The effect of light on a model colloidal beverage system under two different test conditions, refrigerated storage (14 d, 4°C) and accelerated storage at room temperature (12 hr, 25°C), was investigated. The addition of lutein to provide protection against photo-oxidation of susceptible compounds also was investigated. Fluorescent light-exposure (14 d, 4°C) of the control beverage system led to a decline in sensory quality based on triangle test results. Sensory quality also declined in the lutein-fortified beverage due to light-exposure. Sensory quality of light-exposed, lutein-fortified beverage compared to the light-protected control did not yield significant sensory differences for two out of three replications giving positive implications towards the use of lutein for photo-protection. Overall, panelists preferred beverages that were protected from light exposure with no specific preference towards control or lutein-fortified beverage, indicating lutein did not inhibit photo-chemical reactions leading to a decline in sensory quality. Chemical analysis showed limonene concentration was significantly higher in the lutein-fortified beverage compared to the control beverage after light exposure (14 d, 4°C). Hexanal concentration, however, was not closely correlated with sensory differences. Results of the accelerated storage (12 hr, 25°C) study showed that the most damaging wavelengths to lutein stability were UV (200-400 nm) and 463 nm wavelengths. Degradation of lutein at 463 nm was expected and can be attributed to lutein''s absorption of blue light at 450 nm. Hexanal formation was highest in the control beverage when exposed to full spectrum light and specifically UV (200-400 nm) wavelengths. Hexanal was also formed in the lutein-fortified beverage under full spectrum light and UV (200-400 nm) wavelength but to a significantly lesser degree. Limonene degraded significantly under all treatment conditions, with the most occurring during full spectrum light exposure. Lutein-fortification did not effectively protect limonene from degradation under these conditions. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Mainz.

Lutein is a principal constituent of the human macular pigment. This study is composed of two projects. The first studies the conformational geometries of lutein and its potential adaptability in biological systems. The second is a study of the response of human subjects to lutein supplements. Using semi-empirical parametric method 3 (PM3) and density functional theory with the B3LYP/6-31G* basis set, the relative energies of s-cis conformers of lutein were determined. All 512 s-cis conformers were calculated with PM3. A smaller, representative group was also studied using density functional theory. PM3 results were correlated systematically to B3LYP values and this enables the results to be calibrated. The relative energies of the conformers range from 1-30 kcal/mole, and many are dynamically accessible at normal temperatures. Four commercial formulations containing lutein were studied. The serum and macular pigment (MP) responses of human subjects to these lutein supplements with doses of 9 or 20 mg/day were measured, relative to a placebo, over a six month period. In each instance, lutein levels in serum increased and correlated with MP increases. The results demonstrate that responses are significantly dependent upon formulation and that components other than lutein have an important influence serum response.

This study investigated whether lutein and DHA enriched egg consumption can improve electrophysiological retina function for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration in Caucasian older adults. Thirty (male: n=11, female: n=19) healthy Caucasian older adults (64.0 ± 3.4 years) consumed two lutein and DHA enriched eggs (0.87 mg lutein/day, 220 mg DHA/day) daily for six weeks. Retina function, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) DHA, plasma lutein, lipid profiles, and lipoprotein subfractions were assessed at day 0 and 6 wks. The maximum amplitude of scotopic a-wave and photopic b-wave significantly increased along with plasma DHA concentrations No significant alterations in plasma Chol, HDL-Chol, LDL-Chol, triacylglycerides, plasma lutein and RBC DHA were present. A significant increase in large HDL particles and a decrease in intermediate sized HDL particles occurred. This study suggests that consuming two lutein and DHA enriched eggs daily may improve electrophysiological retina function without adversely altering plasma lipids in Caucasian older adults. / May 2017

