The study analyzed variation among low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) allocation policies as outlined in state qualified action plans (QAP) and their impacts on the siting patterns of LIHTC properties in proximity to high performing schools. The study was performed nationwide across 37 states and controlled for factors relevant to the development location decision using census-based population characteristics and LIHTC property attributes. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of LIHTC QAP allocation policies in motivating developers to site their developments near high-performing schools. QAPs typically use points when awarding tax credits competitively, and this study focused on points awarded for (1) access to high quality schools, (2) access to any schools, and (3) location in areas with attributes expected to correlate strongly with high quality schools. Multi-level linear modeling estimated that points for access to any schools had a significant and positive effect on location in a high performing school's catchment area, but other allocation policy variables had no significant effects. The findings inform readers about the ability of current allocation policy to influence developer actions, and discussion centers on policy recommendations and the need for further research. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning / Attendance at a high-performing school is critically important in determining short-term academic performance and long-term life outcomes in children. School choice remains limited, especially for lower-income households, and this suggests that housing policy can help children access neighborhoods and quality schools that promote their long-term success. Therefore, supporting the development of affordable housing near quality schools is an imperative social policy goal. This analysis focuses on housing policy to address the issue of a mismatch between low income students and high quality schools. The low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program is the largest federal program for the production and preservation of affordable housing and its centrality to the geography of affordable multi-family housing in the country cannot be overstated. As shown in this and other research, LIHTC units are consistently placed in areas with access to under performing schools and a need exists for changes in state LIHTC policy. The study analyzed variation among LIHTC allocation policies as outlined in state qualified action plans (QAP) and their impacts on the siting patterns of LIHTC properties in proximity to high performing schools. This study has highlighted deficiencies in state QAPs, and changes in their allocation systems are warranted to improve LIHTC residents local school quality. The findings inform readers about the ability of current allocation policy to influence developer actions, and discussion centers on policy recommendations and the need for further research.

