The Standard Model of particle physics successfully describes present collider data. Nevertheless, theoretical and cosmological results call for its extension. A softly broken supersymmetric completion around the TeV scale solves several of the outstanding issues. Supersymmetry requires two Higgs doublets, leading to five physical Higgs states. These include a pair of charged Higgs bosons H±, which are a generic feature of theories with multiple Higgs doublets. Using results from high-energy colliders and flavour physics, constraints are derived on the charged Higgs boson mass and couplings; both for constrained scenarios in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) with grand unification, and for general two-Higgs-doublet models. The MSSM results are compared to the projected reach for charged Higgs searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the LHC, a light charged Higgs is accessible through top quark decay. Beyond a discovery, it is demonstrated how angular distributions sensitive to top quark spin correlations can be used to determine the structure of the H±tb coupling. The public code 2HDMC, which performs calculations in a general, CP-conserving, two-Higgs-doublet model, is introduced. In parallel to the developments at colliders, the most energetic particles ever recorded are the ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays. To gain more insight into their origin, new experiments are searching for UHE neutrinos. These searches require detectors of vast volume, which can be achieved by searching for coherent radio pulses arising from the Askaryan effect. The prospects of using a satellite orbiting the Moon to search for neutrino interactions are investigated, and a similar study for an Earth-based radio telescope is presented. In both cases, the method is found competitive for detection of the very highest energy neutrinos considered.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Aerospace Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Processes during the meroplanktonic phase regulate population dynamics for many marine benthic invertebrates. I examined changes in vertical distribution of different meroplanktonic larvae in a coastal embayment during a stable period, at high temporal frequencies and spatial resolutions. Plankton samples were collected at 6 depths (3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 m) using a pump, every 2-h over a 36- and a 25-h period, during a spring and neap tide, respectively, concurrently with measures of temperature, salinity, fluorescence and current velocity. For 10 gastropod taxa, larval vertical distribution was mostly related to the thermal structure of the water column. Each of 7 taxonomic groups was found either exclusively near the surface, associated with the fluorescence maximum, or showed diel changes in distribution. These larvae that occupy different depths in the water column exhibit different dispersal potentials. / Biogeographical data contained in this thesis will be submitted to the Oceanographic Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) and may be accessed on-line at http://www.iobis.org

Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du Programme de formation de l’école québécoise en 2001, l’astronomie est à nouveau enseignée dans les classes du Québec. Malheureusement, l’école est mal outillée pour enseigner des concepts astronomiques complexes se déroulant pour la plupart en dehors des heures de classe et sur de longues périodes de temps. Sans compter que bien des phénomènes astronomiques mettent en jeu des astres se déplaçant dans un espace tridimensionnel auquel nous n’avons pas accès depuis notre point de vue géocentrique. Les phases de la Lune, concept prescrit au premier cycle du secondaire, sont de ceux-là. Heureusement, l’école peut compter sur l’appui du planétarium, musée de sciences dédié à la présentation, en accéléré et à toute heure du jour, de simulations ultra réalistes de divers phénomènes astronomiques. Mais quel type de planétarium secondera l’école ? Récemment, les planétariums ont eux aussi subi leur propre révolution : ces institutions sont passées de l’analogique au numérique, remplaçant les projecteurs optomécaniques géocentriques par des projecteurs vidéo qui offrent la possibilité de se déplacer virtuellement dans une simulation de l’Univers tridimensionnel complètement immersive. Bien que la recherche en éducation dans les planétariums se soit peu penchée sur ce nouveau paradigme, certaines de ses conclusions basées sur l’étude des planétariums analogiques peuvent nous aider à concevoir une intervention didactique fructueuse dans ces nouveaux simulateurs numériques. Mais d’autres sources d’inspiration seront invoquées, au premier chef la didactique des sciences, qui conçoit l’apprentissage non plus comme la transmission de connaissances, mais plutôt comme la construction