Lytic effector function of Natural Killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells occurs through discrete and regulated cell biological steps triggered by recognition of diseased cells. Recent studies of the NK cell synapse support the idea that dynamic nanoscale rearrangements in cortical filamentous (F)-actin are a critical cell biological checkpoint for lytic granule access to NK cell membrane. Loss of function mutations in the LYST gene, a well-characterised cause of Chediak- Hegashi syndrome (CHS), result in the formation of giant lysosomal organelles including lytic granules. Here, we report a mismatch between the extent of cortical F-actin remodelling and enlarged lytic granules that limits the functionality of LYST- deficient NK cells in a human model of CHS. Using super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy we found that LYST-deficient NK cells had nanoscale rearrangements in the organisation of cortical actin filaments that were indistinguishable from control cells- despite a 2.5-fold increase in the size of polarised granules. Importantly, treatment of LYST-deficient NK cells with actin depolymerising drugs increased the formation of small secretory domains at the synapse and restored their ability to lyse target cells. These data establish that sub-synaptic F-actin is the major factor limiting the release of enlarged lytic granules from CHS NK cells, and reveal a novel target for therapeutic interventions. While the importance of cortical actin filaments in NK cell cytotoxicity have been established, its persistence at the early stages of T cell synapse formation is disputed. We studied the organisation of cortical actin filaments in synapses formed by primary human T cells using STED microscopy and detected intact cortical actin filaments in key T cell effector subsets including memory CD8+ T cells as early as 5-minutes post-activation. Quantitative analysis revealed that activation specific rearrangements in cortical actin filaments at both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell synapses serve to increase the space between filaments. Additionally, comparison of cytolytic T cells with freshly isolated and IL-2 activated primary NK cells revealed that rapid maturation of the cortical actin meshwork is a specific feature of CD8+ T cell lytic synapses. Using chemical inhibition of actin nucleators, we show that increased cortical relaxation is mediated primarily by the activity of actin related proteins (Arp) -2/3. Taken together, these data establish the critical requirement for dynamic rearrangements in cortical actin filaments at lytic synapses but underscore cell-specific differences in its regulation.

Devido à limitação do uso de antimicrobianos, alternativas que seguem a linha de controle biológico, como os bacteriófagos líticos e probióticos, vêm sendo propostos para o controle de Salmonella sp. em animais de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração oral de probiótico e bacteriófagos líticos sobre a ocorrência de infecção e excreção fecal de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. O experimento foi realizado em dois períodos (blocos), com duração de 49 dias, em suínos com 43 dias de idade. Estes animais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1 (controle), T2 (bacteriófagos) e T3 (probiótico), com 12 animais em cada tratamento e 10 animais controle. Após duas semanas de alojamento, os suínos foram inoculados com Salmonella Typhimurium (dia 0 P.I.). Os animais receberam uma suspensão de bacteriófagos líticos (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 e CNPSA4) por oito dias consecutivos, quatro dias antes e quatro dias após inoculação. O probiótico foi fornecido pela via oral nos dois primeiros dias de alojamento (108 Unidade Formadora de Colônia-UFC/ g), posteriormente o produto (107 UFC/g) foi fornecido diariamente na ração na concentração de 1%. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 PI) para pesquisa de IgG anti- Salmonella, e de fezes (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28) para pesquisa e quantificação de Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus e coliformes totais. No dia 35PI os animais foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de órgãos foram coletados para pesquisa de Salmonella. Foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado para análise de morfometria e pesquisa de IgA de mucosa. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de suínos na fase de crescimento não foi capaz de impedir a infecção dos animais, e a soroconversão ocorreu a partir do dia 7PI. Não foi observada menor excreção de Salmonella nos grupos tratados. Não houve efeito sobre a população de Lactobacillus, Enterococcus e coliformes totais, nem diferença na morfometria de vilosidades entre grupos. O grupo tratado com probiótico apresentou uma tendência a maiores densidades óticas no teste de ELISA para pesquisa de IgA anti-Salmonella na mucosa intestinal. A partir disso, conclui-se que o tratamento com probiótico e fagos líticos testados de acordo com o protocolo proposto no presente estudo não influenciam a infecção e excreção de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. / Due to the limited use of antimicrobial, alternatives that follow the line of biological control, as lytic bacteriophages and probiotics, have been proposed for the control of Salmonella sp. animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic and lytic bacteriophages on the occurrence of infection and fecal excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs. The experiment was conducted in two periods (blocks), lasting 49 days, in 43 days old pigs. These animals were divided into three treatments: T1 (control), T2 (bacteriophages) and T3 (probiotic), with 12 animals in each treatment and 10 control animals. After two weeks of accommodation, the pigs were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (day 0 PI). The animals received a suspension of lytic bacteriophages (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 and CNPSA4) for eight consecutive days, four days before and four days after inoculation. The probiotic was given orally in the first two days of lodging (108 of Colony Forming Units-CFU / g), then the product (107 CFU / g) was supplied daily in the diet at a concentration of 1%. Were collected blood (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 PI) for the detection of IgG anti-Salmonella, and feces (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28) for research and quantification of Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Coliforms. On 35PI the animals were euthanized and samples of organs were collected for Salmonella. We collected small intestinal segments for morphometric analysis and research of mucosal IgA. The results indicate that treatment of pigs in the growing phase was not able to prevent infection of animals, and seroconversion occurred on the day 7PI. There was no lower excretion of Salmonella in the treated groups. There was no effect on the population of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Coliforms, and no difference in the morphology of villi between groups. The group treated with probiotic showed a trend to higher optical densities in ELISA for the detection of IgA anti-Salmonella in the intestinal mucosa. From this, it is concluded that treatment with probiotic and lytic phages tested in accordance with the protocol proposed in this study did not influence the infection and excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs.

Rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) has been studied previously only in Escherichia coli, where it localizes to the septal ring and scattered foci along the lateral wall, but mutants have no phenotypic change. In this thesis, we show rlpA mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa form chains of short, fat cells when grown in media of low osmotic strength. These morphological defects indicate RlpA is needed for efficient separation of daughter cells and maintenance of rod shape. Analysis of peptidoglycan sacculi from a ΔrlpA mutant revealed increased tetra and hexasaccharides that lack stem peptides (hereafter called "naked glycans"). Incubation of these sacculi with purified RlpA resulted in release of naked glycans containing 1,6-anhydro N-acetylmuramic acid ends. RlpA did not degrade sacculi from wild-type cells unless the sacculi were subjected to a limited digestion with an amidase to remove some of the stem peptides. Collectively, these findings indicate RlpA is a lytic transglycosylase with a strong preference for naked glycan strands. We propose that RlpA activity is regulated in vivo by substrate availability, and that amidases and RlpA work in tandem to degrade peptidoglycan in the division septum and lateral wall. Our discovery that RlpA from P. aeruginosa is a lytic transglycosylase motivated us to reinvestigate RlpA from E. coli. We confirmed predictions that RlpA of E. coli is an outer membrane protein and determined its abundance to be about 600 molecules per cell. However, multiple efforts to demonstrate that E. coli RlpA is a lytic transglycosylase were unsuccessful and the function of this protein in E. coli remains obscure.

Peptidoglycan, the major component of the bacterial cell wall, is essential for cell viability. Several important antibiotics disrupt peptidoglycan metabolism, including the β-lactams and vancomycin. There are several bacterial enzymes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism that are not yet the target of antibiotics, such as the lytic transglycosylases (LTs). Relatively little experimental characterization has been done on LTs, due largely to the difficulties of working with insoluble, heterogeneous, and highly variable peptidoglycan. This research develops a method for the generation of a soluble, homogeneous oligosaccharide substrate that can be used to study LTs. The approach taken was based on the enzymatic degradation of peptidoglycan into fragments of a specific nature, and their separation by HPLC. This work identifies the challenges associated with this approach, and discusses the potential flaws in the 'top-down' generation of a soluble substrate. / This thesis was typeset with LaTeX using Minion Pro and Myriad Pro typefaces.

