement. Besides this, environmental assessment data generated supply values for the initial development of benchmark about lowincome housing environmental performance in Brazilian context. Concerning material costs, they are considered high when compared to those of most commonly built low-cost houses in Brazil. However, it must be considered that, as a prototype, its costs are higher than the already consolidated solutions in constructions and than those built in large scale.

O termo customização em massa se refere à habilidade de fornecer produtos diferenciados aos consumidores sem que haja um aumento significativo de custos e tempo de entrega. Esta estratégia vem sendo adotada com sucesso por um crescente número de empresas do setor de manufatura, entretanto, o mesmo não se observa no contexto de produção habitacional. No Brasil, as empresas de construção civil engajadas na produção de habitações por intermédio de programas governamentais vêm sendo criticadas pela falta de eficiência em lidar com a diversidade de necessidades e desejos dos clientes finais. A oferta de flexibilidade nesses programas tende a ser muito limitada, devido, principalmente, à adoção de um paradigma de produção em massa no desenvolvimento desses empreendimentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi propor diretrizes para a adoção da estratégia de customização em massa na realização de empreendimentos habitacionais para a baixa renda no Brasil. Foram realizados dois estudos de caso em diferentes programas habitacionais, esses estudos foram desenvolvidos em três etapas. Na Etapa A buscou-se compreender o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e identificar oportunidades para a adoção da customização em massa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os agentes que participam do processo e analisados dados de fontes secundárias, previamente coletados por outros pesquisadores. A Etapa B teve como objetivo identificar os requisitos de customização. Para isto, foram analisados dados de fontes secundárias sobre o perfil dos clientes e avaliações pós-ocupação. Esses dados foram complementados com uma coleta sobre as adaptações realizadas realizadas pelos clientes durante o uso do imóvel. Por fim, a Etapa C caracterizou-se por uma reestruturação do PDP da empresa que participou desta pesquisa, na qual foram testadas as proposições sobre as oportunidades de adoção da customização em massa. As principais contribuições do presente trabalho dizem respeito não só a uma melhor compreensão da diversidade de requisitos do público-alvo desses programas, mas também à identificação de possibilidades de adoção da estratégia de customização em massa na realização de empreendimentos habitacionais para a baixa renda promovidos no âmbito de programas habitacionais Brasileiros. / Mass customisation stands for the ability to develop high value-added products within short time frames and at relatively low costs. This strategy is well known in manufacturing, where it has been widely used for competitive advantage. By contrast, the housing building industry in Brazil has been criticized for the lack of effectiveness in dealing with the diversity of customer needs. In low-income housing, for instance, product flexibility tends to be very limited, due to the fact that most housing programs adopt mass production core ideas in their conception. In this way, the main objective of this research was to propose guidelines for adopting a mass customization strategy in the provision of low-income housing in Brazil. Two case studies were carried out in different government housing programs. Both studies were divided into three phases. The first phase involved understanding the product development process and analysing opportunities to adopt a MC strategy. It was based on a set of interviews with product development participants and on the analysis of documents and secondary data previously collected by other researchers. The second phase consisted of mapping customization requirements, which was possible by analysing previously collected data regarding costumer’s profile and satisfaction. Also, data was collected to identify modifications made by users in their dwellings after occupation. Finally, in the third phase some propositions concerning the opportunities to adopt MC were tested. Some changes were implemented in the product development process of a house building company. Based on the main findings, guidelines for introducing a mass customisation in low cost housing are proposed. The main contributions of this research work are concerned with understanding the diversity of costumer’s requirements in low cost housing programs, and the identification of possibilities to adopt a mass customization strategy in the development of those programs in Brazil.