de savoirs par les apprenants eux-mêmes, avec et contre leurs conceptions premières. La conception d’environnements d’apprentissages constructivistes, dont le planétarium numérique est un digne représentant, et l’utilisation des simulations en astronomie, complèteront notre cadre théorique et mèneront à la conception d’une intervention didactique à propos des phases de la Lune dans un planétarium numérique s’adressant à des élèves âgés de 12 à 14 ans. Cette intervention didactique a été mise à l’essai une première fois dans le cadre d’une recherche de développement (ingénierie didactique) visant à l’améliorer, à la fois sur son versant théorique et sur son versant pratique, par le biais de multiples itérations dans le milieu « naturel » où elle se déploie, ici un planétarium numérique gonflable de six mètres de diamètre. Nous présentons les résultats de notre première itération, réalisée en compagnie de six jeunes de 12 à 14 ans (quatre garçons et deux filles) dont nous avons recueilli les conceptions à propos des phases de la Lune avant, pendant et après l’intervention par le biais d’entrevues de groupe, questionnaires, mises en situation et enregistrement des interventions tout au long de l’activité. L'évaluation a été essentiellement qualitative, basée sur les traces obtenues tout au long de la séance, en particulier sous la voûte du planétarium. Ce matériel a ensuite été analysé pour valider les concepts théoriques qui ont mené à la conception de l'intervention didactique, d'une part, mais aussi pour faire émerger des améliorations possibles visant à bonifier l'intervention. Nous avons ainsi constaté que l'intervention provoque effectivement l'évolution des conceptions de la majorité des participants à propos des phases de la Lune, mais nous avons également identifié des façons de rendre l’intervention encore plus efficace à l’avenir. / Since the Quebec Education Program came into effect in 2001, Quebec classrooms have again been teaching astronomy. Unfortunately, schools are ill-equipped to teach complex astronomical concepts, most of which occur outside school hours and over long periods of time. Furthermore, many astronomical phenomena involve celestial objects travelling through three-dimensional space, which we cannot access from our geocentric point of view. The lunar phases, a concept prescribed in secondary cycle one, fall into that category. Fortunately, schools can count on support from the planetarium, a science museum dedicated to presenting ultra-realistic simulations of astronomical phenomena in fast time and at any hour of the day. But what type of planetarium will support schools? Recently, planetariums also underwent their own revolution: they switched from analogue to digital, replacing geocentric opto-mechanical projectors with video projectors that offer the possibility of travelling virtually through a completely immersive simulation of the three-dimensional Universe. Although research into planetarium education has focused little on this new paradigm, certain of its conclusions, based on the study of analogue planetariums, can help us develop a rewarding teaching intervention in these new digital simulators. But other sources of inspiration will be cited, primarily the teaching of science, which views learning no longer as the transfer of knowledge, but rather as the construction of knowledge by the learners themselves, with and against their initial conceptions. The conception and use of constructivist learning environments, of which the digital planetarium is a fine example, and the use of simulations in astronomy will complete our theoretical framework and lead to the conception of a teaching intervention focusing on the lunar phases in a digital planetarium and targeting students aged 12 to 14. This teaching intervention was initially tested as part of development research (didactic engineering) aimed at improving it, both theoretically and practically, through multiple iterations in its “natural” environment, in this case an inflatable digital planetarium six metres in diameter. We are presenting the results of our first iteration, completed with help from six children aged 12 to 14 (four boys and two girls) whose conceptions about the lunar phases were noted before, during and after the intervention through group interviews, questionnaires, group exercises and recordings of the interventions throughout the activity. The evaluation was essentially qualitative, based on the traces obtained throughout the session, in particular within the planetarium itself. This material was then analyzed to validate the theoretical concepts that led to the conception of the teaching intervention and also to reveal possible ways to improve the intervention. We noted that the intervention indeed changed most participants’ conceptions about the lunar phases, but also identified ways to boost its effectiveness in the future.