A series of experiments were conducted to explore factors affecting transfer of value-added ingredients from the diet to table eggs, with the goal of contributing to improvements in the enrichment process. Flaxseed-based ω-3 PUFA enrichment did not reduce lutein enrichment. The combine enrichment of lutein and ω-3 PUFA had decresed lipid oxidation potential. Also, when fed a ω-3 PUFA diet, birds scored as energetic Efficient had longer and wider villi, resulting in greater absorptive surface area/villi than Non-efficient hens. However, histomorphological differences did not affect transfer of ω-3 PUFA from diet to egg. Finally, birds fed graded levels of ω-3 PUFA to characterize change in lipid profile of egg and blood plasma in time reached a plateau in total ω-3 PUFA/egg in 5.9 to 6.6d, with High birds reaching the target of 300 mg/egg in 5d. Egg enrichment can be modulated by changes to the hen diet. / Animal Science

Lutein is a lipid soluble plant pigment with recognized health benefits, although intake levels by the general population and bioavailability are generally low. These factors have led to interest in producing high lutein functional foods, including baked products. Cookies, muffins, and flatbreads, were produced at three enrichment levels (equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg per serving) and then subjected to an in vitro simulation of human gastric and duodenal digestion coupled with Caco-2 monolayers. Lutein transfer to the aqueous phase during digestion (i.e. bioaccessibility) and monolayer absorption were determined as estimates of potential bioavailability. The higher fat products (muffins and cookies) resulted in higher overall bioaccessibility (p<0.05) and absorption at most levels of enrichment. Digestive conditions representative of the fed and fasted state were compared, with the fed model resulting in much higher estimates of bioavailability. Lutein concentration in the aqueous was the most important factor in determining subsequent monolayer absorption. Overall, the cookie was the most effective product for bioaccessibility, and enriching them to the highest level would result in the greatest delivery of bioavailable lutein to the body. / Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

No description available.

