A utilização de nanopartículas magnéticas em biomedicina e biotecnologia vem recebendo elevado destaque nos últimos anos, graças à versatilidade de aplicações como reparo de tecidos, diagnósticos, ressonância magnética por imagem, tratamento contra o câncer, separação celular, transporte controlado de drogas, entre outras. Atualmente, as nanopartículas com potencialidade de aplicação em biomedicina se restringem aos óxidos magnéticos de ferro, os quais apresentam comportamento superparamagnético a temperatura ambiente e magnetização da ordem de 300 emu/cm3. Entretanto, há necessidade inerente da funcionalização da superfície para possibilitar aplicações biomédicas tornando as nanopartículas biocompatíveis e/ou biosseletivas. Essa funcionalização adicional é obtida geralmente introduzindo camadas de materiais diamagnético e/ou paramagnéticos na superfície das NP, as quais baixam a eficiência das propriedades magnéticas exigindo o desenvolvimento de núcleos com elevado valor de magnetização de saturação. Desta forma, nesse trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas magnéticas metálicas de FePt recobertas com óxido de ferro obtidas via processo poliol modificado combinado com a metodologia de crescimento mediado por sementes. Os núcleos magnéticos como-sintetizados foram recobertos com uma camada de sílica, seguido pelo recozimento em atmosfera redutora para elevar o valor da magnetização de saturação. Em seguida, sobre a superfície de sílica foram ancoradas moléculas luminescentes de rodamina B com o auxílio de moléculas de APTES atuando como grupo sililante e as NP resultantes foram novamente recobertas com uma fina camada de sílica. Os resultados permitem concluir que foi obtido um sistema bifuncional combinando em uma única nanopartícula a possibilidade de sensoriamento óptico e magnético, além de possuir sua magnetização de saturação intensificada cerca de 10 vezes em relação aos óxidos metálicos (64 emu/g), manter o caráter superparamagnético e possuir superfície biocompatível com possibilidades de funcionalizações adicionais, com grande potencial para aplicações em biomedicina. / In recent years, the magnetic nanoparticles uses in many biomedical and biotechnological areas have received great attention due to their several applications possibilities such as: tissue repair, diagnostics, magnetic resonance imaging, cancer treatment, cell separation, and controlled drug delivery, among others. Today, the potential magnetic nanoparticles applications are limited to magnetic iron oxides uses, which exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature and low saturation magnetization around 300 emu/cm3. However, for biomedical applications, the nanoparticle surface must be properly functionalized in order to confer biocompatibility and biosselectivity. These additional functionalizations are generally obtained by paramagnetic and/or diamagnetic materials incorporations onto the nanoparticle surface leading a dramatic decreasing in the already low saturation magnetization. In this context, the development of new magnetic nuclei with high magnetizations values is required. Thus, in this work iron oxide-coated metallic FePt magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by using the modified polyol process combined with the seed mediated growth method. The magnetic as-synthesized nuclei were coated with a thin silica shell followed by thermal annealing under reducing atmosphere in order to increase the saturations magnetization of this material. After that, onto the silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles surface luminescent dye Rhodamine B molecules were supported using the APTES as intermediate sililant molecules. Then, the functionalized nanoparticles were coated again with an outer layer. In conclusion, according to the obtained results, a bifunctional system combining the optical and magnetic sensing in the same nanoparticle was reported. The obtained nanoparticles present superparamagnetic behavior and high saturation magnetization around 10 times higher (~64 emu/g) compared with the iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at the same conditions. In addition, the luminomagnetic nanoparticle surface is biocompatible allowing additional future functionalizations with high potential to biomedical applications.

