O setor da construção civil provoca impactos significativos sobre o meio-ambiente. No Brasil, problemas econômicos e sociais tendem a agravar essa situação. Nesse sentido, as carências habitacionais são provavelmente um dos maiores desafios do setor, pois a construção e fornecimento dessas moradias, além de refletir em diferentes impactos no meio ambiente, na saúde e no conforto de seus usuários, usualmente, também apresentam significativas restrições financeiras. Buscando alternativas para esses problemas, o grupo de sustentabilidade do Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) vem desenvolvendo estudos de aprimoramento e de avaliação de uma habitação de interesse social concebida e construída segundo diretrizes para edificações sustentáveis: o Protótipo Alvorada. O objetivo deste trabalho, em continuidade, é a avaliação ambiental dos subsistemas implantados e dos materiais empregados na habitação. Complementarmente, também é feita a identificação dos custos desses materiais. A definição do método de avaliação ambiental, através da revisão bibliográfica, embasou-se naqueles existentes e consolidados, nas cargas ambientais genericamente ocorrentes ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma edificação e nos dados disponíveis no contexto nacional. O método resultante, aplicado, foi composto de critérios de avaliação, que caracterizam cargas ambientais imediatas, vinculadas a potenciais impactos finais. A representação gráfica simultânea das três escalas de análise (da edificação como um todo, dos subsistemas e dos materiais) proporciona uma apreensão rápida e fácil dos resultados e permite identificar quais subsistemas apresentam potenciais de impactos ambientais mais significativos em cada critério e, por sua vez, quais os pontos fracos dos mesmos. A partir dessas informações é possível gerar modificações nas soluções implantadas, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento. Adicionalmente, os dados gerados pela avaliação fornecem valores para o desenvolvimento de referenciais iniciais de desempenho ambiental de edificações de interesse social no contexto brasileiro. Quanto aos custos referentes aos materiais, são considerados elevados se comparados aos de outras tipologias habitacionais de mesmo padrão implantadas atualmente, porém, há de se considerar que são referentes a uma unidade prototípica, os quais tendem a ser superiores àqueles de soluções consolidadas e de implantação em grande escala. / Considerable environmental impacts are involved in the construction industry. In Brazil, economic and social issues tend to make this situation worse. Lack of housing is, probably, the biggest challenge, because construction and allotment reflect impacts in environment, in users health and comfort, and usually is financially restricted. Seeking alternatives to those problems, the sustainability group of Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) has been developing studies on the improvement and assessment of a low-income housing designed and built according to directives in sustainable buildings: The Alvorada prototype. The aim of this continued research is the environmental assessment of subsystems implanted and materials used in dwelling. Complementary, materials costs are identified. The method definition, through bibliographic research, was based in consolidated methods, in environmental loads generically happening along building life cycle and in national context available data. Resultant, applied method is composed of evaluation criteria which characterize immediate environmental loads and are linked up with potential final impacts. Simultaneous graphical representation of the three analysis scales (of the construction as a whole, of the subsystems and of the materials) provides a fast and easy results apprehension and allows to identify which subsystems presents more significant potentials environment impacts in each criterion and their weak points. From this information it is possible to generate modifications in the implanted solutions, aiming their improvement. Besides this, environmental assessment data generated supply values for the initial development of benchmark about lowincome housing environmental performance in Brazilian context. Concerning material costs, they are considered high when compared to those of most commonly built low-cost houses in Brazil. However, it must be considered that, as a prototype, its costs are higher than the already consolidated solutions in constructions and than those built in large scale.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as condiÃÃes de sustentabilidade urbana nos espaÃos comuns em conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social (CHIS) localizados em Fortaleza-CE, atravÃs da anÃlise dos seus projetos de inserÃÃo urbana e implantaÃÃo. Os espaÃos comuns em CHIS correspondem aos espaÃos pÃblicos e semipÃblicos onde sÃo praticadas aÃÃes de convÃvio social, concentrando atividades e equipamentos de uso comum dos moradores. Segundo estudos, estes lugares sÃo fundamentais para promover a sustentabilidade urbana, atravÃs do fortalecimento de vÃnculos entre moradores e da integraÃÃo do conjunto com o restante da cidade, ao promover benefÃcios sociais. Em seus procedimentos metodolÃgicos, a pesquisa teve inÃcio com a revisÃo bibliogrÃfica em torno do uso dos espaÃos comuns em CHIS, assim como a inserÃÃo urbana e as condiÃÃes de implantaÃÃo. TambÃm foram