Devido à limitação do uso de antimicrobianos, alternativas que seguem a linha de controle biológico, como os bacteriófagos líticos e probióticos, vêm sendo propostos para o controle de Salmonella sp. em animais de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração oral de probiótico e bacteriófagos líticos sobre a ocorrência de infecção e excreção fecal de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. O experimento foi realizado em dois períodos (blocos), com duração de 49 dias, em suínos com 43 dias de idade. Estes animais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1 (controle), T2 (bacteriófagos) e T3 (probiótico), com 12 animais em cada tratamento e 10 animais controle. Após duas semanas de alojamento, os suínos foram inoculados com Salmonella Typhimurium (dia 0 P.I.). Os animais receberam uma suspensão de bacteriófagos líticos (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 e CNPSA4) por oito dias consecutivos, quatro dias antes e quatro dias após inoculação. O probiótico foi fornecido pela via oral nos dois primeiros dias de alojamento (108 Unidade Formadora de Colônia-UFC/ g), posteriormente o produto (107 UFC/g) foi fornecido diariamente na ração na concentração de 1%. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 PI) para pesquisa de IgG anti- Salmonella, e de fezes (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28) para pesquisa e quantificação de Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus e coliformes totais. No dia 35PI os animais foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de órgãos foram coletados para pesquisa de Salmonella. Foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado para análise de morfometria e pesquisa de IgA de mucosa. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de suínos na fase de crescimento não foi capaz de impedir a infecção dos animais, e a soroconversão ocorreu a partir do dia 7PI. Não foi observada menor excreção de Salmonella nos grupos tratados. Não houve efeito sobre a população de Lactobacillus, Enterococcus e coliformes totais, nem diferença na morfometria de vilosidades entre grupos. O grupo tratado com probiótico apresentou uma tendência a maiores densidades óticas no teste de ELISA para pesquisa de IgA anti-Salmonella na mucosa intestinal. A partir disso, conclui-se que o tratamento com probiótico e fagos líticos testados de acordo com o protocolo proposto no presente estudo não influenciam a infecção e excreção de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. / Due to the limited use of antimicrobial, alternatives that follow the line of biological control, as lytic bacteriophages and probiotics, have been proposed for the control of Salmonella sp. animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic and lytic bacteriophages on the occurrence of infection and fecal excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs. The experiment was conducted in two periods (blocks), lasting 49 days, in 43 days old pigs. These animals were divided into three treatments: T1 (control), T2 (bacteriophages) and T3 (probiotic), with 12 animals in each treatment and 10 control animals. After two weeks of accommodation, the pigs were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (day 0 PI). The animals received a suspension of lytic bacteriophages (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 and CNPSA4) for eight consecutive days, four days before and four days after inoculation. The probiotic was given orally in the first two days of lodging (108 of Colony Forming Units-CFU / g), then the product (107 CFU / g) was supplied daily in the diet at a concentration of 1%. Were collected blood (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 PI) for the detection of IgG anti-Salmonella, and feces (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28) for research and quantification of Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Coliforms. On 35PI the animals were euthanized and samples of organs were collected for Salmonella. We collected small intestinal segments for morphometric analysis and research of mucosal IgA. The results indicate that treatment of pigs in the growing phase was not able to prevent infection of animals, and seroconversion occurred on the day 7PI. There was no lower excretion of Salmonella in the treated groups. There was no effect on the population of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Coliforms, and no difference in the morphology of villi between groups. The group treated with probiotic showed a trend to higher optical densities in ELISA for the detection of IgA anti-Salmonella in the intestinal mucosa. From this, it is concluded that treatment with probiotic and lytic phages tested in accordance with the protocol proposed in this study did not influence the infection and excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs.