馬來西亞華人的年節習俗與神話傳說，結合了在地化生活經驗的實踐，融通多元種族的文化習俗，也沿襲繼承了傳統，在文化抉擇認同感上是具有革新的適應性與長遠的價值觀，這項象徵著宇宙歷史永恆的回歸，賦予了每個檳榔嶼華人經歷一個生命禮俗的「通過儀式」而產生不朽的生命能量。 檳榔嶼鍾靈毓秀，位於馬來西亞北部，享有印度洋上的「綠寶石」和「東方明珠」稱譽，自1786年開埠迄今，具有逾2百多年悠久歷史，是馬來西亞第二大城市，更是擁有華裔族群最多的一個州屬 。以檳榔嶼華人年節習俗與神話傳說作為一個研究個案，是基於檳榔嶼原初為南渡馬來半島的華人移民定根的橋頭堡，並且佔全國華人人口比例最多的一個州屬，而且州的主政權一直以來是由華人所主導。 隨著華裔先民的南遷移居定根，華人年節文化薪火相傳地在異域開枝散葉，有關華人的年節習俗和神話傳說也就隨著傳統文化的傳播，注入在地新文化元素，形塑出具有特殊性的檳榔嶼華人年節文化與華人年節的神話傳說、民間故事和傳統習俗。年節習俗和相關神話傳說的傳承，千百年來一直被完整地保留在那永恆的神聖時空，並且與時並進，衍生出非凡的象徵意義和文化意涵，深深地影響著檳榔嶼的華人世俗社會。 本論文主題分為三大部分，探討檳榔嶼「華人年節習俗與傳統文化」，專注於華人年節的一些傳統風俗習慣、文化與宗教祭祀信仰，並結合在地化的生活禮儀，反映出移民原生情感聯繫的移植，充滿了兆驗和禁忌；「年」的傳說在時間和空間中所產生的概念與面向、特殊的人日撈生慶祝儀式、新春廟會活動的象徵意義以及峇峇娘惹的元宵節活動，展現出先民在日常生活中的原始思維方式，經過長期的經驗累積、生活情境體會、人生成長智慧的啟發，以及生命禮俗的通過儀，詮釋出華人社群文化的認同與文化混生現象。 其次，華人在新春節日中的祈福求財啟智慧的民俗信仰與傳統習俗文化的傳承關係密切，本文將探討福、祿、壽、喜、財等五福神話傳說的來源與發展，尤其是檳榔嶼華人最為重視的地域性福德正神廟請火祈願儀式以及五方五土龍神與唐番地主財神的敬奉，更是充滿著華人對佛、道、民間信仰的神明傳說、神聖空間特性、象徵意義的崇高想像，以及背後所涉及隱匿性的黨派組織所構成的華人社會根源，尤其與華人日常生活習俗息息相關。 最後一部分將探討檳榔嶼華人對天公信仰的崇拜，天公信仰是檳榔嶼各籍華裔社群，尤其是閩南籍福建人士認為天大過年的一個節日，這也是一種原始情懷的延伸，從原初華人聚集的姓氏橋周姓橋民及天公壇古廟每年盛大的祭拜天公儀式當中，可以窺視究竟。本論文亦試圖結合臺灣與檳榔嶼華人春節慶典與民間習俗傳說的世俗經典文化，作互文性的比較，從中區別兩地華人傳統春節慶典儀式和春節習俗傳說在生活層次條件下的發展。 / The study of this topic is with great value. It is important to compare with the differences of the Chinese new year festival and customary legends between Taiwan and Penang , then it should promote the understanding between each other. The traditional Chinese new year festival in Penang intergrated the multi-enthic cultures and customs, either to inheritate the traditional, or to create the new local culture from the cultural identity. Penang Island is established in 1786, which is the second largest city with most enthic group of Chinese lived. It is located at the northern part of Malaysia Penisula and known as “Emerald” or “Pearl of Orient” on the Indian Ocean. This thesis is study mainly on the traditional Chinese New Year Customary Legends of Penang Island. The Chinese New Year Culture is moved with the Chinese anscestors accordingly and spread widely on the island. The Traditional Chinese New Year customary legends are dessimanated with new local culture elements which added into it, and becomes the unique custom in the region that affected the local born Chinese of Penang Island thoroughly. The main topic of the thesis is divided into three parts, firstly, to study the traditional and regeneration of the Chinese New Year. It is related to various traditional customs, cultures and beliefs in religious worship which integrated with the local etiquette. Secondly, to study the God of wealth in folk custom, especially the custom legend regarding about the Penang Fu De Zheng Sheng(God of wealth) in lightening the ritual fire ceremony. Lastly but no least, to study the Supreme God festival in Chew Jetty.

