Thesis (M.D. with Distinction in Research) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 52-62.

Thesis (doctor of medicine)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1979.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University OF MICHIGAN.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical University of Ohio, 2006. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences." Major advisor: Han-Fei Ding. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iv, 163 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Title at ETD Web site: NF-KappaB2 is an autoimmunity regulator and its mutation leads to lymphomagenesis in mice. Bibliography: pages 67-77,106-112,134-161.

Κατά τη διάρκεια του κυτταρικού κύκλου ένας από τους σημαντικότερους μηχανισμούς ρύθμισης της ομοιόστασης των πρωτεϊνικών μορίων είναι η ελεγχόμενη στο χώρο και στο χρόνο αποδόμηση τους. Οποιαδήποτε ανωμαλία στη ρύθμιση των μηχανισμών αποδόμησης των πρωτεϊνών μπορεί να προκαλέσει σημαντική βλάβη στη λειτουργία του κυττάρου και να οδηγήσει σε κακοήθη εξαλλαγή του. Η αποδόμηση των κύκλινο-εξατώμενων αναστολέων του κυτταρικού κύκλου, p27 και p21, έχει δειχθεί να αυξάνει κατά την καρκινογένεση. Αν και η πρωτεόλυση των p27 και p21 έχει δειχθεί να μεσολαβείται από διαφορετικά μονοπάτια ωστόσο το περισσότερο γνωστό και καλύτερα τεκμηριωμένο είναι το μονοπάτι μέσω του συμπλόκου SCF (Skp2-cul1-Skp1) Ε3 λιγάσης της ουβικουιτίνης. Αρχικά οι πρωτεΐνες p27 και p21 φωσφορυλιώνονται από το σύμπλκο κυκλίνης Ε/Α-CDK2 στη θρεονίνη 187 (Thr187) και στη σερίνη 130 (Ser130) αντίστοιχα, και εν συνεχεία αναγνωρίζονται από το σύμπλοκο SCFSkp2, το οποίο διευκολύνει την πολύ-ουβικουιτινυλίωση και την αποδόμηση των πρωτεϊνών στο πρωτεόσωμα. Στη παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών: p27, p21, Skp2, cul1, pThr187-p27, κυκλίνη Α, κυκλίνη Ε και CDK2 σε 135 περιπτώσεις Β-λεμφωμάτων με Επιθετική [66 ΔΛΜΒΚ (35 λεμφαδενικά και 31 εξωλεμφαδενικά), 13 ΛΚΜ (8 κλασσικά και 5 βλαστικά) και 5 με ΛΛ βαθμού 3α/β)] και Ήπια βιολογική συμπεριφορά [9 ΛΛ (3 βαθμού 1, 6 βαθμού 2), 20 ΛΟΖ (12 λεμφαδενικά 6 εξωλεμφαδενικά, 2 σπληνικά) και 22 ΛΜΚ]. Η έκφραση της p27 παρατηρήθηκε μέγιστη στα ήπια λεμφώματα. Ωστόσο σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις επιθετικού λεμφώματος, κυρίως ΔΛΜΒΚ (~40%, >30%), η έκφραση της p27 βρέθηκε αυξημένη. Επιπλέον, σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις λεμφωμάτων εκτός του λεμφοζιδιακού και της οριακής ζώνης, παρουσιάστηκε αδυναμία αρνητικής συσχέτισης μεταξύ της p27 και της Skp2. Η μέγιστη έκφραση της p21, αντίθετα με την p27, παρατηρήθηκε στα ΔΛΜΒΚ, γεγονός που συνδέει την p21 με επιθετικότερη νόσο. Η πρωτεΐνη p21 δεν έδειξε να συσχετίζεται με τις πρωτεΐνες που είναι υπεύθυνες για την αποδόμηση της, γεγονός που πιθανόν να υποδεικνύει ότι στα Β-λεμφώματα που μελετήθηκαν η p21 δεν πρωτεολύεται από το σύμπλοκο SCFSkp2. Η υπερέκφραση της Skp2 στα ΔΛΜΒΚ, ΛΚΜ (κυρίως βλαστικά) και ΛΛ (βαθμού 3) καθώς και η ισχυρή θετική συσχέτιση με το δείκτη πολλαπλασιασμού, την κυκλίνη Α και τη CDK2 προσδίδουν στη πρωτεΐνη χαρακτηριστικά δείκτη επιθετικότητας. H cul1 έδειξε τα υψηλότερα επίπεδα έκφρασης και μία ισχυρή θετική συσχέτιση με την Skp2 στα ΔΛΜΒΚ, υποδεικνύοντας την παρουσία ενεργού SCF συμπλόκου, ωστόσο δεν παρατηρήθηκε παρόμοια συσχέτιση στους άλλους τύπους λεμφώματος. Υπερέκφραση της φωσφορυλιωμένης μορφής της p27 (pThr187-p27), δείχθηκε στα επιθετικότερα λεμφώματα. Επιπλέον, ισχυρή θετική συσχέτιση με το δείκτη πολλαπλασιασμού έδειξε η pThr187-p27, σε όλους τους τύπους λεμφώματος, δείχνοντας μία πιθανή σύνδεση της pThr187-p27 με την επιθετικότητα της νόσου. Συσχέτιση των παραπάνω πρωτεϊνών με τα κλινικά και εργαστηριακά ευρήματα των