"De-lubrication is the first stage in a sintering operation, where the lubricants (higher weight hydrocarbons) are removed from the parts by controlled heating. Improper de-lubrication leads to defects such as blistering, sooting, micro-porosity etc in a sintered part. Most of these problems arise, as there exists a gap in the present understanding of de-lubrication. The primary motive of this work is to direct research towards the development of sensors and controls and thus, mitigate the various problems due to improper de-lubrication. Currently, there exists a myriad of lubricants being used during the process of compaction. They include metallic based lubricants, polymers and non-metallic lubricants. In this work, research was limited in understanding the de-lubrication of EBS (Ethylene Bisstearimide), as, it the most commonly used lubricant in the industry. It has replaced commonly used lubricant due to cleaner burnouts, absence of metallic residue and, cost effectiveness. The entire work is divided into three phases: • Phase 1: Ascertained the most important parameters that affect the kinetics of de-lubrication. • Phase 2: Investigated the type of gases released during the decomposition of EBS. • Phase 3: Recommended a control strategy. TGA (Thermo-gravimetric analysis) was used in the phase I, the results clearly show that the rate of heating is the most important parameter during de-lubrication. Identification of gases was performed using the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and DUV (Deep ultraviolet spectroscopy). This constituted the second phase of our experiments. The primary gases identified in Phase II were carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbon (hepta-decane). Finally, an empirical model for de-lubrication has been proposed in Phase III. The model was verified in an industrial furnace. It has been observed that there exists a very good correlation between the proposed empirical model and the experiments performed in Phase II of this study. This study lays down the following guidelines for the development of future sensors and controls: • The development of future sensors should focus in the detection of CO2 and hepta-decane. • Rate of heating determines how fast or slow the lubricant decomposes and finally escapes form the compacted part. • The empirical model may be used, as a means to determine the time a part should reside in a furnace for complete lubricant burnout at a given heating rate."

An elastohydrodynamic analysis of a rotary lip seal is performed numerically, incorporating both the fluid mechanics of the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip, by solving the Reynolds equation with flow factors. Asperities on the lip surface dominate the behavior of the flow field in the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip. Since previous analyses treated those asperities deterministically, they required very large computation times. The present approach is much less computationally intensive because the asperities are treated statistically. Since cavitation and asperity orientation play important roles, these are taken into account in the computation of the flow factors. An asperity distortion analysis is introduced to obtain a more realistic model of the complex variations in the asperity distribution on the surface of the seal. Results of the analysis show how the operating parameters of the seal and the characteristics of the asperities affect such seal characteristics as the thickness of the lubricating film, reverse pumping rate, power dissipation and load carrying capacity.

A theory of the sub-ambient fluid pressure phenomenon observed during the wet sliding of a disk on a polymeric pad is presented. Two-dimensional fluid pressure mapping using membrane pressure sensors reveals a large, asymmetrical sub-ambient pressure region occupying about 70 percent of the disk-pad contact area. At the same time, a small positive pressure region exists near the trailing edge of the disk. This phenomenon is believed to be present during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and can contribute to the contact pressure, affecting the material removal rate and removal uniformity. Depending on the load and pad speed, the real contact pressure can be more than 2 times the nominal contact pressure due to the applied load. Tilt measurements of the disk carried out by a capacitive sensing technique indicate that the disk is tilted towards the leading edge and pad center when the pad is rotating. In addition, wafer bow is found to be less than 2 m and wafer tilt with respect to the wafer carrier is 5 to 7 m in the CMP configuration. A two-dimensional mixed-lubrication model based on the Reynolds equation is developed and solved using a finite differencing scheme. The pad is modeled as two layers: a top asperity layer described by the Greenwood and Williamson equation, and the bulk pad as linearly elastic. The orientation of the disk is determined by balancing the fluid and solid forces acting on it and solving using a modified Newtons method. It is found that the tilt of the disk and the pad topography play important roles in the distribution of fluid pressure through affecting the film thickness distribution. For a pad with severe topography, minimum and maximum fluid pressures of -90 kPa and +51 kPa respectively are detected. The model is able to recreate the experimental pressure maps. A material removal rate model based on mechanical abrasion and statistics has also been developed. Comparisons of model predictions and silicon oxide polishing results show agreement.