Submitted by Glauber Assunção Moreira (glauber.a.moreira@gmail.com) on 2018-08-31T18:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto completo_28_2_14_Ed_28_03_2014.pdf: 6894931 bytes, checksum: 5cc533a586af75f8297528e031545cfa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marly Santos (marly@ufba.br) on 2018-09-03T17:17:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto completo_28_2_14_Ed_28_03_2014.pdf: 6894931 bytes, checksum: 5cc533a586af75f8297528e031545cfa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T17:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto completo_28_2_14_Ed_28_03_2014.pdf: 6894931 bytes, checksum: 5cc533a586af75f8297528e031545cfa (MD5) / Esta pesquisa se refere a um estudo prático-teórico, na linha de Poéticas e Processos de Encenação em Artes Cênicas e foi conduzida pelo desejo da pesquisadora de ampliar os conhecimentos de sua formação como artista e professora de teatro. Trata-se da produção de um contexto poético-reflexivo, no qual se cruzam três grandes campos: Processos Criativos, Imaginário e Teatro de Animação. Teve como objeto disparador a prática da atriz que construiu e animou seu próprio personagem-boneco no espetáculo Protocolo Lunar. Neste considerou-se as interfaces do Teatro de Animação como encenação contemporânea com estratégias metodológicas colaborativas. No referido contexto, foram compreendidos, interpretados e tornados visíveis Princípios e Procedimentos criativos de concepção, construção e atuação do personagem-boneco para cena a partir do ponto de vista de quem constrói e anima. Trata-se de metodologia adequada a processos de criação artística, que opera com a Abordagem Compreensiva apresentada por Sonia Rangel, a qual, entre outros autores, se apoia na Teoria da Formatividade de Luigi Pareyson. Igualmente, foram considerados os pensamentos de outros autores para fundamentar a pesquisa, tais como Ana Maria Amaral, Valmor Beltrame, Henryk Jurkowski, Gaston Bachelard, Cecília Almeida Salles, Ítalo Calvino, Klauss Vianna, Marco Souza. A pesquisa de campo foi desenvolvida a partir de Laboratórios Criativos com o Grupo Os Imaginários, além de incluir o diálogo com três outros artistas, Gil Teixeira, de Salvador, Bahia; Anibal Pacha, de Belém do Pará e Marcelo Lafontana, de Vila do Conde, Portugal, por meio de entrevistas. Eles foram selecionados pelo critério de também partilharem prática cênica semelhante. A perspectiva, além de registrar a memória de processos criativos em Teatro de Animação, é poder articular com outras pesquisas realizadas, colaborar com a discussão, o aprofundamento, os desdobramentos e a ampliação das reflexões que já existem neste campo. / This research refers to a practical-theoretical study, in the Poetics and Processes Staging Performing Arts in line and was driven by the desire of the researcher to broaden the knowledge of his training as an artist and teacher of theater. It is the production of a poetic-reflexive context in which intersect three major fields: Creative Processes, Imaginary and Animation Theater. Object was to trigger the practice of the actress who has built his own character and animated puppet-show in Lunar Protocol. This was considered the interfaces of the Animation Theater as contemporary staging with collaborative methodological strategies. In that context, were understood, interpreted and made visible Principles and Procedures of creative design, construction and performance character-puppet to the scene from the point of view of who builds and animates. It is suitable for artistic creation processes, which operates the Comprehensive Approach by Sonia Rangel, which, among others, rests on the theory formativeness Luigi Pareyson methodology. Also, we considered the thoughts of other authors to support research, such as Ana Maria Amaral, Valmor Beltrame, Henryk Jurkowski, Gaston Bachelard, Cecilia Almeida Salles, Italo Calvino, Klauss Vianna, Marco Souza. The field research was developed from Creative Labs with Imaginary Group and includes dialogue with three other artists, Gil Teixeira, Salvador, Bahia; Anibal Pacha, of Belém do Pará and Marcelo Lafontana, Vila do Conde, Portugal, through interviews. They were selected by the criterion also share similar stagecraft. The prospect, and to record the memory of creative processes in Animation Theater is able to articulate with other surveys conducted, supporting the discussion, deepening, the unfolding and expansion of reflections that already exist in this field.

