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Previous processing of the Lunar Prospector magnetometer (LP-MAG) data has yielded ∼40% coverage of the Moon. Here, new mapping of the low-altitude LP-MAG data is reported with the goal of producing the first global vector map of the lunar crustal magnetic field. By considering all data regardless of the external plasma environment and using less restrictive editing criteria, 2360 partial and complete passes have been identified that can be used to investigate the lunar crustal magnetic anomalies. The cleanest global coverage is provided using 329 low-altitude nightside and terminator passes. An inverse power method has been used to continue the final mapping data to constant altitude. Using the 329 optimal passes, global maps of the lunar crustal magnetic field are constructed at 30 and 40 km. Consistent with previous studies: (1) the largest concentrations of anomalies are mapped antipodal to the Crisium, Serenitatis, Imbrium, and Orientale basins and (2) isolated anomalies at Reiner Gamma, Rima Sirsalis, Descartes, and Airy are mapped. Anomalies previously unmapped by the LP-MAG experiment include (1) isolated anomalies near the craters Abel and Hartwig, (2) weak magnetization within the Nectarian-aged Crisium and Moscoviense basins, and (3) a relatively weak anomaly in an area dominated by crater chains associated with the formation of Nectaris. Future work with the new low-altitude data set is discussed and will include determining whether the lunar anomalies are capable of deflecting the solar wind and investigating directions of magnetization to evaluate a possible former core dynamo.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-02-14T19:39:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação final__Giulliana Appel.pdf: 1541475 bytes, checksum: bb55b5e19fa38ca4a1b558df3ee9d304 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T19:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação final__Giulliana Appel.pdf: 1541475 bytes, checksum: bb55b5e19fa38ca4a1b558df3ee9d304 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It is commonly assumed that aerial insectivorous bats might respond to moonlight intensity by decreasing their foraging activity during bright nights due to the inherent predation risk increase of due to the lower insect availability. The effect of moonlight can be measured among nights and within a night. However, only few studies synchronously involve both approaches and most authors essentially compare bat activity with lunar phases. Our main aim was to evaluate how the moonlight influences aerial insectivorous bat activity at different time scales: between nights (bright and dark nights and wide range of moonlight intensity) and within the same night. Bat activity from five species was calculated using autonomous ultrasound recording stations and moonlight intensity percentages retrieved from Moontool program. Bat activity was calculated per species per night during a 53-day sampling period. Bat activity was also assessed hourly in a gradient of different moonlight intensity nights. Only one species (Myotis riparius) positively responded to moonlight, while two species (Pteronotus parnellii e Saccopteryx leptura) increased their foraging activity and other two did not respond (Cormura brevirostris and S. bilineata). Bat activity was for all the species greater at the beginning of the night independently of the moon presence, indicating that foraging just after the sunset is essential. The response of bats to the effects of moonlight intensity is more apparent between nights than within a single night and might depend on particular traits of each species such as flight speed, flexibility in habitat use and body size. / É globalmente aceito que os morcegos insetívoros aéreos respondem a luminosidade lunar com a diminuição de atividade em noites claras pelo aumento do risco de predação e pela menor disponibilidade de determinados insetos. O efeito da luminosidade pode ser avaliado entre noites e dentro de uma mesma noite, no entanto poucos estudos envolvem os dois enfoques sincronicamente e a maioria dos autores usam fases lunares como preditor da atividade de morcegos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar como a luminosidade lunar influencia na atividade dos morcegos insetívoros aéreos em diferentes escalas temporais: entre noites (noites claras, noites escuras e com grande variação de luz) e dentro de uma mesma noite. Para estimar a atividade de cinco espécies de morcegos insetívoros aéreos usamos estações de gravação autônomas de ultrassom e usamos dados de percentagem de intensidade de luminosidade lunar retirados do programa Moontool. A atividade das cinco espécies foi calculada por noite para as 53 noites amostradas e foi calculada a atividade por hora para noites escuras e claras e dentro de uma mesma noite. A atividade apenas de uma espécie de morcego (Myotis riparius) diminuiu por causa da luminosidade lunar entre noites, enquanto a atividade de Pteronotus parnellii e Saccopteryx leptura) aumentaram de atividade e outras duas não responderam (Cormura brevirostris e S. bilineata). A atividade das espécies foi maior no início da noite independente da exposição da lua, evidenciando que a reposição energética no forrageio após a saída do abrigo é essencial. A resposta dos morcegos aos efeitos da luminosidade lunar é mais aparente em escala temporal longa e pode ser dependente a fatores intrínsecos de cada espécie como velocidade do voo, flexibilidade no uso de habitat e tamanho do corpo.

