Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-110).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62).

Over 50 million children attend public elementary and secondary schools in the United States each day. Children spend a substantial portion of their waking hours in school and consume one-third to one-half of their daily calories there, making schools a promising site to influence dietary quality and potentially the risk of childhood obesity. Important policy revisions have been implemented in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) to improve the nutritional quality of school meals. In 2010, the Healthy, and Hunger-Free Kids Act updated the NSLP standards. The revised nutrition standards required schools to increase the availability of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free and low-fat fluid milk in school meals; reduce the level of sodium, saturated fat and trans fat; and meet the nutritional needs of school children within their calorie requirements. About 60% of elementary children participate in the NSLP at least once per week, with the remaining 40% of children bringing a packed lunch from home. While school lunches are guided by national standards and regularly monitored to ensure standards are maintained, the remaining 40% are not guided by national standards. The ultimate purpose of this research was to assess the current school lunch environment and increase the overall nutritional quality of elementary lunches. Data collection procedures included school and packed lunch observations, elementary parent questionnaires, and a pilot intervention to assist elementary parents in providing healthier packed lunches. Results from these studies provide insight on the nutritional differences in school and packed lunches, provide knowledge concerning the parental motivations and barriers to participating in the NSLP or packing lunch for a child, and contribute to the limited research on effective modalities for assisting parents in providing healthier lunches. This research has significant implications public policy and provides valuable information for health professionals, researchers, food service directors, parents, and elementary school administrators to encourage NLSP participation and/or develop interventions which assist parents in packing healthier lunches. Interventions can take the form of marketing strategies to potentially influence NSLP participation, interventions to increase the nutritional value of packed lunches, and/or improvements in school wellness policies. / Ph. D.

I den aktuella studien är syftet att undersöka hur pedagoger interagerar med elever under skolmåltiden samt att undersöka ljudnivån under lunchtid. Studien ska även ge en bild över  pedagogers inställning till den pedagogiska lunchen. Materialet som ligger till grund för studiens empiri är observationer i fyra olika skolmatsalar samt 35 enkäter besvarade av pedagoger i årskurserna sex till nio. För att analysera interaktioner mellan pedagoger och elever har Yrjö Engeströms utvecklade modell av verksamhetsteorin använts. Teorin är utvecklad från Vygotskijs aktivitetsteori och innefattar många ramfaktorer pedagogen förhåller sig till under den pedagogiska lunchen. För att analysera ljudnivån har lombardeffekten använts som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Denna teori grundar sig i att en person höjer sin röst omedvetet i förhållande till bakgrundsljud, högre ljudnivå i bakgrunden resulterar i högre samtalsvolym. Studiens resultat visar pedagoger prioriterar socialt samspel i den pedagogiska lunchen för att bygga goda relationer med elever i en avspänd miljö. Observationerna visade att pedagogerna har en generellt positiv inställning i samtal med elever vid matbordet. Många pedagoger ansåg att ljudnivån påverkade den pedagogiska lunchen negativt. Resultatet visade även att ljudnivån skiljde sig från skola till skola, vilket kan bero på ett flertal komponenter, så som matsalens utformning, möblering och antal närvarande elever.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Lehigh University, 2004. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-241).

The U.S. is the world's largest economy, accounting for about 20% of world Gross Domestic Product (GDP). With a high income and a mature welfare system, households in the U.S. should have enough food and healthy diets, especially for children. However, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported that 9.8% of households with children were considered food insecure in 2010. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is the second largest federally assisted food program and aims to provide nutritious, well-balanced lunches for school-age children. This thesis examined the association between NSLP participation and children's food security, using the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment study (SNDA-III). An 18-item household module was used to measure the food security status of children. An ordered probit model was estimated using a two-stage instrumental variable approach in order to address the endogeneity of program participation. We found that students with enough time to eat lunch were 12% more likely to participate in NSLP. Student participation in NSLP was also influenced by the receipt of free/reduced priced meals, being elementary or middle school age, residing in rural area, parents' having a lower education level and living in a single parent household with one employed parent or in two-parent household with both parents employed. The second stage of the model indicates that receipt of free/reduce price meals, household structure and employment, school level, race, and education have significant effects on food security status. Moreover, we found that children from marginally food-secure households have characteristics similar to those from food insecure households rather than highly food-secure households. After controlling for the endogeneity of program participation, we could not find evidence to support program participation having a significant effect on children's food security. To confirm our findings we used adult and child food security modules as alternative food security measures. A bivariate probit model was estimated as an alternative model, but there was still no significant association between NSLP and food security status. A possible reason that NSLP has no effect on food security was that participating children did not intake significantly more calories from school lunch.