Thesis (MPhil (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 1998. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the past the policy for the provision of low-cost housing was not very effective because the context of development planning was characterised by fragmentation, segregation and isolation from the targeted communities. The reasons for this are that these development programmes were not participatory and that they contributed to dependency rather than empowerment of communities. Selected case studies have shown that without the involvement of the community in planning and decision-making low-income housing projects cannot meet the needs and demands of the community for improvement in an effective and efficient way. One of the basic principles of The Reconstruction and Development Programme is that development projects should be people-driven. The policy framework clearly states that delivery systems in housing will depend upon community participation. This current study sought to determine whether delivery systems in low-income housing projects have made this paradigm shift - that they are participatory and need-driven. The study is descriptive and issue-oriented limiting itself to understanding the process of low-income housing provision to newly-urbanised Africans in Mfuleni, a peri-urban settlement in the Cape-Metropole. Interviews were conducted with 100 respondents male or female heads of households, using a semi-structured questionaire. The study gave respondents an opportunity to share their experiences regarding the process of community participation in housing provision.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. / In 1994, the South African government introduced low-cost housing construction through Reconstruction and Development Programme. The programme was intended to improve the quality of lives of the country's citizens. Many communities across the country benefited from the programme. However, concerns regarding the quality of low-cost housing produced through this programme have been raised. The programme has produced low-cost housing with many structural defects such as gaping wall cracks, roof leaks, unstable roof, water penetration and seepage. To protect the beneficiaries of low-cost housing against the inferior workmanship, unsuitable material and inappropriate construction methods, building standards and regulations have been introduced. The low-cost housing inspectors have been given power to enforce and ensure that the building standards and regulations are followed and met by low-cost housing contractors. Regardless of the measures, the programme still produces low-cost housing built with many structural problems. Hence, the researcher has conducted a research to assess the effectiveness and adequateness that inspection process contributes to quality assurance in low-cost housing construction projects in the Metropole. The findings of the research provided an overall low-cost housing inspectors' experience in the construction industry, education, training, knowledge, roles and responsibilities and the perception of the low-cost housing inspectors on the current housing inspection. The primary conclusion of this research suggest that the low-cost housing inspectors lack training in housing inspection, are not aware of their roles and responsibilities and lack knowledge in building standards and regulations. This resulted to failure to enforce and ensure that the contractors comply with building standards and regulations during the low-cost housing construction projects in the Metropole. The primary recommendations are to establish a standard continuous training and education for low-cost housing inspectors. Provide courses and training to improve the level of knowledge of building standards and regulations by low-cost housing inspectors and review the roles and responsibilities of low-cost housing inspectors and establish awareness of them among the affected parties.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 26 of the Constitution of South Africa states that all South Africans should have the basic right of access to adequate housing. The task of housing the people of South Africa is the responsibility of the state, who is empowered to utilize all legislative and economic resources at its disposal, in order to achieve this right to housing in all forms. Though the state has mobilised resources and manpower to achieve these objectives, many challenges remain in the facilitation and provision of adequate affordable housing. These challenges relate to the understanding of the complex legislative systems and mechanisms governing the delivery of housing in this country. The functions of various tiers of government and the interventions designed to alleviate the housing backlog are increasingly becoming less effective. The involvement of the private sector in the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing is therefore crucial as this enormous challenge cannot be achieved by the government alone. These challenges are numerous and diverse and this study highlights the main structural issues to which both the public and private sectors are exposed to. This relates to availability of land, affordability, subsidy constraints, access to funding and the limitations of development planning. The aim of this study is to determine how this range of challenges is affecting the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing. A survey of leading developers in the Western Cape has been conducted to determine the main factors which are retarding and hampering progress. The findings of the study reveals that government interventions in the housing sector though marginally progressive, are not conducive to alleviating the structural problems in this environment. As a result the ability of private sector developers to perform in this market is eroded due to the unsustainable and complex problems associated with this environment. As the need for housing grows, a greater awareness and understanding of the problems and challenges associated with the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing is needed to provide a platform for the creation of adequate housing in this country. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 26 van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika stel dat alle Suid-Afrikaners die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising het. Die taak van die behuising van die mense van Suid-Afrika is die verantwoordelikheid van die staat, wat toegerus is om alle wetgewende en ekonomiese hulpbronne tot sy beskikking te gebruik om hierdie reg tot behuising in al sy vorme te verwesenlik. Alhoewel die staat hulpbronne en mannekrag gemobiliseer het om hierdie doelwitte te bereik, bestaan daar steeds vele uitdagings in die fasilitering en verskaffing van geskikte en bekostigbare behuising. Hierdie uitdagings het betrekking op die begrip van die komplekse wetgewende stelsels en meganismes wat die lewering van behuising in hierdie land beheer. Die funksies van verskeie vlakke van regering en die intervensies wat ontwerp is om die behuisingsagterstand te verlig, raak al hoe minder effektief. Die betrokkenheid van die privaatsektor in die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde en bekostigbare behuising is kritiek omdat die regering nie hierdie enorme uitdaging alleen kan verrig nie. Die uitdagings is talryk en divers, en hierdie studie werp lig op die vernaamste strukturele kwessies waaraan beide die openbare en privaatsektore blootgestel word. Dit het betrekking op die beskikbaarheid van grond, bekostigbaarheid, subsidiebeperkings, toegang tot befondsing en die tekortkominge van ontwikkelingsbeplanning. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel hoe hierdie reeks uitdagings die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde en bekostigbare behuising affekteer. ’n Opname van toonaangewende ontwikkelaars in die Wes-Kaap is gemaak om vas te stel wat die hooffaktore is wat vordering vertraag en belemmer. Die bevindinge van die studie onthul dat regeringsintervensies in die behuisingsektor, hoewel marginaal progressief, nie bevorderlik is vir die verligting van strukturele probleme in hierdie omgewing nie. Gevolglik word die vermoë van die privaatsektor-ontwikkelaars om in hierdie mark te slaag, verweer weens die onvolhoubaarheid en komplekse probleme wat met hierdie omgewing gepaard gaan. Soos die behoefte aan behuising groei, word ’n groter bewustheid en beter begrip van die probleme en uitdagings, wat gepaard gaan met die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde behuising, benodig om ’n platform daar te stel vir die skepping van geskikte behuising in hierdie land.

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Real Estate and Construction

Since the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) has been a major source of affordable housing provision for low to middle-income families. Meanwhile, growing concern about potential decrease of property value in neighborhoods has been the main obstacle for most of the affordable housing projects. As a result, LIHTC projects are facing backlash from neighborhoods near the potential affordable housing projects – NIMBYism (Not In My Back Yard). However, during decades, it has been always controversial whether LIHTC is actually affecting neighborhood property value in negative way. This study tests the hypothesis that the LIHTC projects affect negatively on neighborhood single-family home property value in Austin, Texas. Single-family homes within 2000-feet radius from the selected LIHTC projects were analyzed based on the Travis County Appraisal District annual appraisal values between 1993 and 2008. / text