Reproductive success in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles is strongly dependent on the effective placement and internal conditions of their nests. Embryos rely on optimal incubation conditions for proper development and growth, which determines how many hatchlings will emerge from the nest. The internal microclimate of each nest is delicately balanced and can be easily influenced by external environmental conditions. This study was designed to examine several environmental variables and determine their effects on sea turtle nesting numbers, hatching success, and incubation conditions in Broward County Florida. Over a span of 25 years (1991-2015), the Broward County Sea Turtle Conservation Program has collected data on each sea turtle nest laid in Broward County. This data was analyzed and plotted to visualize nesting and hatching trends, and regressions were fitted to make comparisons to historic air temperature, sea surface temperature, precipitation, and lunar illumination data. These regressions were tested for significance, and each environmental variable was found to have varying levels of impact on sea turtle nesting and hatching behavior. Of the environmental variables considered in this study, analyses suggest that sea turtles are most responsive to temperature, with sea surface temperature serving as the best proxy for predicting nesting behaviors. Air temperature over the incubation period was found to be the best indicator for hatch success percentage. Air temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation averages all significantly affected the length of the incubation period. The regression models created in this study could be used to examine the interactions between climatic variables, and to indicate what impacts can be expected by these various environmental factors. This information could be used to estimate the future effects of climate change on sea turtle reproduction, and to predict general reproductive success and future population trends.

En 1638, paraît en Angleterre un ouvrage de John Wilkins (1614 - 1672), traitant de la pluralité des Mondes et plus précisément de la découverte d’un nouveau Monde : la Lune. Grâce à une argumentation dialectique, l’auteur tente de montrer la similarité entre la Terre et notre satellite. Il s’appuie pour cela sur le modèle copernicien et sur les observations astronomiques de Galilée. De cette similarité, en résulte, selon lui, l’idée que la Lune est peut-être habitée comme la Terre, par des êtres qu’il nomme Sélénites. Il ajoute qu’il serait possible de s’y rendre, et de commercer avec les habitants. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la place des sciences du vivant dans les théories sur la pluralité des Mondes, principalement dans l’œuvre de John Wilkins, et les différentes implications littéraires, théologiques et philosophiques qui en découlent. / In 1638, a book is published in England by John Wilkins (1614-1672), dealing with the plurality of Worlds, and more specifically the discovery of a New World: the Moon. With a dialectical reasoning, the author tries to show the similarities between the Earth and the Moon. For this he uses the Copernican model and astronomical observations of Galileo. From these similarities, Wilkins suggests the idea that the moon could be harboring living beings like Earth and then conjecture on the nature of its inhabitants, the Selenites. He writes that it may be possible one day to reach the Moon and trade with its inhabitants. The purpose of our work is to study the living in the discourse on the plurality of worlds, and observe its place in the work of Wilkins.

Les forçages physiques conditionnent la discontinuité dans l'espace et le temps (patchiness) du plancton dans l'océan. La thèse s'est basée sur deux exemples. Le premier concerne le nord-ouest des Sargasses où une série temporelle à du macrozooplankton a été analysée à partir du rétro signal acoustique (Sv) mesuré avec un ADCP 153-KHz. Trois types de tourbillons ont été identifiés: un tourbillon cyclonique productif, la périphérie d'un tourbillon "mode-water", et la périphérie d'un tourbillon anticyclonique. Les valeurs de Sv ont augmenté au cours du passage des tourbillons, avec une hausse plus marquée associée au bord des tourbillons cyclonique et anticyclonique, ce qui suggère une réponse biologique significative aux upwelling localisées dans la zone frontale de ces tourbillons. Dans le deuxième exemple, la distribution spatiale et temporelle du zooplancton a été étudiée au large de la Nouvelle-Calédonie au cours de deux campagnes multidisciplinaires en 2011. La variabilité du zooplancton a été évaluée à l'aide d'échantillonnage au filet ainsi qu'à partir de mesures acoustiques (ADCP embarqué, échosondeur scientifique et TAPS). Des amplitudes plus élevées de la migration verticale nycthémérale (DVM) du zooplancton étaient associées à une plus grande abondance de petit zooplancton et aux eaux froides du sud de la zone d'étude, tandis que des amplitudes de DVM plus faibles dans