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The aim of this thesis is to determine the marketing strategies used in the luxury industry differentiate luxury from premium and research the motivations values and beliefs of luxury consumers. Research was done on five main luxury activities: fashion and leather goods jewelry and watches and perfumes and cosmetics spirits and automobiles. The literature part has been structured in a way to present the evolution of the luxury industry and its development over the course of years. The section then goes onto clearly defining what luxury is and stating the different industries found in the luxury market. The secondary research identified the use of five different marketing strategies in the luxury industry. A survey was then conducted in order to understand consumer s motivations for purchasing luxury goods and their beliefs values and view s on luxury products. Results showed that the majority of survey participants agreed there existed a difference between premium and luxury and that quality and craftsmanship are the biggest motivators for purchasing luxury goods. The survey was carried out worldwide but there was a greater focus on consumers from North America and Europe. Survey participants were categorized into three target groups: management students managers with high disposable income and regular luxury consumers. Based on the findings the author made recommendations for new entrants into the luxury industry according to each marketing strategy.

For decades, the African continent has been perceived in a negative way and it has not been easy to change this international perception of the continent. During the past few years a deep change has taken place in the continent and in the eyes of the world. Africa is now open for business and Africa is also able to compete effectively in the international luxury market. The luxury market is constantly rising but it is not fully present on the African continent yet. The objective of this thesis is to decide whether or not luxury companies should tap into that new market with a widespread penetration. Therefore, a market entry strategy, followed by a market research was conducted throughout the thesis. The luxury companies' international motives were analyzed. Then their current situation analysis led to the analysis of the geographic zone, Africa. It is about finding if the African market offer favorable conditions to luxury companies by examining the external environment and also the internal environment by analyzing the current luxury industry situation in Africa in order to confirm the market attractiveness of this area. The study was delimited to the West African Region, region that reseals a great market potential and a broad emergence of the middle class in perpetual search for self-esteem, given by luxury goods. African consumers' behaviors were also revealed and analyzed in this study. Thus, recommendations were elaborated in order to give some guidelines to the luxury firms if they decide to enter within the West African market.