A droplet may be prevented from wetting a solid surface by the existence of a lubricating film of air, driven by theromcapillary convection, between liquid and solid surfaces. The noncontact nature and the load-carrying capability of a nonwetting droplet lead to potential engineering applications, e.g., low-friction bearings. The present research consists of two thrusts. The first is aimed at quantifying nonwetting-system failures (film and pinning) triggered by application of a mechanical load, gaining insights to failure mechanisms. Experimental results show that film failure occurs over a wide range of droplet volumes when the temperature difference between the droplet and the plate, the driving potential of the free-surface motion, is small. Interferometric observations reveal flow instability just prior to film failure, with the growth of a nonaxisymmetric disturbance on a free surface (m = 1). Pinning failure becomes more prevalent as the temperature difference is increased, stabilizing the film flow. As part of the present investigation, a system was devised, allowing an oscillating free-surface to be reconstructed from a series of interferograms. The dynamic responses of the free surface reveal mode coupling, with harmonics of the input frequency excited through nonlinearity. The second thrust of the research succeeded in levitating and translating a droplet using the mechanism of permanent nonwetting. In this scheme, the droplet is heated by a CO2 laser and is placed above a cooled glass surface in order to drive the lubricating film that supports the weight of the drop. Furthermore, the position of the droplet can be controlled by moving the heating location, which leads to an asymmetry of the flow fields, driving air from the cooler-end of the droplet and propelling it towards the heat source. These demonstrations suggest the techniques potential use as a liquid-delivery scheme in a Lab-On-a-Chip system. Modeling is carried out to estimate propulsive forces on the droplet and to explain oscillatory behavior observed when excessive heating is applied on the drop. The concept to sandwich a droplet between two plates, a necessary configuration for levitating smaller droplets (less than mm-scale), is also discussed.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-262).

Thesis (Ph.D)--Geosystems, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. / Committee Chair: Frost, J. David; Committee Member: Burns, Susan E.; Committee Member: Gokhale, Arun; Committee Member: Mayne, Paul W.; Committee Member: Rix, Glenn J. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvaneto_jf_me_bauru.pdf: 1785488 bytes, checksum: 20f9f159b1b215b07f4c95af3fa0d932 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No processo de retificação e utilização de fluidos de corte é uma maneira de implementar a qualidade final ao processo, pois os fluidos têm como finalidade a lubrificação na área de contato entre a peça e ferramenta e a refrigeração das superfícies, assim evitando danificações na superfície da peça. Com isso, a utilização de fluidos de corte tem sido constantemente estudada, visando diminuir a utilização deste, pois a utilização de fluidos de corte tem seus problemas. O custo do produto final aumenta consideravelmente com o uso de fluidos de corte no processo de retificação, além de que os fluidos de corte são substâncias tóxicas e nocivas tanto às pessoas quanto ao meio ambiente. Portanto indústrias, universidades e centro de pesquisas são levados a pesquisar métodos alternativos menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Dentre as alternativas surge e técnica da mínima quantidade de lubrificante (MQL), que também tem suas desvantagens, como por exemplo, a formação de uma borra de óleo na superfície de corte do rebolo, o que gera uma rugosidade maior na peça. Porém, visando minimizar esse problema podem ser usados jatos de ar comprimido incidindo na superfície de corte do rebolo, com o objetivo de limpar a superfície de corte do rebolo, com o objetivo de limpar a superfície do rebolo. Dessa forma, avaliou-se a eficiência desse sistema de ar comprimido para a limpeza e pôde-se verificar que, a utilização da limpeza juntamente com a técnica do MQL, torna-se viável, pois de uma maneira geral a técnica do MQL com limpeza obteve melhores resultados na qualidade da peça e desgaste da ferramenta, em relação ao MQL sem limpeza. A limpeza com um ângulo tangente à superfície do rebolo foi a condição de limpeza que obteve melhores resultados para a limpeza o que comprova que a melhoria na técnica do... / In grinding process the use of cutting fluids is a way to implement the final quality of the process because the fluids are intended for the lubrication in the contact area between the work piece, the tool and the cooling of the surfaces