των ασθενών δείχνουν ότι στα επιθετικά λεμφώματα η υπερέκφραση των Skp2 και pThr187-p27 συνδέεται με βραχύτερο διάστημα ελεύθερο νόσο, ενώ η υπερέκφραση της pThr187-p27 έδειξε να συνδέεται και με πτωχότερη ολική επιβίωση. Επίσης κατά την πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση, δείχθηκε για πρώτη φορά ότι η έκφραση της pThr187-p27 αποτελεί ανεξάρτητο προγνωστικό παράγοντα για τη συνολική επιβίωση όχι μόνο ανάμεσα στις υπό μελέτη πρωτεΐνες αλλά και σε συνάρτηση με τις κλινικές παραμέτρους στα επιθετικά Β-λεμφώματα / Cell cycle is tightly regulated by a functionally conserved group of proteins which together constitute the basic cell division machinery that controls cell cycle progression. Altered expression of these proteins are almost always detected in human cancer cells. However, aberrant expression of these proteins can be the cause of malignant transformation but also in some cases, can be the consequence of cancer progression. The cell cycle regulators p27 and p21 play a central role in the suppression of tumorigenesis in a variety of human cancers. Of particular importance for the development of human cancers is the ubiquitin dependent degradation of p27 and p21 by the proteasome. This pathway is controlled by many complexes, however the most well studied is the SCFSkp2 complex. p27 and p21 proteins are phosphorylated at a conserved Threonine (T187) and Serine (Ser130) residue by cyclin E/A-cdk2 complexes, respectively, and the Skp2 protein facilitates the polyubiquitylation of p27 and p21 by the SCF complex. In the present study was examined the immunoexpression of p27, p21, Skp2, cul1, pThr187-p27, cyclin Α, cyclin Ε and CDK2 in 135 cases with B-cell Lymphoma with aggressive [66 DLBCL (35 nodal and 31 extranodal), 13 MCL (8 classical and 5 blastic) and 5 FL grade 3α/β)] and indolent biological behaviour [9 FL (3 G1, 6 G2), 20 MZL (12 nodal, 6 extranodal, 2 splenic) and 22 SLL]. P27 was overexpressed in indolent B-cell lymphomas. However, many cases with aggressive B-cell lymphoma, mainly DLBCLs (~40%, >30%),, showed increased expression of p27. In addition, all lymphoma cases except the FLs and MZLs failed to show an inverse correlation between p27 and Skp2. The highest expression of p21 was observed in DLBCL, indicating that p21 expression is associated with more aggressive neoplasias. The levels of p21 expression did not correlate with Skp2 and cul1, indicating that SCFSkp2 complex might not be capable for p21 degradation in B-cell lymphomas. Overexpression of Skp2 in DLBCLs, MCLs (mainly blastic type) and FL (Grade 3), as well as the strong positive correlation with cyclin A and CDK2, indicate that Skp2 may be a putative biomarker of tumor aggressiveness. The expression of cul1 was higher in DLBCLs, and correlate well with the expression of Skp2, indicating the presence of active SCFSkp2 complex. However, a similar correlation was not observed in other lymphoma groups. The phosphorylated form of p27 (pThr187-p27) was overexpressed in aggressive cases. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between pThr187-p27 and the proliferation index, was observed in all lymphoma cases. This correlation may indicate that pThr187-p27 could be used as a marker of tumor aggressiveness. The correlation of the studied proteins with the clinical and laboratory data showed that in the aggressive lymphomas the expression of Skp2 and pThr187-p27 is associated with poor disease free survival rate, and pThr187-p27 is also associated with shorter overall survival. In the present study, the multivariant cox analysis showed that the expression of pThr187-p27 is an independent prosgnostic factor for the overall survival among other clinical parameters.