The study investigated the role of knowledge (objective knowledge and subjective knowledge) and the importance of country-of-origin in female consumers’ purchasing intent of exotic crocodile leather accessories. The study was conducted across South Africa and specifically concentrated on exotic crocodile leather accessories, which is a subset category in the luxury apparel industry. Consulta Research is a professional research company and was consulted to assist with the data collection. A quantitative descriptive approach was followed by developing an electronic survey design. Data was collected by using a selfadministrated online questionnaire, which was distributed by a research company. A crosssectional study was used to conduct the research. The data was collected by means of nonprobability convenient sampling. A total of 337 questionnaires were completed. Scales from previous research studies were adapted for the purpose of this study. The questionnaire was part of a bigger study and only five sections of the questionnaire were relevant to this specific study. Descriptive and association methods were used to analyse the data. Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation were used to analyse the data by means of relationships between variables. This study attempts to differentiate between consumers’ objective and subjective knowledge of luxury leather accessories. The construct objective knowledge was theoretically divided into intrinsic-related attributes and extrinsic-related attributes of the products of investigation. The relationship between objective knowledge and purchasing intent as well as the relationship between the importance of country-of-origin information and purchasing intent of exotic crocodile leather accessories was investigated. The findings regarding exotic crocodile leather accessories showed that females’ objective and subjective knowledge is limited, did not seem to find country-of-origin information important, had a weak purchase intent, and indicated that there was statistical significance only between the female consumers’ purchasing intent and their objective knowledge regarding the intrinsicrelated attributes of exotic crocodile leather accessories. The limitations of the study are that the results are based on non-probability convenience sampling, therefore the findings cannot be generalized to the whole South Africa, or to all the exotic leather industry markets for affluent consumers. One would have liked to have approached a population group that consisted of affluent respondents with an annual household income of more than R100 000. The study’s findings can contribute to the South African exotic crocodile leather industry and specifically to retailers, manufacturers, tanneries, and marketers. The findings and conclusions drawn in this study contribute to existing theory and could serve as the basis for future research in consumer behaviour, consumer science and the luxury exotic leather industry in South Africa. / Die studie het die rol van produk-kennis (objektiewe kennis en subjektiewe kennis) en die belangrikheid van inligting aangaande land-van-oorsprong in vroulike verbruikers se koopintensie met betrekking tot eksotiese krokodilleer-bykomstighede ondersoek. Die studie is regoor Suid-Afrika uitgevoer, en daar is spesifiek gekonsentreer op eksotiese krokodilleer-bykomstighede, wat ʼn sub-kategorie in die luukse klerebedryf uitmaak. Consulta Research is ʼn professionele navorsingsmaatskappy en is geraadpleeg om te help met die data-insameling. ʼn Kwantitatiewe deskriptiewe benadering is gevolg deur ʼn elektroniese opname-ontwerp te ontwikkel. Die data is ingesamel deur die gebruik van ʼn selftoegepaste aanlyn-vraelys, wat deur ʼn navorsingsmaatskappy versprei is. ʼn Dwarssneestudie is gebruik om die navorsing te doen. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van niewaarskynlikheids- gerieflikheid-steekproefneming. ʼn Totaal van 337 vraelyste is voltooi. Skale uit vorige navorsingstudies is aangepas vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie. Die vraelys het deel gevorm van ʼn groter studie en slegs vyf afdelings van die vraelys het betrekking op hierdie spesifieke studie. Pearson-korrelasie en Spearman-korrelasie is gebruik om die data deur middel van die verhoudings tussen veranderlikes te analiseer. Hierdie studie poog om te onderskei tussen die verbruikers se objektiewe en subjektiewe produk-kennis van luukse leer-produkte. Die produk wat genavors word se objektiewe kennis is teoreties onderverdeel in intrinsiek-verwante kenmerke en ekstrinsiek-verwante eienskappe. Die verhouding tussen objektiewe kennis en koopintensie, asook die verhouding tussen die belangrikheid van inligting aangaande die land-van-oorsprong en die koopintensie met betrekking tot eksotiese krokodilleer-bykomstighede is ondersoek. Die bevindinge met betrekking tot eksotiese krokodilleer-bykomstighede het getoon dat vroulike verbruikers beperkte objektiewe kennis en subjektiewe kennis beskik, blykbaar nie inligting aangaande land-van-oorsprong as belangrik beskou nie, ʼn swak koopintensie het, en het aangedui dat daar statistiese beduidendheid was slegs tussen die vroulike verbruikers se koopintensie en hul objektiewe kennis aangaande die intrinsiek-verwante eienskappe van eksotiese krokodilleer-bykomstighede. Die beperkinge van die studie is dat die resultate gebaseer was op nie-waarskynlikheidsgerieflikheidsteekproefneming, wat beteken dat die bevindings nie veralgemeen kan word na die hele Suid-Afrika nie, of na al die eksotieseleer-bedryfsmarkte vir welgestelde verbruikers nie. ʼn Mens sou graag ʼn populasiegroep wou kon bestudeer wat bestaan uit welgestelde respondente met ʼn jaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste van meer as R100 000. Die studie se bevindinge kan bydra tot die Suid-Afrikaanse eksotiese krokodilleerbedryf en spesifiek vir kleinhandelaars, vervaardigers, leerlooierye, en bemarkers. Die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings in hierdie studie dra by tot bestaande teorie en kan dien as die basis vir toekomstige navorsing in verbruikersgedrag, verbruikerswetenskappe en die luukse, eksotiese leerbedryf in Suid-Afrika. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Consumer Science / MConsumer Science / Unrestricted