abordadas as dimensÃes de desempenho estabelecidas por Lynch (2007) no livro \"A boa forma da cidade\", como a vitalidade, o sentido, a adequaÃÃo, o acesso e o controle, atuando como parÃmetro para a definiÃÃo de indÃcios de sustentabilidade em CHIS. A segunda etapa correspondeu à delimitaÃÃo do universo, utilizando como amostra quatorze CHIS produzidos pela FundaÃÃo de Desenvolvimento Habitacional de Fortaleza (Habitafor) para reassentamento de populaÃÃo de Ãreas de risco. Os elementos dos espaÃos comuns desses conjuntos foram levantados, organizados e caracterizados atravÃs da anÃlise documental dos projetos. Desta forma, foi possÃvel realizar a terceira etapa da pesquisa, que envolveu a anÃlise comparativa dos conjuntos, segundo os indÃcios de sustentabilidade levantados na revisÃo da literatura. A anÃlise permitiu a classificaÃÃo dos CHIS em quatro categorias: alta sustentabilidade, mÃdia sustentabilidade, baixa sustentabilidade e insustentabilidade, estimulando o cumprimento dos objetivos. Em suma, este trabalho pretende contribuir com a elaboraÃÃo de projetos urbanÃsticos de CHIS nos quais seus espaÃos comuns sejam elementos viabilizadores de sustentabilidade. / This study aims to evaluate the conditions of sustainability in urban spaces located in low income housing complexes from Fortaleza, Brazil. The analysis was done through these urban projects, by design documents. Collective spaces in low income housing complexes are public and semi-public places where residents practice social interaction. According studies, collective spaces are essential to promote urban sustainability because they stimulate social benefits. This research comprises three steps: First, a literature review about collective spaces in low income housing complexes, considering the urban insertion and the complex implantation, with emphasis on the five performance dimensions established by Lynch (2007) in his book "Good city form": vitality, sense, fit, access and control. These criteria were considered a parameter of sustainability in low income housing complexes. On the second step, were chosen fourteen housing complexes produced by the Housing Development Foundation from Fortaleza, known as "Habitafor". The elements of the collective spaces from these housing complexes were collected, organized and characterized through the analysis of their design documents. The third stepinvolved a comparative analysis of these collective spaces, considering their sustainability according Lynch's performance dimensions. The analysis rated the fourteen housing complexes in four categories: high sustainability, average sustainability, low sustainability and unsustainability, achieving the goal. Thus, this work aims to contribute for design process of urban projects which seek the sustai nability of collective spaces.

O setor da construção civil provoca impactos significativos sobre o meio-ambiente. No Brasil, problemas econômicos e sociais tendem a agravar essa situação. Nesse sentido, as carências habitacionais são provavelmente um dos maiores desafios do setor, pois a construção e fornecimento dessas moradias, além de refletir em diferentes impactos no meio ambiente, na saúde e no conforto de seus usuários, usualmente, também apresentam significativas restrições financeiras. Buscando alternativas para esses problemas, o grupo de sustentabilidade do Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) vem desenvolvendo estudos de aprimoramento e de avaliação de uma habitação de interesse social concebida e construída segundo diretrizes para edificações sustentáveis: o Protótipo Alvorada. O objetivo deste trabalho, em continuidade, é a avaliação ambiental dos subsistemas implantados e dos materiais empregados na habitação. Complementarmente, também é feita a identificação dos custos desses materiais. A definição do método de avaliação ambiental, através da revisão bibliográfica, embasou-se naqueles existentes e consolidados, nas cargas ambientais genericamente ocorrentes ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma edificação e nos dados disponíveis no contexto nacional. O método resultante, aplicado, foi composto de critérios de avaliação, que caracterizam cargas ambientais imediatas, vinculadas a potenciais impactos finais. A representação gráfica simultânea das três escalas de análise (da edificação como um todo, dos subsistemas e dos materiais) proporciona uma apreensão rápida e fácil dos resultados e permite identificar quais subsistemas apresentam potenciais de impactos ambientais mais significativos em cada critério e, por sua vez, quais os pontos fracos dos mesmos. A partir dessas informações é possível gerar modificações nas soluções implantadas, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento. Adicionalmente, os dados gerados pela avaliação fornecem valores para o desenvolvimento de referenciais iniciais de desempenho ambiental de edificações de interesse social no contexto brasileiro. Quanto aos custos referentes aos materiais, são considerados elevados se comparados aos de outras tipologias habitacionais de mesmo padrão implantadas atualmente, porém, há de se considerar que são referentes a uma unidade prototípica, os quais tendem a ser superiores àqueles de soluções consolidadas e de implantação em grande escala. / Considerable environmental impacts are involved in the construction industry. In Brazil, economic and social issues tend to make this situation worse. Lack of