Le traitement du lymphome B non hodgkinien (NHL) est généralement basé sur la combinaison d’un anticorps monoclonal anti-CD20, le rituximab, et de la chimiothérapie. Cependant, de nombreux patients deviennent réfractaires au ciblage du récepteur CD20. Dans cette thèse, l’effet d’un nouvel anticorps monoclonal anti-CD37 conjugué au Luthétium-177 (177Lu-lilotomab, Betalutin®) est étudié dans des modèles précliniques de lymphome non hodgkinien et comparé au rituximab radiomarqué au luthétium-177 (177Lu-rituximab). Nous avons développé une approche radiobiologique qui distingue les effets cytotoxiques dus à l’anticorps monoclonal et dus aux rayonnements ionisants dans des lignées cellulaires de lymphome humain. Cette méthode a permis de montrer qu’in vitro, le rituximab et le 177Lu-rituximab étaient plus cytotoxiques que le lilotomab et le 177Lu-lilotomab dans la lignée cellulaire radiorésistante Ramos (modèle du lymphome de Burkitt). Inversement, le 177Lu-lilotomab et le 177Lu-rituximab ont montré la même cytotoxicité dans la lignée cellulaire radiosensible DOHH2 (modèle de lymphome folliculaire transformé). Leur cytotoxicité était plus faible dans la lignée cellulaire Rec-1 (modèle du lymphome du manteau) que dans les cellules DOHH2. Ces résultats ont été confirmés in vivo sur des souris traitées par injection intraveineuse après xénogreffe sous-cutanée de cellules Ramos ou DOHH2. Le 177Lu-lilotomab et le 177Lu-rituximab ont montré la même efficacité thérapeutique chez les souris xénogreffées avec les cellules radiosensibles DOHH2, alors que le lilotomab non radiomarqué était moins efficace que le rituximab. Inversement, chez les souris xénogreffées avec les cellules radiorésistantes Ramos, la plus faible efficacité du 177Lu-lilotomab comparé au 177Lu-rituximab peut seulement être compensée par une augmentation de dose absorbée à la tumeur par le 177Lu-lilotomab. Mécanistiquement, la réponse cellulaire des tumeurs aux radiations dépend de la réponse apoptotique des cellules et de la réduction de l’arrêt en G2/M du cycle cellulaire via les phosphorylations médiées par WEE-1 et MYT-1 de la kinase dépendante des cyclines-1 (CDK1) sur la tyrosine 15 et thréonine 14. Ces résultats indiquent que l’interaction synergistique entre les effets cytotoxiciques du 177Lu et du lilotomab dans les tumeurs montrant une réduction des niveaux de phosphorylations de CDK1 peut compenser le manque d’efficacité thérapeutique du lilotomab comparé au rituximab. / Currently, B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) treatment relies on the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab and chemotherapy. However, some patients become refractory to this therapy. Here, the effect of the novel anti-CD37 antibody-radionuclide conjugate 177Lu-lilotomab (Betalutin®) was investigated in NHL preclinical models and compared to 177Lu-labeled rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody). We developed a radiobiological approach that discriminates between the cytotoxic effects of unlabeled antibodies and of radiation in human lymphoma cell lines. This method allowed showing that in vitro, rituximab and 177Lu-rituximab were more cytotoxic than lilotomab and 177Lu-lilotomab in the radioresistant Ramos Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line. Conversely, 177Lu-rituximab and 177Lu-lilotomab had similar efficacy in the radiosensitive follicular lymphoma DOHH2 cell line. Their cytotoxicity was lower in mantle cell lymphoma Rec-1 cells that are less radiosensitive than DOHH2 cells. These results were confirmed in vivo in mice treated by intravenous injection of these antibodies after subcutaneous xenografts of Ramos or DOHH2 cells. 