Today, it is important for companies to deliver superior customer value in order to be successful on the market. There are two different ways of achieving this advantage; a company can either follow a market driven approach or a market driving approach. The difference between these two approaches is that a market driven company listens to the customers’ demand and create superior customer value of their needs. On the contrary, a market driving company reshapes the market and offer new superior needs to customers that will be seen as a need by them. Furthermore, there is a gap of the influence the internal factors have on the market driven and the market driving approach. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an insight of how the three internal factors, structure, financial resources and organization culture, influence the two approaches in the luxury industry. A survey was conducted in order to gather data from different companies worldwide. Both explanatory and exploratory research strategies were used when the collected data was analyzed. Explanatory research was used to test the hypothesis and explain the research question. Exploratory research was used to further understand how the internal factors influence a company’s marketing strategy.  The result of this dissertation indicates that the three internal factors were not significantly connected with market driven or market driving approach. However, it can still be argued that the internal factor structure somehow is correlated with the market driven approach. Furthermore, the findings of this dissertation can be interesting for people who seek to investigate in both the concept of market orientation and how the internal factors influence it.

Les entreprises de l’industrie du luxe sont aujourd’hui soumises à une pression constante de la part des marchés pour développer et produire une plus grande variété de nouveaux produits dans des délais toujours plus courts. Néanmoins, cela doit se réaliser en répondant tout à la fois aux critères fondamentaux de l’industrie tels que concevoir l’unique, réaliser l’extravagance et rendre le produit à son plus haut niveau de qualité. L’amélioration des processus de développement de produits par les paradigmes du lean et de l’agilité connus sous le terme «leagility» peut apporter des réponses à ces défis. Poursuivis conjointement, les objectifs du lean et de l’agilité se focalisent d’une part sur l’élimination des gaspillages tout en créant un flux continu sur la chaîne de valeur et d’autre part, se concentrent sur une réponse proactive face à la demande des marchés. Cependant, considérant la multiplicité de techniques et d’outils leagiles, il n’est pas simple pour une organisation de sélectionner les initiatives de transformation les plus performantes ainsi que les activités à réaliser afin de répondre efficacement aux besoins d’amélioration spécifique relatifs aux objectifs stratégiques de l’entreprise. Définir, déployer et piloter un plan de transformation cohérent par rapport à la vision de l’organisation et considérant son niveau de maturité d’adoption des bonnes pratiques en développement de produits requièrent une rigueur et une implication soutenue des membres de l’organisation ainsi qu’une vision claire des objectifs à atteindre lesquels s’illustreront par des résultats tangibles et mesurables. Reconnaissant cette difficulté industrielle, cette thèse propose une méthodologie de transformation leagile en développement de produits permettant de conduire la transformation d’une organisation sur tout son cycle de vie allant de l’initialisation de la vision jusqu’au pilotage des initiatives d’amélioration leagiles de manière incrémentale. En d’autres termes, l’approche soutient les utilisateurs et les guide dans la conduite d’un diagnostic de maturité, dans la sélection des leviers d’amélioration appropriés, dans le choix des outils et des techniques d’amélioration associés ainsi que dans la construction et dans le déploiement d’un plan d’intervention reposant sur une séquence détaillée d’activités prenant en compte les bonnes pratiques de la conduite du changement. / .Luxury industry companies are subjected to constant pressure from markets to develop and produce more varieties of new products in shorter delays. Nevertheless, this must be realized without compromising fundamental criterion such as designing unique products, developing extravagance, achieving top quality level and renewing the offering while, at the same time, retaining the brand image and elitism of the product. Lean and agile concepts, known by the term “leagility”, offer potential answers for facing these challenges and to improve product development processes . Pursued together, lean and agile objectives focalize on waste elimination while creating a continuous flow on the value chain. However, considering the large number of leagile techniques and tools, it is not easy for an organization to select the most efficient transformation initiatives and the most adequate activities to be implemented to meet achieve their strategic objectives. Defining, deploying, and steering a consistent transformation plan in line with the organisation’s vision and its level of maturity in terms of adoption of best practices calls for rigour and considerable involvement of the organisation members, as well as a clear vision of the objectives to be achieved. This thesis proposes a leagile transformation methodology for guiding industrials in a product development organisation transformation along its entire life cycle from the definition of a clear vision to the deployment of leagile improvement initiatives. The proposed approach supports users in conducting a maturity diagnostic, in selecting appropriate levers for improvement, in choosing related tools and related improvement techniques with the aim of constructing, and rolling out a transformation plan which relies on change management best practices.