A utilização de nanopartículas magnéticas em biomedicina e biotecnologia vem recebendo elevado destaque nos últimos anos, graças à versatilidade de aplicações como reparo de tecidos, diagnósticos, ressonância magnética por imagem, tratamento contra o câncer, separação celular, transporte controlado de drogas, entre outras. Atualmente, as nanopartículas com potencialidade de aplicação em biomedicina se restringem aos óxidos magnéticos de ferro, os quais apresentam comportamento superparamagnético a temperatura ambiente e magnetização da ordem de 300 emu/cm3. Entretanto, há necessidade inerente da funcionalização da superfície para possibilitar aplicações biomédicas tornando as nanopartículas biocompatíveis e/ou biosseletivas. Essa funcionalização adicional é obtida geralmente introduzindo camadas de materiais diamagnético e/ou paramagnéticos na superfície das NP, as quais baixam a eficiência das propriedades magnéticas exigindo o desenvolvimento de núcleos com elevado valor de magnetização de saturação. Desta forma, nesse trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas magnéticas metálicas de FePt recobertas com óxido de ferro obtidas via processo poliol modificado combinado com a metodologia de crescimento mediado por sementes. Os núcleos magnéticos como-sintetizados foram recobertos com uma camada de sílica, seguido pelo recozimento em atmosfera redutora para elevar o valor da magnetização de saturação. Em seguida, sobre a superfície de sílica foram ancoradas moléculas luminescentes de rodamina B com o auxílio de moléculas de APTES atuando como grupo sililante e as NP resultantes foram novamente recobertas com uma fina camada de sílica. Os resultados permitem concluir que foi obtido um sistema bifuncional combinando em uma única nanopartícula a possibilidade de sensoriamento óptico e magnético, além de possuir sua magnetização de saturação intensificada cerca de 10 vezes em relação aos óxidos metálicos (64 emu/g), manter o caráter superparamagnético e possuir superfície biocompatível com possibilidades de funcionalizações adicionais, com grande potencial para aplicações em biomedicina. / In recent years, the magnetic nanoparticles uses in many biomedical and biotechnological areas have received great attention due to their several applications possibilities such as: tissue repair, diagnostics, magnetic resonance imaging, cancer treatment, cell separation, and controlled drug delivery, among others. Today, the potential magnetic nanoparticles applications are limited to magnetic iron oxides uses, which exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature and low saturation magnetization around 300 emu/cm3. However, for biomedical applications, the nanoparticle surface must be properly functionalized in order to confer biocompatibility and biosselectivity. These additional functionalizations are generally obtained by paramagnetic and/or diamagnetic materials incorporations onto the nanoparticle surface leading a dramatic decreasing in the already low saturation magnetization. In this context, the development of new magnetic nuclei with high magnetizations values is required. Thus, in this work iron oxide-coated metallic FePt magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by using the modified polyol process combined with the seed mediated growth method. The magnetic as-synthesized nuclei were coated with a thin silica shell followed by thermal annealing under reducing atmosphere in order to increase the saturations magnetization of this material. After that, onto the silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles surface luminescent dye Rhodamine B molecules were supported using the APTES as intermediate sililant molecules. Then, the functionalized nanoparticles were coated again with an outer layer. In conclusion, according to the obtained results, a bifunctional system combining the optical and magnetic sensing in the same nanoparticle was reported. The obtained nanoparticles present superparamagnetic behavior and high saturation magnetization around 10 times higher (~64 emu/g) compared with the iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at the same conditions. In addition, the luminomagnetic nanoparticle surface is biocompatible allowing additional future functionalizations with high potential to biomedical applications.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Hybrid coordination networks such as metal-organic networks, also known as MOF (Metal Organic Framework), have attracted great attention from the scientific community due to their wide diversity and wide range of applications, however, the investigation of applications of these structures still forms a large area of research, with great exploration potential, either through experimental or theoretical chemistry. The present work aims at the use of computational chemistry methods with focus on semiempirical methods for the study of MOFs, so we will initially address results regarding the evaluation of the prediction capacity of solid phase structures of MOFs containing lanthanide as a metallic center. Performed using the semi-empirical methods Sparkle/AM1, Sparkle/PM3, Sparkle/PM6, Sparkle/PM7, Sparkle/RM1 and RM1. The results obtained from the calculation of optimization of the structures suggest that the Sparkle/PM3 and Sparkle/RM1 methods provide more accurate results, with less variability and great agreement with the experimental