177Lu-lilotomab and 177Lu-rituximab showed the same therapeutic efficacy in mice xenografted with radiosensitive DOHH2 cells, although unlabeled lilotomab was less efficient than rituximab. Conversely, in mice xenografted with radioresistant Ramos cells, the lower efficacy of 177Lu-lilotomab compared with 177Lu-rituximab could only be compensated by increasing 177Lu-lilotomab tumor absorbed dose. Mechanistically, the tumor cell response to radiation depended on the cell apoptotic response and reduction of G2/M cell cycle arrest through WEE-1 and MYT1-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1) at tyrosine 15 and threonine 14. These results indicate that the synergistic interaction between 177Lu irradiation and lilotomab cytotoxic effects in tumors with reduced CDK1 phosphorylation levels can correct the lower therapeutic efficacy of lilotomab compared with rituximab.

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a peripheral T cell lymphoma divided into three distinct entities: ALCL, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)+, ALCL ALK- and cutaneous ALCL. In the majority of ALCL, ALK+, ALK is expressed as the result of a chromosomal translocation generating Nucleophosmin 1(NPM)-ALK, which is considered the main driver. ALCL have an unusual immunophenotype; they rarely express a T cell receptor (TCR), but are often positive for CD4 and produce cytotoxic proteins such as perforin and Granzyme B, but in the absence of CD8, questioning the origin and pathogenesis of this malignancy. Expression of NPM-ALK in mice from the T-cell specific CD4 promoter gives rise to thymic lymphomas not modelling human ALCL suggesting that other events and/or expression of NPM-ALK at a defined stage of T cell ontogeny is required for peripheral T cell lymphoma development. Indeed, back-crossing the CD4/NPM-ALK line onto a RAG competent, MHC class I restricted ovalbumin-specific TCR, OTI transgenic line (CD4/NPM-ALK/OTI) permits peripheral lymphoma development mimicking human ALCL (but CD4/NPM-ALK/OTII mice still develop thymic lymphoma); tumours contain cells histopathologically identical to ALCL hallmark cells. Interestingly, peripheral tumours developing in this model also lack cell surface expression of the OTI TCR in fitting with observations of a lack of TCR expression on human ALCL. It follows that stimulation of T cells in vivo by infection with MHV-ova prevents lymphomagenesis suggesting that the TCR is detrimental to tumour growth. Indeed, strong stimulation via the TCR of NPM-ALK-expressing primary T cells in vitro, impedes cell proliferation but cell growth is favoured when a weaker stimulus is employed. Overall, data presented in this thesis identifies a potential mechanism of lymphomagenesis accounting for the unusual immunophenotype of ALCL and an explanation as to why cells lack a TCR and associated proximal signaling.