avoiding damages on the work piece surface. However, the use of cutting fluids has been constantly studied in order to reduce its use since this practice brings a lot of problems about. The final product cost increases considerably along with the use of cuting fluids in gringing process, besides those substances are toxic and harmful to people and to the environment as well. Therefore, industries, universities and research center have been taken as sites for investigating less harmfulll alternative methods to the environment. Among such alternatives comes up of minimum quantify of lubricant technique (MQL), which also has some disadvantages, such as the formation of oil sludge on the cut surface of the wheel, which creates a greater surface roughness on the work piece. However, in order to minimize this problem compressed air jets can be used focusing on the cut surface of the wheel, in order to clean it. Thus, we could evaluated the effectiveness of that compressed air system used for cleaning, and it was possible to observe that the use of cleaning with the MQL technique is feasible because from a general view the use of the MQL technique in the cleaning process showed better results in the quality of the work piece and wornout of the tool comparing to the to the MQL with no cleaning. The cleaning with a tangent angle to the surface of the wheel was the condition of cleanliness that showed better results for the cleanliness which proves that the improvements for the MQL techniques does not lead to significant results compared to the conventional technique. However, the MQL technique with cleanliness has its... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Neste trabalho investigou-se o revestimento protetor nitreto de titânio com a incorporação de dissulfeto de molibdênio como lubrificante sólido, visando aplicação em peças e ferramentas de corte na indústria metal-mecânica. Este revestimento foi obtido na forma de filme fino pela técnica de magnetron sputtering reativo modificando a quantidade de MoS2 de 2,9 a 40,3 % . As propriedades estruturais, físico-químicas, morfológicas, mecânicas e elementares foram analisadas observando a variação na quantidade de dissulfeto de molibdênio nos filmes finos. Estas propriedades foram analisadas por diferentes métodos, tais como espectrometria de retroespalhamento Rutherford, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons induzidos por raios X, difração de raios X de ângulo rasante, nanoindentação e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O MET revela que o composto MoS2 está estruturado na forma de partículas formadas durante a deposição na matriz de TiN. As análises de XPS revelam apenas ligações químicas de Ti-N, Mo-S e não o composto Ti-S pôde ser detectado. Na análise de DRX pode ser observado que em quantidades de MoS2 superiores a 40% sugere um stress compressivo e trativo entre os grãos de MoS2 e TiN causando um deslocamento dos picos para ambas as estruturas. Com o desgaste mecânico não se observou nenhuma modificação nos resultados de XPS e DRX. As propriedades mecânicas tiveram melhores resultados para amostras que contém o percentual de MoS2 abaixo de 12%. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-03T18:51:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gilmara Strapasson.pdf: 6933686 bytes, checksum: f899af08e7e81dde6373ff00102fc235 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-03T18:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gilmara Strapasson.pdf: 6933686 bytes, checksum: f899af08e7e81dde6373ff00102fc235 (MD5) / In this study we investigated the protective coating of titanium nitride using incorporation of molybdenum disulfide as a solid lubricant, seeking application in parts and cutting tools in the metal working industry. This coating was obtained in the form of thin film by dc magnetron reactive sputtering technique. The structural, physicochemical, morphological, mechanical and quantitative elemental analysis were observing the different amounts of molybdenum disulfide in thin films (2,9 to 40,3%). These properties were analyzed using different methods such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy induced by X-rays, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy. TEM reveals a MoS2 compound structured as clusters formed during depositions into TiN matrix; XPS analysis show just Ti-N and Mo-s chemical bindings and no Ti-S compound could be detected; XRD analysis can be observed that amounts of MoS2 over 40% suggests a compressive stress and tractive between the grains of TiN and MoS2 causing a shift of the peaks for both structures. With the mechanical stress that there was no change in the results of XPS and XRD. The mechanical properties showed best results for samples containing a value of MoS2 below 12%.