data, both structural and luminescent. The health application study initially evaluated the structure of the drug doxorubicin and MOF ZnDBC ([Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n), and then evaluated the drug’s anchoring potential, in order to obtain results that justify the MOF to be chosen as a candidate for application as a drug carrier. This analysis resulted in obtaining a viable anchorage between the MOF lamellae. A simulation of the effects of temperature variation on the structure of the MOF EuBTC ([Eu2(MELL)(H2O)6]) and its effect on the luminescent properties was performed to obtain data that could validate your application with gunshot residues marker, aiming at its use in public safety. This analysis explored the potential of structural description of Sparkle/PM3 as well as the obtaining of luminescent properties, which led to the conclusion that the increase in temperature resulted in an increase in the emission quantum yield caused by the loss of water molecules contained in the first sphere of the coordinating polyhedron. For the application of MOFs in energy, an investigation was carried out regarding the degree of adsorption of the hydrogen gas and methane in the IRMOF-8 and in this one after the doping of its aromatic rings with aluminum atoms, in order to elucidate the effect that the realization of this Doping brings the storage capacity of these gases, for use in gas storage cylinders used in motor vehicles. And it was verified a slight reduction in the storage capacity of the methane gas, since for the hydrogen gas no significant changes were verified. Finally, a study was carried out to evaluate the capture capacity of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gases in IRMOF-8 and in this doped with aluminum, so the same structure of the previous study was used. It was found that doping gave a considerable increase in the degree of adsorption, being more effective for the carbon dioxide, whose interactions had energy of magnitude of a chemical adsorption. / As redes metalorgânicas também conhecidas como MOF (do inglês Metal Organic Framework) têm atraído grande atenção da comunidade científica devido a sua ampla diversidade e vasta gama de aplicações. Entretanto, a investigação de aplicações destas estruturas ainda configura uma grande área de pesquisa, com potencial de exploração, seja por meio de um viés experimental ou teórico. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o uso de métodos de química computacional com foco em métodos semiempíricos para o estudo das MOFs. Assim, inicialmente abordaremos resultados referentes à avaliação da capacidade de predição das estruturas em fase sólida de MOFs contendo íons lantanídeos como centro metálico. Este estudo foi realizado através do uso dos métodos semiempíricos Sparkle/AM1, Sparkle/PM3, Sparkle/PM6, Sparkle/PM7, Sparkle/RM1 e o RM1. Os resultados obtidos a partir do cálculo de otimização das estruturas sugerem que o método Sparkle/PM3 e o Sparkle/RM1 proporcionam resultados mais exatos, com menor variabilidade e grande concordância com os dados experimentais, tanto estruturais como luminescentes. Foi avaliado o potencial de ancoragem da doxorrubicina na MOF ZnDBC ([Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n). Esta análise mostrou viabilidade de ancoragem entre as lamelas da MOF. Além disso, foi realizada uma simulação dos efeitos da variação da temperatura sobre as propriedades luminescentes da MOF EuBTC ([Eu2(MELL)(H2O)6). Com isso, buscou-se validar a aplicação desta MOF como marcador de resíduos de disparo de arma de fogo. Esta análise explorou o potencial de descrição estrutural do Sparkle/PM3, bem como obtenção de propriedades luminescentes. A elevação da temperatura resultou no aumento do rendimento quântico de emissão, causado pela perda de moléculas de água contidas na primeira esfera do poliedro de coordenação. Para aplicação de MOFs na área de energia, foi realizada uma investigação referente ao grau de adsorção de gás hidrogênio e metano na IRMOF-8. Foi realizada a inclusão de átomos de alumínio nos anéis aromáticos, visando elucidar qual o efeito provocado sobre a capacidade de armazenamento desses gases. A dopagem levou a uma leve redução na capacidade de armazenamento do gás metano. Já para o gás hidrogênio não foram verificadas alterações significativas. Por fim, foi feito um estudo de avaliação da capacidade de captura dos gases dióxido de carbono e sulfeto de hidrogênio na IRMOF-8, tanto pura quanto dopada com alumínio. Notou-se que a dopagem proporcionou um considerável aumento no grau de adsorção, sendo mais efetivo para o dióxido de carbono, cujas interações tiveram energia de magnitude de uma adsorção química. / São Cristóvão, SE