Devido à limitação do uso de antimicrobianos, alternativas que seguem a linha de controle biológico, como os bacteriófagos líticos e probióticos, vêm sendo propostos para o controle de Salmonella sp. em animais de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração oral de probiótico e bacteriófagos líticos sobre a ocorrência de infecção e excreção fecal de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. O experimento foi realizado em dois períodos (blocos), com duração de 49 dias, em suínos com 43 dias de idade. Estes animais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1 (controle), T2 (bacteriófagos) e T3 (probiótico), com 12 animais em cada tratamento e 10 animais controle. Após duas semanas de alojamento, os suínos foram inoculados com Salmonella Typhimurium (dia 0 P.I.). Os animais receberam uma suspensão de bacteriófagos líticos (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 e CNPSA4) por oito dias consecutivos, quatro dias antes e quatro dias após inoculação. O probiótico foi fornecido pela via oral nos dois primeiros dias de alojamento (108 Unidade Formadora de Colônia-UFC/ g), posteriormente o produto (107 UFC/g) foi fornecido diariamente na ração na concentração de 1%. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 PI) para pesquisa de IgG anti- Salmonella, e de fezes (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28) para pesquisa e quantificação de Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus e coliformes totais. No dia 35PI os animais foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de órgãos foram coletados para pesquisa de Salmonella. Foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado para análise de morfometria e pesquisa de IgA de mucosa. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de suínos na fase de crescimento não foi capaz de impedir a infecção dos animais, e a soroconversão ocorreu a partir do dia 7PI. Não foi observada menor excreção de Salmonella nos grupos tratados. Não houve efeito sobre a população de Lactobacillus, Enterococcus e coliformes totais, nem diferença na morfometria de vilosidades entre grupos. O grupo tratado com probiótico apresentou uma tendência a maiores densidades óticas no teste de ELISA para pesquisa de IgA anti-Salmonella na mucosa intestinal. A partir disso, conclui-se que o tratamento com probiótico e fagos líticos testados de acordo com o protocolo proposto no presente estudo não influenciam a infecção e excreção de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. / Due to the limited use of antimicrobial, alternatives that follow the line of biological control, as lytic bacteriophages and probiotics, have been proposed for the control of Salmonella sp. animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic and lytic bacteriophages on the occurrence of infection and fecal excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs. The experiment was conducted in two periods (blocks), lasting 49 days, in 43 days old pigs. These animals were divided into three treatments: T1 (control), T2 (bacteriophages) and T3 (probiotic), with 12 animals in each treatment and 10 control animals. After two weeks of accommodation, the pigs were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (day 0 PI). The animals received a suspension of lytic bacteriophages (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 and CNPSA4) for eight consecutive days, four days before and four days after inoculation. The probiotic was given orally in the first two days of lodging (108 of Colony Forming Units-CFU / g), then the product (107 CFU / g) was supplied daily in the diet at a concentration of 1%. Were collected blood (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 PI) for the detection of IgG anti-Salmonella, and feces (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28) for research and quantification of Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Coliforms. On 35PI the animals were euthanized and samples of organs were collected for Salmonella. We collected small intestinal segments for morphometric analysis and research of mucosal IgA. The results indicate that treatment of pigs in the growing phase was not able to prevent infection of animals, and seroconversion occurred on the day 7PI. There was no lower excretion of Salmonella in the treated groups. There was no effect on the population of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Coliforms, and no difference in the morphology of villi between groups. The group treated with probiotic showed a trend to higher optical densities in ELISA for the detection of IgA anti-Salmonella in the intestinal mucosa. From this, it is concluded that treatment with probiotic and lytic phages tested in accordance with the protocol proposed in this study did not influence the infection and excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs.

Phages are the most abundant components of the marine environments and can control host abundances. The severity of viral infections may depend on whether phages are lytic, lysogenic, or chronic, which can be influenced by host activity and by environmental conditions. Lysogeny remains the least understood process. Knowledge of virioplankton dynamics and their life strategies in the Red Sea remain unexplored. In this Ph.D. research we aimed to quantify virioplankton abundance, the variability on viral and bacterial dynamics, and to investigate the occurrence of lytic and lysogenic phages in the Red Sea. Accordingly, we used the flow cytometric technique to enumerate viral and bacterial abundances in the coastal pelagic area during two years of sampling and in the coastal lagoon waters for one year, together with water column distribution in open Red Sea waters. We conducted incubations of natural microbial communities in the laboratory to induce lysogenic bacteria by using the chemical mutagenic mitomycin C. We also explored the influence of host abundance, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation on viral dynamics and lysogeny. Our results showed that abundances of virses in the Red Sea ranged from 106 to 107 virus-like particles per mL, and bacteria ranged from 104 to 105 cells per mL. We observed a large variability i the values of virus-to-bacterium ratios, and lower values of viral production to those for temperate coastal waters and relatively close to values reported in other oligotrophic areas. Although the lytic phase was prevalent, lysogeny was detected when bacterial abundances decreased. We determined inducible lysogenic bacteria from undetectable to ~56% in the coastal Red Sea, although we found a lower maximum of 29.1% at a eutrophic coastal lagoon. The decay rates of viruses were influenced by UVB exposure, suggesting their susceptibility to solar radiation. Exposure to UVB radiation-induced prophage varied between 4 and 34%. Our findings identified the significant role of viral infections in controlling bacterial abundance and the importance of both lytic and lysogenic phases in the Red Sea waters. This study contributes to the understanding of lysogeny in marine phages.

No description available.