housing is, probably, the biggest challenge, because construction and allotment reflect impacts in environment, in users health and comfort, and usually is financially restricted. Seeking alternatives to those problems, the sustainability group of Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação (NORIE) has been developing studies on the improvement and assessment of a low-income housing designed and built according to directives in sustainable buildings: The Alvorada prototype. The aim of this continued research is the environmental assessment of subsystems implanted and materials used in dwelling. Complementary, materials costs are identified. The method definition, through bibliographic research, was based in consolidated methods, in environmental loads generically happening along building life cycle and in national context available data. Resultant, applied method is composed of evaluation criteria which characterize immediate environmental loads and are linked up with potential final impacts. Simultaneous graphical representation of the three analysis scales (of the construction as a whole, of the subsystems and of the materials) provides a fast and easy results apprehension and allows to identify which subsystems presents more significant potentials environment impacts in each criterion and their weak points. From this information it is possible to generate modifications in the implanted solutions, aiming their improvement. Besides this, environmental assessment data generated supply values for the initial development of benchmark about lowincome housing environmental performance in Brazilian context. Concerning material costs, they are considered high when compared to those of most commonly built low-cost houses in Brazil. However, it must be considered that, as a prototype, its costs are higher than the already consolidated solutions in constructions and than those built in large scale.

Nas últimas décadas, a trajetória da política habitacional brasileira tem sido marcada por mudanças na concepção e na intervenção do poder público no setor habitacional, o qual ainda não logrou êxito, especialmente no que se refere ao equacionamento do problema da moradia para a população de baixa renda. Além disso, a crescente exigência por qualidade demandada pelos clientes finais sugere mudanças no processo de desenvolvimento do produto (PDP), a fim de agregar valor a essas habitações, melhor satisfazendo o cliente. Neste contexto, a utilização de reclamações de usuários de EHIS se mostra como uma boa oportunidade de estudo para a retro-alimentação PDP. A utilização de reclamações é freqüente na indústria da manufatura, porém ainda pouco explorada na construção civil. Frente a isso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma estrutura de coleta, processamento e análise de reclamações efetuadas na etapa de uso para auxiliar a tomada de decisão do PDP. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a análise de arquivos, na qual foram analisadas reclamações de usuários de EHIS do PAR. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi dividido em três etapas. A Etapa A teve como objetivo principal a caracterização do contexto estudado, no qual se realizou a caracterização do processo de gestão da operação e manutenção de empreendimentos PAR e da natureza dos dados de reclamações disponíveis. A etapa B teve como objetivo a coleta e o processamento dos dados de reclamação. Por fim, a etapa C teve como objetivo a análise dos dados coletados e a proposição de uma estrutura de gerenciamento de reclamações. O desenvolvimento desta dissertação possibilitou evidenciar como os dados de reclamações podem auxiliar no PDP de EHIS, apresentando relações entre as etapas de tomada de decisão no PDP e as reclamações efetuadas na etapa de uso. / In recent decades, Brazilian’s housing policy trajectory has been marked by changes in the design and intervention of public sector housing, which still failed to succeed, especially as regards the problem of equating housing for people with low income. Moreover, the increasing requirement for quality demanded by final customers suggests changes in the product development process (PDP) in order to add value to these homes, better satisfying the customer. In this context, the use of complaints from users of EHIS is shown as a good opportunity to study PDP’s retro-feedings. The use of complaints is common in manufacturing industry, though still little used in construction. Facing this, the main objective of this work is to propose a structure for collecting, processing and analysis of the complaints made in the stage of use to assist the decision of the PDP. The research method used was the analysis of files, where were examined complaints by users of EHIS from PAR. The development of this research was divided into three stages. The main objective of stage A was the characterization of the area, which made the characterization of the process of managing the operation and maintenance of PAR enterprises and the nature of claims data available. Stage B was aimed at collecting and processing data for claim. Finally, stage C was aimed to analyze collected data and proposed a structure for complaints’ managing. The development of this dissertation made it possible to evidence how complaints can assist in the PDP of EHIS, showing relationships between the stages of decision-making within the PDP and the claims made in the use stage.