Nas últimas décadas, a trajetória da política habitacional brasileira tem sido marcada por mudanças na concepção e na intervenção do poder público no setor habitacional, o qual ainda não logrou êxito, especialmente no que se refere ao equacionamento do problema da moradia para a população de baixa renda. Além disso, a crescente exigência por qualidade demandada pelos clientes finais sugere mudanças no processo de desenvolvimento do produto (PDP), a fim de agregar valor a essas habitações, melhor satisfazendo o cliente. Neste contexto, a utilização de reclamações de usuários de EHIS se mostra como uma boa oportunidade de estudo para a retro-alimentação PDP. A utilização de reclamações é freqüente na indústria da manufatura, porém ainda pouco explorada na construção civil. Frente a isso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma estrutura de coleta, processamento e análise de reclamações efetuadas na etapa de uso para auxiliar a tomada de decisão do PDP. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a análise de arquivos, na qual foram analisadas reclamações de usuários de EHIS do PAR. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi dividido em três etapas. A Etapa A teve como objetivo principal a caracterização do contexto estudado, no qual se realizou a caracterização do processo de gestão da operação e manutenção de empreendimentos PAR e da natureza dos dados de reclamações disponíveis. A etapa B teve como objetivo a coleta e o processamento dos dados de reclamação. Por fim, a etapa C teve como objetivo a análise dos dados coletados e a proposição de uma estrutura de gerenciamento de reclamações. O desenvolvimento desta dissertação possibilitou evidenciar como os dados de reclamações podem auxiliar no PDP de EHIS, apresentando relações entre as etapas de tomada de decisão no PDP e as reclamações efetuadas na etapa de uso. / In recent decades, Brazilian’s housing policy trajectory has been marked by changes in the design and intervention of public sector housing, which still failed to succeed, especially as regards the problem of equating housing for people with low income. Moreover, the increasing requirement for quality demanded by final customers suggests changes in the product development process (PDP) in order to add value to these homes, better satisfying the customer. In this context, the use of complaints from users of EHIS is shown as a good opportunity to study PDP’s retro-feedings. The use of complaints is common in manufacturing industry, though still little used in construction. Facing this, the main objective of this work is to propose a structure for collecting, processing and analysis of the complaints made in the stage of use to assist the decision of the PDP. The research method used was the analysis of files, where were examined complaints by users of EHIS from PAR. The development of this research was divided into three stages. The main objective of stage A was the characterization of the area, which made the characterization of the process of managing the operation and maintenance of PAR enterprises and the nature of claims data available. Stage B was aimed at collecting and processing data for claim. Finally, stage C was aimed to analyze collected data and proposed a structure for complaints’ managing. The development of this dissertation made it possible to evidence how complaints can assist in the PDP of EHIS, showing relationships between the stages of decision-making within the PDP and the claims made in the use stage.

The study examined Latino/Hispanic mother-child interactions and shared book reading behaviors before and after participation in a random-assignment Spanish web-based responsive parenting intervention called Play and Learning Strategies (ePALS), as compared with a Spanish web-based developmental assessment intervention (DAS). The efficacy of PALS was previously demonstrated for improving mother and child behaviors within play contexts, everyday activities, and standardized measures of child language. We did not observe statistical changes in mother-child interactions as measured by the Bilingual Child-Mother Coder Impression; but changes were observed in shared reading interactions as measured by the Adult-Child Interactive Reading Inventory. Mothers enrolled in ePALS slightly increased some reading interactive behaviors, while mothers enrolled in DAS decreased on the use of interactive reading skills. Children enrolled in ePALS significantly increased in their use of interactive reading behaviors, while children’s interactive reading skills in the DAS conditions decreased. These results add to the dual language learners’ literature base, but also add to the supporting importance of targeting responsive behaviors in everyday activities such as shared-reading to facilitate children’s development. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula.pdf: 784011 bytes, checksum: aeba0b74d8c1e247f14c4a0b21e957ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-17 / The consumers of low income, pertaining to classes C, D and E, represent 77% of the Brazilian population, a slice of market until then trifled with by the companies. After the Real Plan these consumers had increased its participation in the acquisition of products and services, and today they correspond approximately 45% of the Brazilian consumption. Aiming at to take care of to this great parcel of the population many companies they had started to develop products with inferior prices, but with trustworthy quality. The study he will investigate the marketing potential of these consumers and will have as main focus to present the strategies of communication developed by the companies of personal hygiene, would perfume and cosmetics, whose products are destined to the low income consumers. / Os consumidores de baixa renda pertencentes às classes C, D e E, representam 77% da população brasileira, uma fatia de mercado até então desvalorizadas pelas empresas. Após o Plano Real estes consumidores aumentaram sua participação na aquisição de produtos e serviços, e hoje correspondem a aproximadamente 45% do consumo brasileiro. Visando atender essa grande parcela da população muitas empresas passaram a desenvolver produtos com preços inferiores, mas com qualidade confiável. O estudo investigará o potencial mercadológico destes consumidores e terá como foco principal apresentar as estratégias de comunicação desenvolvidas pelas empresas de higiene pessoal, perfumaria e cosméticos, cujos produtos são destinados aos consumidores de baixa renda.