abstract: This thesis explores the relationship between sports and human rights based on United Nations reports and literature within the growing Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) sector. Recognizing the benefits of sport (including physical activity and play), SDP posits sport as an effective tool for achieving humanitarian, development, and peace objectives. Inspired by the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society's (LLS) Team in Training (TNT) sports charity training model, which provides participants valuable coaching in exchange for charity fundraising, this research looked at the contribution of TNT and endurance sports to SDP for individual and social change. Interviews were conducted with TNT staff and team members (who are recent or current participants of the program) in order to find out specific reasons about why people join the program and to identify the benefits of combining endurance training with charity fundraising and what impacts this had on personal life goals and challenges. Using thematic analysis to identify key themes from the interview data, the study acknowledged the program's successes in developing endurance athletes and raising money for LLS research and services but also found an additional dimension to the merit of the program. The accomplishment of completing four months of training culminating in the completion of an endurance event with the support of team mates and coaches provides a life changing experience for participants. The study concludes that positive impacts of the TNT program can be applied to other organizations, causes and social issues. In particular it showed how endurance sport not only has physiological benefits but can be used as a method of healing and reconciliation, can aid in advocacy and awareness, and promote individual development. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / Os antígenos cancer/testículo (CTAs) são considerados promissores alvos para abordagens de imunoterapia em câncer devido à sua alta imunogenicidade e padrão de expressão praticamente restrito a tecidos tumorais (estão também expressos em células germinativas do testículo, placenta e ovário fetal). Apesar do padrão de expressão dos CTAs estar bem estabelecido em carcinomas, pouco se sabe sobre a expressão desses antígenos em neoplasias linfóides como Linfomas de Hodgkin (LH) e Linfomas não-Hodgkin (LNH). Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial desses antígenos específicos tumorais como candidatos à imunoterapia em linfomas, através da análise de expressão protéica dos CTAs e avaliação da resposta imune humoral espontânea contra esses antígenos, correlacionando os achados com os dados clínicos e prognóstico. Métodos: Três blocos de Tissue Microarray (TMA) foram construídos a partir de 38 amostras teciduais de LH clássico e 106 de LNH obtidos nos arquivos do Departamento de Anatomia Patológia da UNIFESP. As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas a um painel de imunohistoquímica para 9 CTAs, a saber: MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, CT7, CT10, NY-ESO-1, LAGE e GAGE. A avaliação da imunidade humoral espontânea foi realizada em 97 amostras de soro de pacientes com LNH ao diagnóstico (59 dos quais foram incluídos na casuística do TMA), utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA em um painel mais amplo de CTAs (MAGEA1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, NY-ESO-1, CT7, CT10, CT24, CT45, CT46, CT47, CT63, CT83, SSX-1, SSX-2, SSX-4, LAGE-1, GAGE-2, SAGE-1, XAGE-1). Resultados: De forma global, houve baixa expressão de CTAs nas amostras analisadas, visto que apenas 21,1% das amostras de LH e 11,3% das amostras de LNH apresentaram positividade para pelo menos 1 dos CTAs incluídos no painel de imunohistoquímica. MAGE-A (18,4%) e CT7 (13,2%) foram os CTAs mais frequentemente expressos em LH, enquanto MAGE-A (6,6%), GAGE (5,7%) e NY-ESO-1 (4,8%) foram os mais expressos em LNH. Apesar de não ter sido encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante na expressão de CTAs entre os subgrupos clínicos de LH, houve maior frequência de positividade nos pacientes com estadiamento avançado (28,6%), comparado àqueles com estadiamento inicial (11,8%). Nos subgrupos clínicos de LNH, a frequência de expressão de CTAs foi maior nos linfomas agressivos (14,9%) em relação aos indolentes (3,1%), nos linfomas difusos de grandes células B (LDGCB) (16,1%) comparado aos não-LDGCB (6,0%) e no subgrupo que não atingiu resposta completa (15,0%) comparado àqueles que obtiveram resposta completa (6,8%). Entretanto, as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes em nenhum desses subgrupos. Um achado inesperado no presente estudo foi a expressão mais frequente de CTAs no subgrupo de LNH com estadiamento inicial (I e II) comparado ao subgrupo com estadiamento avançado (III e IV). Apesar da diferença encontrada na análise de sobrevida entre o grupo de pacientes que não apresentaram expressão de CTA (sobrevida mediana de 65 meses) e aqueles que apresentaram expressão de pelo menos 1 CTA (sobrevida mediana de 11 meses), a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante (p=0.0947). A resposta humoral espontânea contra pelo menos 1 CTA do painel foi encontrada em 19,6% dos pacientes com LNH. CT47 foi o CTA mais frequentemente expresso (7.2%), seguido do CT45 (5.1%), NY-ESO-1 (5.1%) e MAGE-A4 (5.1%). Os CTAs foram mais frequentemente expressos em LNH de células B (21.2%) comparado aos LNH de células T (6.2%) (p=0.048). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na resposta humoral anti-CTAs em qualquer dos outros subgrupos clínicos de LNH. Conclusão: De forma geral, houve baixa expressão protéica de CTAs em nossa casuística de LH e LNH com o painel utilizado. Apesar dos limitados dados disponíveis na literatura, esses achados são concordantes com a maioria dos estudos realizados utilizando RT-PCR e/ou imunohistoquímica. Não houve correlações estatisticamente significantes entre expressão de CTAs e parâmetros clínicos ou prognósticos no presente estudo. A reatividade sérica contra os CTAs testados ocorreu em níveis semelhantes ao da expressão protéica em LNH, sugerindo que os pacientes com LNH são capazes de montar resposta imune humoral específica contra CTAs. / Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed in a variety of malignant tumors but in normal adult tissues solely in testicular germ cells. Based on this tumor-associated expression pattern, these antigens are potential targets for immunotherapy. Though carcinomas have been extensively analyzed, less is known about lymphoid malignancies such as lymphomas. Aims: To evaluate the potential of tumor specific antigens as candidates for immunotherapy in lymphomas throughout CTA protein expression and spontaneous humoral immune response analyses. We also aim to investigate clinical correlations and prognostic impact of CTAs expression in lymphomas. Methods: Tissue microarray was generated from 38 Hodgkin´s lymphoma (HL) and 106 non- Hodgkin´s lymphoma (NHL) archival cases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using a panel of 9 monoclonal antibodies against CTAs. Spontaneous humoral immune response analysis against a larger CTA panel was performed in 97 untreated NHL patient samples, including 59 cases from the TMA cohort, using ELISA technique. Results: We found overall low expression of CTAs in our series of HL (21.1%) and NHL (11.3%) TMAs, being MAGE-A (18.4%) and CT7 (13.2%) the most frequently expressed CTAs in HL, and MAGE-A (6.6%), GAGE (5.7%), NY-ESO-1 (4.8%) and CT7 (4.8%) the most frequently expressed CTAs in NHL. Although we did not find statistically significant difference in CTA expression among the clinicopathological subgroups of HL, CTA positivity was higher in advanced stage (28.6%) compared to early stage patients (11.8%). Among NHL, we found higher CTA expression in aggressive lymphomas (14.9%) compared to indolent lymphomas (3.1%), DLBCL (16.1%) compared to non-DLBCL (6.0%) and in non-complete response group (15.0%) compared to those who achieved complete response (6.8%), but it was not statistically significant. Unexpectedly, early stage disease (19.5%) had higher CTA expression than advanced stage NHL (6.2%). Despite the difference found in survival analysis between NHL patients that presented no CTAs expression (median OS 65 months) and those who expressed at least one CTA (median OS 11 months), it did not reach statistically significant difference (p=0.0947). Serum reactivity against at least 1 CTA was observed in (19.6%) of NHL patients, being more frequent in B-cell lymphomas (21.2%) then T-cell lymphomas (6.2%) (p=0.048). CT47 was the most frequently expressed CTA (7.2%), followed by CT45 (5.1%), NY-ESO-1 (5.1%) and MAGE-A4 (5.1%). Grouping the MAGE-A family similarly to the TMA analysis, we found positivity in 8.2% of NHL serum samples. Among DLBCL, CT45 and NY-ESO-1 were the most frequently expressed CTAs, being positive in 4/50 (8.0%) and 3/50 (6.0%), respectively. Conclusion: We found overall low expression of CTAs in our series of HL and NHL TMAs, and low reactivity against CTA in our serum samples. Our results demonstrated a slightly higher frequency of humoral response against most CTAs included in both TMA and ELISA panel compared to their expression by TMA. Considering that generally a small proportion of patients expressing CTAs develop specific humoral response, it is possible that CTA expression by TMA could be underestimated due to the focal expression pattern in some patients. Therefore, using an extensive panel of antibodies and large TMA and serum cohorts of lymphoma patients, we could not identify CTA candidates for immunotherapy in HL and NHL. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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