le nord étaient associés à des eaux plus chaudes et à de plus grande abondance des grands organismes. Ces mesures acoustique ont clairement mis en évidence le rôle des forçage physique, notamment des structures à méso-échelle, sur la répartition spatiale et temporelle du zooplancton. / Physical forcing drives the space and time discontinuity (patchiness) of plankton in the ocean. The thesis was focused on the role of these forcing on the zooplankton, studied using both acoustic and traditional methods with net sampling. The study was based on two examples. The first one concerns the northwestern Sargasso Sea where high resolution time-series data on 0-200m macrozooplankton abundance and distribution off Bermuda was estimated from volume backscattering strength (Sv) measured with a 153-Khz ADCP. Three types of eddies were identified: a productive cyclonic eddy, the periphery of a mode water eddy, and the periphery of an anticyclonic eddy. Sv values increased during passage of theses eddies, with a more pronounced increase associated with the edge of the cyclonic and the anticyclonic eddies, suggesting a significant biological response to localized upwelling in the high velocity boundary of these eddies. In the second example, spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton off New Caledonia was studied during two multidisciplinary cruises in 2011. Zooplankton variability was assessed using net sampling together with acoustic measurements (shipborne ADCP, scientific echosounder and TAPS). Higher amplitudes of diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton were associated with higher abundance of large zooplankton and cold waters to the south of the study area, while lower DVM amplitudes in the north were associated with warmer waters and higher abundance of small organisms. These acoustic measurements clearly evidenced the role of physical forcing, particularly mesoscale features, in shaping zooplankton space and time distribution.

L’étude du paléomagnétisme des roches extraterrestres fournit des informations sur les champs magnétiques présents dans le système solaire il y a plusieurs milliards d’années. A travers ce travail de thèse nous avons exploré deux grands aspects : un champ de dynamo sur un corps différencié, la Lune, et des champs magnétique dans le système solaire primitif avec l’étude de chondrites (CM et les rumurutites). Notre étude des échantillons lunaires a permis de confirmer l’existence d’un champ de dynamo ancien de forte intensité (~50 µT) entre 3.8 et 3.3 Ga. En utilisant l’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique comme indicateur de paléohorizontale et en faisant l’hypothèse d’une géométrie de champ dipolaire, nous avons déterminé que l’axe de cette dynamo était centré sur l’axe de rotation actuel de la Lune. Les chondrites CM et les Rumurutites ont enregistré des champs magnétiques anciens quelques millions d’années après la formation du système solaire. L’aimantation rémanente des chondrites CM constitue probablement le plus ancien enregistrement paléomagnétique jamais mis en évidence. L’estimation de la paléointensité (2 µT) et les contraintes chronologiques dont nous disposons ne permettent pas de trancher entre un champ d’origine externe (solaire ou nébulaire) ou d’origine interne (dynamo). Cette dernière hypothèse laisse entrevoir la possibilité de la formation de corps partiellement différenciés dès les premiers millions d’année du système solaire. Dans les rumurutites, les conclusions sont similaires, avec une paléointensité également estimée à 2 µT. Cependant l’aimantation étant plus jeune, une origine interne est favorisée. / Paleomagnetic studies of extraterrestrials rocks provide information on magnetic fields that prevailed in the solar system several million years ago.Through this work we have explored two main aspects: a field dynamo on a differentiated body, the moon, and magnetic fields in the early solar system with the study of two chondrites classes; CM and rumurutites. Our study of lunar samples confirmed that an old dynamo field of high intensity (~50 µT) existed on the Moon between at least 3.8 and 3.3 Ga. Using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for paleohorizontale and assuming a dipole field geometry, we determined that the dynamo axis was centered on the actual rotation axis of the Moon.CM chondrites and Rumurutites recorded old magnetic fields acquired few million years after the formation of the solar system. The remanent magnetization of CM chondrites is probably the oldest paleomagnetic record never evidenced. The estimated paleointensity (2 µT) and time constraints not allowed to discriminate between a field of external (solar or nebular) or internal origin (dynamo). This latter hypothesis suggests that formation of partially differentiated body could occur during the first million years of the solar system history. In rumurutites, conclusions are similar, with a paleointensity also estimated at ~2µT. However, the magnetization is younger and an internal origin is favored.