The seasonality, lunar and diurnal periodicity of planulation of five scleractinian corals, Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Euphyllia glabrescens and Tubastraea aurea, were compared. Corals were collected monthly and maintained in outdoor, flow-through systems to quantify the number of larvae released. Planulation of the five species occurred throughout the year. The long period of reproduction may be related to the warm mean seawater temperature in Nanwan Bay. S. pistillata released few larvae during late summer and early fall, suggesting the seasonality of reproduction. The pattern of lunar cycle can be classified into three strategies: (1) Planulation of S. hystrix and P. damicornis showed clear lunar periodicity and the peak of larval release shifted with different months. The peak of planulation occurred around the full moon in winter then shifted gradually to the first quarter moon phase in summer. The phase shift of larval release may be related to the seasonal variation of seawater temperature and the sudden temperature drops caused by upwelling. (2) Planulation of S. pistillata showed clear lunar periodicity and the peak of larval release occurred around the full moon. This may promote the larval dispersal. (3) E. glabrescens and T. aurea showed clearly lunar periodicity and the peak of larval release changed with different months. The peak of planulation shifted from full moon to new moon during winter and spring while it shifted from new moon to full moon during summer and fall. The pattern of diurnal cycle also can be classified into three strategies: (1) Planulation of S. hystrix and S. pistillata revealed a well-defined diurnal pattern with most planulae being released close to sunrise. (2) P. damicornis and E. glabrescens released larvae throughout the day, with two peaks occurring in the early morning and in the night. Corals of all three pocilloporids and E. glabrescens timed larvae release relative to the light-dark cycle suggesting that diurnal cycle determined when larvae were released. Larvae released in the dark may have lower risk of predation effect. Furthermore, the peak planulation occurred close to sunrise may be advantageous for some mature larvae to have light cues for quick settlement within the natal reef. (3) The azooxanthellate coral T. aurea released larvae throughout the day with no apparent cycle. These results suggest that zooxanthellae may play a role in regulating the diurnal cycle.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This dissertation has three main focuses: (1) identify the distribution of a new rock type (Mg-spinel lithology) on the Moon and explore the likely petrogenesis of Mg-spinel; (2) investigate the presence of olivine in the crater central peaks and analyze the sources of olivine; (3) determine the compositional variations of lunar crust with depth, and establish a new model to describe the structure of the lunar crust.

Lunar constellations providing the capabilities of situational awareness and surveillance for future mission operators are analyzed in this study. The use of specialty orbits, such as sun-synchronous and frozen orbits, are analyzed to determine the applicability of these unique orbits. Additionally, altitude and inclination trades are performed to determine the degree to which mission objectives are achieved through ranges of these orbital parameters. Using the analyzed orbits, constellations of varying patterns are developed and surface coverage figures of merit are used to evaluate them. The research concludes with calculation of the yearly cross-track and in-track stationkeeping costs of a representative constellation. This stationkeeping is necessary for preservation of the designed coverage statistics.

Recent emphasis by NASA on returning astronauts to the Moon has placed attention on the subject of lunar surface feature tracking. Although many algorithms have been proposed for lunar landmark tracking navigation, much less attention has been paid to the issue of navigational state initialization from lunar craters in a lost in low lunar orbit (LLO) scenario. A new crater detection and identification algorithm is developed in this dissertation that allows for navigation state initialization from as few as one image of the lunar surface with no a priori state knowledge. Craters are detected by a filter that is an extension of the Circular Hough Transform, after which verification is performed by a number of checks on the illuminated portion of the candidate crater interior. Detected craters are identified by matching them to entries in the USGS crater catalog via non-dimensional crater triangle parameters. False identifications are rejected based on a probability check. The algorithm was tested on Apollo 16 LLO images, and shown to perform well. / text