Techn. University, Diss., 2003--Berlin.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 sandeski_lm_dr_araca.pdf: 1319335 bytes, checksum: 713d38fb92f826ec3d351a79254de66e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O milho é o ingrediente energético comumente utilizado na formulação de ração de aves que apresenta um papel pigmentante adicional para as gemas dos ovos por conter xantofilas, diferentemente do trigo e do sorgo, que apresentam pouco ou nenhum potencial para isso. Neste estudo foram consideradas as quantidades de xantofilas oriundas dos ingredientes energéticos no cálculo de xantofilas totais da ração. O objetivo do experimento foi identificar as quantidades de xantofilas amarelas e vermelhas a serem adicionadas às rações à base de milho, sorgo e trigo para proporcionar as cores de gemas preferidas pela população local. Além disso, pretendeu-se determinar o custo das rações que forneceram as cores de gemas mais aceitas. Foram realizados três experimentos individuais com 72 aves (Dekalb) cada. Os experimentos foram combinados, resultando em rações contendo oito níveis de xantofilas amarelas (0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 1,25; 1,5; 1,75 e 2,0 mg/ave/dia) e três níveis de xantofilas vermelhas (0; 0,35 e 0,7 mg/ave/dia). Para os dados de desempenho, as aves foram pesadas no início e ao final do experimento e o peso dos ovos foi registrado diariamente. A análise de custo foi realizada com a utilização do Programa Prático para Formulação de Ração. A cor das gemas foi determinada pelos métodos objetivo (L, a, b) e subjetivo (Leque Colorimétrico da Roche - LCR). A aceitação da cor foi avaliada por uma escala hedônica de cinco pontos. Os pesos das aves (P = 1,00) e dos ovos (P = 0,07) não foram influenciados pela inclusão dos aditivos nas rações. As cores LCR mais aceitas foram 9 com a dieta à base de milho, 6 com a dieta à base de sorgo e 8 com a dieta à base de trigo, alcançadas com a suplementação de 2,0 mg/ave/dia de pigmentos amarelos nas dietas de milho e sorgo, e de 1,25mg/ave/dia de pigmentos amarelos na dieta de trigo. Houve interação significativa entre as quantidades de xantofilas amarelas e vermelhas (P < 0,0001), sobre L, a e b. O custo da ração de milho ajustada ao menor consumo (90 g/ave/dia) para fornecer cor LCR 9 para as gemas foi de R$ 111,26 para 1.000 aves e o custo da ração de sorgo ajustada ao maior consumo (110 g/ave/dia) para se obter a mesma cor foi de R$ 86,58, para 1.000 aves/dia. / Maize is the energy ingredient mostly used for poultry feed formulation, with an additional role on the pigmentation of the egg yolks due to its xanthophylls, unlike wheat and sorghum, with little or no potential for it. Of this study, the amounts of xanthophylls from the energy ingredients were considered for the calculation of total xanthophylls of the diet. The objective of the experiment was to identify the amounts of yellow and red xanthophylls to be added to maize, sorghum and wheat diet to provide the preferred yolk colors for the local population. In addition, it was intended to determine the cost of the diets that provided the most accepted yolk colors. Three individual experiments were performed with 72 laying hens (Dekalb) each. The experiments were combined, resulting in diets containing eight levels of yellow xanthophylls (0; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.25; 1.5; 1.75 and 2.0 mg/hen/day) and three levels of red xanthopylls (0; 0.35 and 0.7 mg/hen/day) in the diets. For the performance analyses, hens were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and the eggs were weighed daily. The cost analysis was assessed using the Pratical Program for Feed Formulation. The yolks colors were evaluated by objective (L, a and b) and subjective (Roche Yolk Color Fan - RYC) methods. The preference for the yolk color was assessed by a hedonic scale of five points. The hens` weight (P = 1.00) and the eggs` weight (P = 0.07) were not influenced by the inclusion of the additives in the diets. The most accepted RYC colors were 9 with the maize based diets, 6 with sorghum diets and 8 with wheat diets, which were achieved with the addition of 2.0 mg/hen/day of yellow pigments to the maize and sorghum diets, and 1.25mg/hen/day of yellow pigments to the wheat diet. There was a significant interaction between the amount of yellow and red xanthophylls (P < 0.0001) on L, a and b. The cost of the maize diet adjusted to the lowest consumption (90 g/hen/day) to achieve RYC color 9 to egg yolks was R$ 111.26 for 1.000 hens/day, and the cost of the sorghum diet adjusted to the highest consumption (110 g/hen/day) to achieve the same color, was R$ 86.58 for 1.000 hens/day.

Purpose: The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements. Methods: 86 eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4(±8.3)years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated. Results: Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median(lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8%(-46.2%/-19.1%), MeanOD -44.0%(-54.6%/-26.6%). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients (<70years of age: (n=25eyes) MaxOD -13.4%(-20.5%/3.6%), MeanOD -23.6%(-30.5%/-15.3%) versus patients ≥70years: (n=61eyes) MaxOD -40.5%(-53.2%/-30.1%), MeanOD -47.2%(-57.8%/-40.1%)) and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1:(n=9eyes) -27.4%(-42.1%/-19.6%), 2:(n=26eyes) -35.0%(-44.2%/-25.3%), 3:(n=21eyes) -34.4%(-45.4%/-11.4%), 4:(n=25eyes) -32.6%(-53.2%/-6.4%) and 5:(n=5eyes) -53.5%(-61.7%/-38.7%) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1:(n=9eyes) -42.6%(-46.0%/-26.0%), 2:(n=26eyes) -44.1%(-51.8%/26.2%), 3:(n=21eyes) -45.7%(-54.7%/-24.7%), 4:(n=25eyes) -39.5%(-59.4%/-26.1%), 5:(n=5eyes) -57.0%(-66.1%/-51.4%). Conclusions: As established by comparison of pre- to post-operative measurements, cataract presented a strong effect on MPOD measured by one-wavelength reflection method. Particular care should therefore be taken when evaluating MPOD using this method in elderly patients with progressed stage of cataract. Future optimization of correcting parameters of scattered light and consideration of cataract influence may allow more precise evaluation of MPOD.