Availability of good housing may no longer be an important issue for most U.S. citizens. Nowadays most are well housed and the problems confronting those who are not- except in the case of the homeless- are not highly visible. During the last decade, old warehouses in downtown Richmond, Virginia have been converted to new uses as restaurants, apartments, and offices. This reuse of old buildings has brought more people to the downtown area, making streets safer for pedestrians and residents than when the areas were abandoned. However, these well-designed and newly renovated apartments are not for everyone, especially low and moderate-income households because of the high rental costs.This thesis design provides a model for enhancing the character and diversity of low-income-family housing by transforming an abandoned urban structure in downtown Richmond into a holistic living environment.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Building (Construction Project Management) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Construction Economics and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Access to housing and safe accommodation is an essential part of the South African government’s commitment to poverty relief and the improvement of the wellbeing of its people. Despite the substantial commitment and progress by the South African government towards ensuring adequate housing, much still needs to be done to combat the existing challenges facing the low-cost housing industry. Amongst various challenges, the low-cost housing sector faces challenges of poor quality houses. The level of dissatisfaction due to poor quality appears to be dominant in the low-cost housing sector. These challenges are crucial as the impact is severely noticeable, both socially and economically. The literature reviewed and the data collected is indicative that the use of emerging contractors who are likely inexperienced in the construction of low-cost houses is one of the major contributing factors to the poor quality of the end product. Emerging contractors form a majority of the construction contractors in the country and have been identified to play a vital role in the construction of low-cost houses. Constraints experienced by emerging contractors are posing risk to the projects and pose a challenge to the successful completion of these projects. The under-development of emerging contractors has resulted in poor workmanship and poor quality low-cost houses. Subsequent to the identified problem areas, this study on investigation of the factors required to improve the quality of low-cost houses in eThekwini municipality, KwaZulu Natal was initiated. The research objectives pursued by this study aimed to compare the contributing factors to the poor quality of low-cost houses as perceived by housing project managers and emerging contractors; to compare key factors that can be improved to enhance the quality of low-cost houses as perceived by project managers and emerging contractors; and to identify quality management mechanisms currently available in the construction of low-cost houses and determine their influence level. A mixed research methodology was employed, using the survey method as the research design and data collection, through semi-structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were hand delivered to forty (40) participants and twenty seven (27) 2 2 responses were received and analysed, which comprised ten (10) project managers and seventeen (17) emerging contractors. Results from the study showed that there are undeniably issues of poor quality that include foundation failures, structural cracks and leaking roofs in the low-cost housing sector in eThekwini, KwaZulu Natal. It is evident from the analysis that there are many probable underlying causes to the poor quality of low-cost houses, which include: lack of continuous development for emerging contractors; insufficient subsidy amounts; the use of inferior materials; and the use of unskilled labourers on site. The results of the study indicated that shortcomings exist in terms of the necessary skills among emerging contractors, which means there is a huge need for continuous training on different important skills. The need for training of emerging contractors is enormous and that all aspects in terms of training should be considered to be of equal importance. It can also be determined that there is a lack quality management framework within the department and the municipality. These quality management frameworks need to be developed to ensure improvement in quality of the low-cost houses. / XL2018

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA HELOISA LIMA DE MORAES MORUE.pdf: 4953295 bytes, checksum: fb0c1bfd462773312b9c4cc887ccb94e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Este estudo analisa os aspectos que implicam nos problemas habitacionais detectados em Goiânia. O estudo mostra que a história de composição da capital fez emergir a especulação imobiliária, promovendo a segregação imposta aos moradores da periferia e a autosegregação de seus habitantes mais estruturados social e financeiramente em condomínios fechados de luxo. Enquanto estes se apresentam autosegregados por opção de modelo espacial de moradia, em que o espaço é planejado para um homem ideal e visa cumprir suas funções básicas com soluções padronizadas universalmente, os conjuntos habitacionais encontram-se segregados pelas características de implantação e pelo sítio pouco valorizado, distantes do centro urbano, com projeto totalmente voltado ao atendimento de critérios financeiros. Diante desse impasse, o estudo problematiza como a implantação dos condomínios residenciais horizontais fechados e dos conjuntos habitacionais transformam a morfologia urbana e criam uma cidade segregada. O foco da pesquisa é verificar a alteração da morfologia urbana de Goiânia com a implantação desses empreendimentos, tendo como pano de fundo o momento econômico e social que propiciou a construção dos mesmos e o mercado imobiliário dominante. A importância em discutir este tema provém da possibilidade de compreendermos a dinâmica da implantação dos condomínios horizontais fechados e dos conjuntos habitacionais, bem como as consequências que promovem no ambiente construído, uma vez que modificam a estrutura morfológica da cidade. Para verificar o estudo foram mapeados, identificados e analisados o Conjunto Habitacional Jardim do Cerrado e o Condomínio Residencial Horizontal Alphaville Flamboyant, ambos em Goiânia, demonstrando o impacto socioeconômico e ambiental na construção desses empreendimentos.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o estudo da habitação de baixa renda e a produção da mesma por meio de um processo e sistema de gestão local e sustentável. A partir do estudo da formação da pobreza no Brasil, a constatação da inibição à participação e à reivindicação do direito da função social da propriedade e a existência de um déficit habitacional de 7,9 milhões de moradias, são analisadas as políticas habitacionais do Brasil existentes e em construção, acrescentados os necessários conceitos de sustentabilidade, e o estágio atual de aplicação destas políticas em quatro municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Ao final é apresentado um estudo de um sistema para que os municípios possam com a participação direta dos interessados gerenciar o projeto, produção e manutenção ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida das moradias de baixa renda. / The objective of this work is to contribute to the study of low-income housing and its implementation based on sustainable local management process and system. It starts with the study of the formation of poverty in Brazil, and the identification that participation and claim to right to property is seriously restricted, with a housing deficit of 7.9 million units. Brazils current and developing housing policies are analyzed and complemented by concepts of sustainability, with a presentation of the status of their application to four cities in the state of São Paulo. Finally, the study looks at a system to enable cities to manage the design, production and lifecycle maintenance of low-income housing, with local and direct participation of its stakeholders.