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to suggest improvements of the marketing and business strategy of Kiehl's, a luxury skincare brand within the L'Oréal portfolio, in order to strengthen the brand's position on the Czech market. The theoretical part defines what luxury is and what the specific features of luxury brands are. Following is the overview of the luxury and cosmetics markets, describing the current situation and the trends. The next part depicts the business model of Kiehl's, the marketing strategy and the marketing tools that were used for the launch of the brand. Based on the findings in this thesis, a series of recommendations is suggested to build the brand's awareness, recruit new customers to the brand and increase sales.

The diploma thesis looks into luxury beauty industry. The aim is to define problem areas in the communication strategy of luxury cosmetics brand of specific company with a focus on sales promotion in a specific distribution channel and propose possible solutions for improvement based on the analysis. Verification of the problem and the recommendations for its improvement will take place on the basis of in-depth interview techniques, observation of merchandising in specific distribution chanel and focus group with consumers of the beauty brand.

Contrairement au mouvement d’externalisation constaté depuis plusieurs décennies dans le secteur textile-habillement-cuir, les entreprises appartenant au segment du luxe affichent un degré d’intégration verticale de plus en plus poussé. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière les causes et les conséquences de cette stratégie en mobilisant les concepts et les méthodes de l’économie industrielle.Le fonctionnement spécifique de l’industrie du luxe nous amène à privilégier une approche micro-économique basée sur des données qualitatives et quantitatives recueillies sur 21 entreprises, ainsi que des modèles économétriques menées sur 18 d’entre elles.Cette thèse montre que la stratégie d’intégration verticale mise en œuvre par les entreprises répond en premier lieu à une recherche d’efficience productive et de captation de rente. Elle a eu pour effet de renforcer les barrières à l’entrée existantes sur le segment du luxe et contribué à accroître les performances des acteurs installés. / Unlike the outsourcing trend stated during the last decades in the textile-apparel-leather sector, luxury-fashion firms show in increasing degree of vertical integration. This thesis’ aim is to reveal the objectives and effects of this strategic move using the concepts and methods of industrial economics.The specific behavior of the luxury industry lead us to choose a microeconomic approach, based on quantitative and qualitative data gather on 21 luxury companies, and empirical statistical tests carried out on 18 firms.Results show that the main justification for a greater level of integration is the search for efficiency and rent-seeking strategies. This strategy led to higher barriers to entry on the luxury market and increased performances for installed firms.

A global strategic financial analysis of the luxury retail industry was conducted. The research entailed comprehensive analyses and forecasts of the global economy, the luxury retail industry and four of the most prominent, multi-national luxury goods firms in the world. These companies included: Coach, Michael Kors, Tiffany & Co., and LVMH Moet Hennessy, whom market among the world's finest personal luxury goods from handbags, clothing and accessories to diamonds, jewelry, watches, fragrances, cosmetics and wines. The macroeconomic analysis focused on factors pertinent to the luxury goods industry such as: (1) the lasting effects of the global financial crisis, our gradual emergence from the Great Recession and the impact these conditions have had on consumer spending and confidence; (2) the generational shift of consumers from the retiring baby boomers to the technologically savvy Generation Z and their unique demands for products as well as experiences; and (3) the growth and demand from emerging economies, especially China which is the globe's top luxury nationality accounting for 25% of all luxury purchases worldwide. Comprehensive financial ratio analyses, SWOT assessments, technical trends and forecasts of revenues, earnings and share prices for the four companies, resulted in recommendations to investors and advice to top management of the four firms. Luxury retail is a fascinating, recession resilient industry and it is expected to reach €1 trillion within the next 5 years. However, regardless of how successful firms in this industry have been in the past, to survive and continue to succeed, it is imperative that they remain flexible and adaptable in this ever-changing world.