A presente pesquisa foca os programas de assistência técnica direcionada às melhorias habitacionais ofertados à população de baixa renda no Brasil, mais precisamente na cidade de Diadema, e em Cuba, na província de Holguín. O conceito de melhorias habitacionais presente nesse estudo abrange todas as intervenções realizadas em moradias existentes que visam à melhoria da condição de habitabilidade do espaço construído como a ampliação da área construída; a melhoria das condições de iluminação e de ventilação; a melhoria das instalações hidrossanitárias; a correção de patologias construtivas; entre outros. Dada a complexidade da questão e o universo da sua atuação, a pesquisa visa discorrer sobre a efetividade dos programas de assistência técnica de melhorias habitacionais voltados à população de baixa renda ao considerar o projeto personalizado, a escala de atuação alcançada e a relação do arquiteto com a população. Para tanto, foram avaliados dois programas governamentais, sendo eles: a segunda fase do Programa \"Tá Bonito\" da prefeitura de Diadema, município da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, realizado no núcleo Vila Olinda, durante os anos de 2006 a 2008; e o Programa Arquitetos da Comunidade desenvolvido em Cuba desde 1994 com foco na atuação dos profissionais da província de Holguín. A partir das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos programas e das conquistas alcançadas pelos mesmos, analisaremos as duas propostas a partir de quatro aspectos ora apresentados: 1) as formas de divulgação dos programas e o acesso aos serviços; 2) a aproximação do arquiteto com a população; 3) a elaboração dos projetos personalizados e 4) os resultados e as limitações; a fim de vislumbrar elementos importantes que contribuam para a construção, pelos governos municipais, de uma metodologia de assistência técnica de melhorias habitacionais voltada ao atendimento da população de baixa renda. / This research focus on the technical assistance programs for home improvements directed to lowincome dwellers in Brazil, more precisely in the Brazilian city of Diadema and in the province of Holguín, in Cuba. The concept of home improvement herein adopted encompasses all building interventions carried out in existent dwellings aimed to improve the indoor living conditions such as the increase of the built area; the improvement of lighting and ventilation conditions; the improvement of the hydrosanitary installations; the correction of building pathologies; among others. Given these issues\' complexity and the broadness of their action, this research aims to discuss the effectiveness of such programs considering customized project design, scale and the relationship between architect and dwellers. For such, two governmental programs were assessed: the second phase of the Program \"Tá bonito\" (It is Beautiful) from the municipal government of Diadema, State of São Paulo (Brazil), carried out in the settlement of Vila Olinda from 2006 to 2008; and the Program Architects of the Community developed in Cuba since 1994 with a focus on the work of the professionals of Holguín province. From the difficulties faced by these programs and their achievements, the two programs are assessed in the following four aspects: 1) the ways of publicizing the programs and the access to their services; 2) the approximation of the architect with the dwellers; 3) the custom-made project designs; and 4) their results and limitations in order to identify important elements to contribute to the elaboration of a technical assistance methodology for home improvements directed to low-income dwellers by municipal governments.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / In this report, housing development and perticipation of communities are examined. Although houses have been build in certain areas of Khayelitsha , there is a slow delivery and there is a lack of public involvement in housing programme to decide about the future of the community. In order for any development to be sustainable it must be driven by affected people with a sense of ownership being engendered to them. This holistic approach for housing development is in line up with the current government policy on the matter. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / This research endeavours to identify existing participatory structures and explore the role of local government officials, community representatives and other role players in the housing delivery process in Joe Slovo; indicate opportunities for the participation of beneficiaries in the housing process as well as the extent and nature of community engagement; highlight existing barriers to effective community participation and other problems related to housing delivery in Joe Slovo; draw general conclusions within the framework of the government’s housing policy; and provide recommendations to policy makers, urban planners and other stakeholders. Consequently, this research employs qualitative methodological tools as they are most appropriate in the collection of this type of data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local officials, and observations were used to gather critical information. In addition, secondary data, with a special focus on newspaper articles, were used. / South Africa

Dakhil, Ural, & Tewfik (1987) noted that majority of people particularly in the developing world live in poverty and as a result, the acquisition of proper housing is becoming a major problem. Dakhil, Ural, & Tewfik (1987) explained that, after the Second World War, many developing countries gained independence and due to political and economic reasons, population exodus in different parts of the world occurred. This coupled with the ever increase in the population growth has contributed to increasing the housing problems in these part of the world. This problem has led governments, private sector and scholars alike to devote time to searching for mechanisms and policies that would lead to the construction of proper dwellings at a cost that would be within the reach of all concerned especially the poor and needy (Malpass & Murie, 1990). Within South Africa, an example of such policies is the social housing policy. Social housing is a relatively new concept in South Africa (SA) (Du Preez & Sale, 2013). The aim for its development is first, to restructure SA societies in order to address structural, economic, social and spatial dysfunctions and secondly, to improve and contribute to the overall functioning of the housing sector in order to widen the range of housing options available to the poor (Department of Local Government and Housing, DLGH, 2005). The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a Social Housing Project, the Walmer Links Development, as an affordable and quality housing option for low income earners in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan.