The Study of Problems Relating to Lunch Program In Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County Abstract The purposes of this study were to understand the current state of the lunch programs of junior high schools in Kaohsiung county, to analyze the present school lunch programs (SLP) in other cities of Taiwan, in the United States, and in Japan and then to discuss some relevant problems about the SLP of junior high schools in Kaohsiung County. Questionnaires were developed to survey the best modes ¡® management of the SLP, the best ways to enhance the quality of the SLP and the difficulties in the management of the SLP. The data of questionnaires were analyzed by Chi-square test. The following conclusions were drawn from the results of this study: 1. Modes of the SLP (1) For large-sized schools: the school authorities (SA) regarded public-owned and public-managed mode as the best mode of the SLP; the representatives of parents (ROP) regarded the public-owned and private-managed mode as the best mode of the SLP. (2) For medium-sized schools: the SA and the ROP both regarded public-owned and public-managed mode as the best mode of the SLP. (3) For small-sized schools: the SA regarded the co-managed mode as the best mode of the SLP; the ROP regarded public-owned and public-managed mode as the best mode of the SLP. 2. The management of the SLP ¡]1¡^For large-sized and medium-sized schools: the SA and the ROP both regarded the common management as the best mode. (2) For small-sized schools: the SA and the ROP both regarded the simple management as the best mode. 3. Relevant factors for improving the quality of the SLP (1) The SA considered the design of menu the most important factor for improving the SLP. The ROP considered the practice of lunch-time education the most important factor and the design of menu the second one. (2) The SA and the ROP both agreed that the most important task of kitchen management is the sanitation of kitchen environment, and the second one is the maintenance of cooking equipment. (3) Both the SA and the ROP agreed that the most important requirement of cooks is good cooking skills and the second one is good personal hygiene. (4) The SA thought that the most important factor of the effectiveness of the SLP lay in the effective management and the second one was the staff's professional ability. The ROP regarded the staff's professional ability as the most important factor and effective management as the second one. 4. The difficulties in the SLP (1) The difficulties in the staff's professional ability: both the SA and the ROP agreed that the main difficulties lay in lack of professional recipe designers and the insufficient experience of the SLP supervisors. (2) The difficulties in the budget of the SLP: both the SA and the ROP regarded that the SLP subsidies from the government and the lunch fee paid by students were quite insufficient. (3) The difficulties for the staff who are in charge of the SLP: both the SA and the ROP regarded that the difficulties lay in the staff's unwillingness to do the job under the heavy workload of their teaching and administrative duties. (4) The difficulties in the school cooking equipment: the SA and the ROP have different viewpoints. The SA regarded the major difficulties were insufficiency of lunch equipments and the cooking staff's insufficient ability to use the cooking equipments. The ROP pointed out that the difficulties lay in insufficiency of cooking equipments and discard of the cooking equipments. (5) The difficulties in the implementation of lunch-time education: both the SA and the ROP observed that the administrative unit in charge of the SLP did not take the lunch-time education seriously and the homeroom teachers did not carry it out completely. According to the conclusions of this study, the researcher presented the following suggestions for the reference of the education authorities and schools to improve the SLP: 1. To add a nutritionist to the cooking staff and provide relevant training for the SLP staff members to increase the personnel¡¦s professionalism. 2. To increase the government subsidies to solve the fisical difficulties of the SLP. 3. To reduce the workload of the staff members and increase their allowances in order to promote their willingness to work. 4. The SA should select the best mode of the SLP based on the school size. 5. To put emphases on the sanitation of the kitchen so as to ensure the safety and cleanness of food. 6. To put emphases on cooks' and the staff members' personal hygiene to ensure the good quality of the food they served. 7. To be down-to-earth with lunch-time education and to make students acquire good dietetic habits.

It¡¦s everyone¡¦s dream to have their own career in their life, such as running a restaurant or a store. Although the economy has been depressed for a long time, there are more and more restaurants in Taiwan. Running a lunch-box store is one of the options when people want to have their own stores. Some people successed and had the chain lunch-box stores, even planned to enter China market. Some failed in running their stores and left the market. This research would focus on the operation of the lunch-box store to find what to do to make the store better operated.

Background: The HHFKA authorizes funding and establishes policy for USDA’s child nutrition programs including the NSLP and the SBP to align with the DGA. It is inconclusive whether these dietary requirements increase healthy food selection let alone increase consumption because data is difficult to track, and plate waste studies are time consuming and labor intensive. Several studies have shown an association between advertising methods and increased fruit selection. However, research examining the degrees of impact these advertising methods have on student selection and consumption is lacking. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether different methods of advertising in school cafeterias have different effects on influencing children’s food choices. The researchers predicted branding would have the greatest effect on fresh fruit selection and consumption. Fresh fruit selection and consumption were observed in a sixth-grade student population during school lunch with majority of students participating in the free and reduced lunch program. Methods: An average of 412 student selection observations and 200 student consumption observations were collected over six days testing three advertising methods with a control group for each treatment. The three treatment groups consisted of branding, digital advertising, and variety. Results: This study found that digital advertising and variety had a significant effect on students’ fruit selection during school lunch by 8.5% and 17.6%, respectively. Digital advertising and branding had a significant decrease on student consumption, but variety increased consumption by 0.9%. Conclusion: In conclusion, advertising methods can increase the selection of fresh fruit, but additional strategies such as nutrition education, garden-based learning, and taste tests should be implemented to increase fresh fruit consumption.

William S. Burroughs challenges each reader of Naked Lunch to make meaning of its convoluted pages.  This project explores the two crucial keys to fuller understanding of his groundbreaking literary work:  Logic and Ethics. In "Beating the Dead Horse: Deconstructing the Junk Genius of Naked Lunch," I illustrate Burroughs' means of exposing the flawed binaries that undergird the Aristotelian Logic of language.  In Naked Lunch, the author bares the slippery nature of any such Logical language, whereby each word comes with a range of denotations and connotations, all of which shift constantly according to a concomitantly shifting context.  This project primarily explores Burroughs\' means of subverting traditional logic by exposing the flaws that riddle the foundations of language, essentially undermining the syllogistic system via the system (essentially fashioning a word virus/vaccine chain). I also analyze the Ethical grounding of Naked Lunch, which grows directly from Burroughs' logical/linguistic subversions.  Namely, Burroughs sought to expose the problems with the common Utilitarian Ethic that ultimately pushes the individual to the margins while subsuming the individual within the group (a symptom of the binary logical/linguistic systems that pervade thought and encourages othering).  This article provides substantial evidence that links Burroughs\' ethical equations directly from his Algebra of Need to Jeremy Bentham's Hedonistic Calculus. / Master of Arts