Les propriétés spectroscopiques des monocristaux de α-ZnAl2S4, semi-conducteurs de type spinelle avec une large bande interdite, dopées par les ions des métaux de transition sont investigués et leur interprétation est donnée. Les monocristaux, obtenus par la méthode de transport chimique en phase vapeur avec la concentration des impuretés dopantes compris entre 0.01 – 0.1% at., représentent des octaèdres homogènes optique avec des faces orientent (111). Les analyses par les rayons X ont confirmé que tous les échantillons ont cristallisés dans une structure normale de type spinelle avec la symétrie cubique Fd3m (Oh7). Les monocristaux de α-ZnAl2S4 : Ti manifestent des propriétés radiatives dans le domaine spectral du proche infrarouge 0.8–1.4μm. Les résultats spectroscopiques obtenus dans l’intervalle des températures 10-300K (les spectres de la photoluminescence stationnaire et résolue en temps, de l’absorption et de l’excitation de la photoluminescence) sont interprétés dans les termes d’un cluster composé par un ion de Ti4+ dans une configuration octaédrique des six ions de soufre. Les bandes spectrales observées sont attribuées à des transitions électroniques survenues d’un transfert de charge ligand Ti4+ pour les sites octaédriques de titane, qui est en concordance avec la évidence expérimentale de l’absence du RPE signale des ions de Ti. Les constantes vibroniques des niveaux excités et l’auteur de la barrière potentielle entre eux ont étés calculés. La structure des spectres d’absorption et de la luminescence des monocristaux de α-ZnAl2S4 :Co est déterminé par les transitions électroniques des ions de Co2+ localisés dans des sites tétraédriques. Quatre composantes spectrales radiatifs sont révélés en utilisant la spectroscopie résolue en temps sous différentes longueur d’onde d’excitation et il est montré que la photoluminescence des monocristaux de α-ZnAl2S4 : Co est dû aux transitions électroniques entre les niveaux excités des ions de Co2+. Les valeurs calculées des constantes de l’interaction spin – orbite des niveaux excités indiquent une faible influence du part de champ cristallin et une forte interaction spin – orbite. L’absorption optique et la photoluminescence des monocristaux de α-ZnAI2S4 : V sont déterminées des transitions électroniques du vanadium trivalent situé dans des sites octaédriques. L’augmentation de la température est accompagnée par l’amplification de la luminescence intégrale et l’élargissement du spectre centré à λ =1.4μm. Trois composantes spectrales radiatifs de α-ZnAI2S4 : V révélés aux basses températures sont dû aux transitions électroniques des ions de V3+. D’après l’analyse comparative des propriétés spectroscopiques des monocristaux de type spinelle de α-ZnAl2S4 dopés par les ions des métaux de transition Ti, Co, et V, le plus favorable comme milieux actifs laser, est le composée α-ZnAl2S4 : V3+, qui pourrais assurer l’émission dans le domaine des longueurs d’ondes 1.2-1.6μm, ce qui correspondent à la région spectrale utilisée par les systèmes des communications sur fibre optique. / Spectroscopic properties of α-ZnAl2S4 spinel-type single crystals of the wide band gap semiconductor doped by the transition metals Ti, Co and V are investigated and their interpretation is presented. The crystals, grown by the chemical vapour transport method, with activator impurities concentrations 0.01 – 0.1% at., correspond to optically homogeneous octahedrons with (111) - oriented mirror-like faces. The x-ray analyses confirm that all samples crystallised into the normal spinel type structure with Fd3m (Oh7) cubic symmetry. It is found out that α-ZnAl2S4:Ti single crystals exhibit luminescence in the IR spectral range 0.8–1.4μm. The spectroscopic results obtained in the temperature range 10-300K (steady-state and time resolved photoluminescence, optical absorption and excitation luminescence spectra) are interpreted in terms of a cluster composed of the central Ti4+ ion in an octahedral coordination of six sulphur ions. The observed spectral bands are assigned to the electronic transitions arising from the ligand – Ti4+ charge transfer for octahedral sites of titanium that is in agreement with the experimental evidence for the absence of the EPR signal from Ti ions. The vibronic coupling constant for the excited levels and the barrier height between them are calculated. The structure of the absorption and luminescence spectra of α-ZnAl2S4:Co crystals is determined by the electronic transitions of Co2+ ions located in tetrahedral sites. Four radiative spectral components are revealed using the time-resolved spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths and it is shown that the luminescence of α-ZnAl2S4:Co crystals is due to the electronic transitions between the excited levels of Co2+ ions. The calculated values of the spin-orbit coupling constants of the excited levels indicate a weak crystal field influence and a strong spin-orbit coupling. It is determined that the absorption and luminescent properties of α-ZnAl2S4:V spinel type crystals are the result of electronic transitions of trivalent vanadium ions located in octahedral sites. The rise of temperature leads to the enhancement of the integral luminescence intensity and to the broadening of the spectrum centered at λ =1.4μm. Three main spectral components of the α-ZnAI2S4:V IR spectra revealed at low temperatures are caused by electronic transitions of V3+ ions. The coexistence of a broad band with the narrow lines at low temperatures, when the thermal energy kBT is much less than the height of the potential barrier between the excited states, is explained assuming that there is a phonon assisted tunnelling between these states. On the base of the comparative analysis of spectroscopic properties of α-ZnAl2S4 spinel type crystals doped with transition metals Ti, Co, and V it is established that α-ZnAl2S4:V3+ compounds are the most appropriate for applications as active media for solid state IR-lasers tunable in the 1.2-1.6μm wavelength range, which corresponds to the spectral region used in the fibre-optics communication systems.