The study of the Walmer Links Finance Linked Individual Subsidy (FLISP) is the response to the housing backlogs that have been experienced by the Port Elizabeth area. The ownership programme is the first of its kind in the area and has been met with scepticism, revolt and acceptance as the neighbouring township of Walmer and the nearby suburbs had mixed feelings about the project. The overall feeling and experience of the new FLISP owners far exceeds the scepticism around the project. The project also brought racial integration and improved the quality of life for the poor. It also seems as though the success of the project will be the determinant factor of whether it can rolled out to other provinces as an approach to development and poverty alleviation.

The provision of decent, affordable and well-located housing for low-income communities has been an intractable problem, especially for developing countries. The empirical puzzle that motivated this study is that, despite the adverse macro environment in Zimbabwe, there appears to be private-sector developers who are successfully developing housing benefiting the low-income group. This is so, despite numerous studies that claim that given the magnitude of the housing challenge, a neoliberal doxa in a developing country context as a solution is a fallacy. Working on the broad premise that these developments represent a successful adaptation to the structural environment, the main question guiding the study was - what accounts for the success of market provided low-income housing developments in Zimbabwe despite the environment not being conducive for it? The two sub-questions flowing from this main question were firstly, how does the structural environment enable and/or constrain private sector low-income developments in Zimbabwe? Secondly, what strategies do developers adopt in response to the structural enablers and/or constraints to develop low-income housing in Zimbabwe? From these questions, the study has two hypotheses – the first hypothesis is that despite the adverse environment there exists in Zimbabwe structural enablers that make market solutions to the low-income housing challenge possible. The second hypothesis states that developers have specific discernible strategies that they employ in response to the adverse operating environment to reduce development costs to levels that enable them to provide low-income housing successfully. Using the Structure-Agency model, which is a theoretical framework rooted in institutional economics, a conceptual model to study the development process was developed and used to theorise the impact of structure on agency in the development process. Empirical evidence was gathered using observation, household surveys, and semi-structured interviews. This evidence was obtained from five housing schemes, the local authority, central government, financiers and the developers of the housing schemes, and then processed using NVIVO and SPSS. The study finds that most challenges faced by developers emanate from the institutional environment and access to resources. These challenges are namely central-local government dynamics fuelled by political undertones, lack of access to land suitable for the target group, a bureaucratic and stiff regulatory framework as well as a lack of market provided developer and end-user finance. Enabling factors were mainly the withdrawal of the government in the provision of housing in line with World-Bank neoliberal orthodoxy and incapacitation of the local authority, which eliminated alternative sources of housing for the low income group other than market provided housing, thus widening the market base for the developers. Strategies used by the developers include developer provided finance to the target group, preselling developments, sidestepping the local authority through buying land at the periphery of the local authority boundary, sidestepping regulatory barriers through engaging in corruption, backward integration to promote efficient resource allocation, and an innovative approach to risk management that caters for the low-income group. The study concludes that all these strategies have one overriding objective of cost containment. The findings indicate that there is potential, appetite and scope for more private-sector engagement. On this basis, it is recommended that the key to unlocking this potential lies with the state, as there are several policy implications that flow from these findings if the highlighted constraints are to be addressed. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge on market solutions to the low-income housing challenge in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data.