A descoberta das monoxigenases de polissacarídeos líticas dependentes de cobre (LPMOs), que agem em sinergismo com outras enzimas na desconstrução da celulose, gerou um grande interesse da comunidade científica por seu potencial de aplicação na produção de biocombustíveis a partir de resíduos lignocelulósicos. A busca por essas proteínas auxiliares em microrganismos surgiu como uma estratégia promissora, pois há grande diversidade de isoformas e disponibilidade de sequências genômicas dessas proteínas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo expressar LPMOs recombinantes de origem bacteriana em levedura Komagataella phafii. Foram obtidos clones de K. phafii transformados com 6 genes selecionados a partir de banco de dados. Análises da cinética de expressão proteica por técnica de western blot indicaram secreção apenas da LPMO de 25 kDa codificada pelo gene de Thermobifida fusca YX. Ensaios de produção da LPMO de T. fusca foram realizados em biorreator de 1L e Erlenmeyers de 250 mL e 1000 mL. Nos ensaios em Erlenmeyers houve a detecção da proteína, confirmada por SDS-PAGE e western blot, acompanhado de um alto crescimento microbiano. No ensaio em biorreator não houve detecção da proteína de interesse e o crescimento microbiano foi baixo. Com a confirmação da expressão da LPMO nos ensaios em Erlenmeyers, estes foram parcialmente purificados e avaliados por gel de proteínas e western blot. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o sistema de expressão de K. phafii foi eficiente, expressando a LPMO de T. fusca. / The discovery of copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMOs), auxiliary proteins which act in synergy with other enzymes on the cellulose degradation, generated a great interest from the scientific community due to their potential application in biofuels production from lignocellulosic residues. The search for these auxiliary proteins in microorganisms has emerged as a promising strategy because there is a great diversity of isoforms and availability of genomic sequences. Thus, the present work aimed to express bacterial LPMOs in Komagataella phafii. Clones of K. phafii transformed with 6 genes selected from database were obtained. Analysis of protein expression kinetics by western blot technique showed accumulation only of the LPMO of 25 kDa coded by the gene from Thermobifida fusca YX. Production of LPMO from T. fusca was tested in 1 L bioreactor and 250 mL and 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. In Erlenmeyer flasks experiments, there was protein detection, confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot, and a high microbial growth. In the bioreactor assay, there was no target protein detection, and microbial growth was low. After confirmation of LPMO expression in Erlenmeyer flasks assays, protein were partially purified and confirmed by protein gel and western blot. Results obtained showed that the expression system of K. phafii was effective, expressing the LPMO from T. fusca.

Η ΒΥΠ διαθέτει αντίτυπο της διατριβής σε έντυπη μορφή στο βιβλιοστάσιο διδακτορικών διατριβών που βρίσκεται στο ισόγειο του κτιρίου της. / Το σύστημα του συμπληρώματος περιλαμβάνει πάνω από 30 πρωτεΐνες του πλάσματος (διαλυτές και υποδοχείς) και παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο, τόσο στη φυσική όσο και στην προσαρμοστική ανοσία. Το συμπλήρωμα ενεργοποιείται μέσω τριών οδών, της κλασσικής, της εναλλακτικής και της λεκτινικής, καταλήγοντας σε κάθε περίπτωση, μέσω της λυτικής οδού, στη διαμόρφωση ενός τελικού συμπλόκου, που λύει το παθογόνο. Τα συστατικά του συμπληρώματος τα οποία απαρτίζουν το τελικό σύμπλοκο MAC, και συμμετέχουν έτσι στη λυτική οδό, είναι τα C5b, C6, C7, C8α, C8β, C8γ και C9. Προκειμένου να μελετήσουμε την μοριακή εξέλιξη της λυτικής οδού του συμπληρώματος κλωνοποιήσαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε την α και γ υπομονάδα του όγδοου συστατικού του συμπληρώματος στην ιριδίζουσα πέστροφα. Τα cDNA που προέκυψαν για τα C8α και C8γ ήταν 2.037 και 977 νουκλεοτίδια, αντίστοιχα, ενώ η συναγόμενη αμινοξική αλληλουχία ήταν 615 και 221 αμινοξέα, αντίστοιχα. Τα δύο μόρια παρόλο που αλληλεπιδρούν άμεσα και δευσμεύονται επι του συμπλόκου MAC, ανήκουν σε διαφορετικές πρωτεϊνικές οικογένειες. Η μοριακές τους δομές ομοιάζουν με τις αντίστοιχες των μορίων των θηλαστικών και οι αμινοξικές τους αλληλουχίες παρουσιάζουν σημαντικό βαθμό συντήρησης. Στην πέστροφα, το C8α δείχνει να εκφράζεται κύρια στο ήπαρ και στο νεφρό, ενώ το C8γ εκφράζεται επιπλέον και στον ιστό της καρδιάς και της σπλήνας. Ανάλυση κατά Southern έδειξε πως τα δύο γονίδια συναντώνται ως μοναδικά αντίγραφα στο γονιδίωμα της ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας. Αξίζει, τέλος, να σημειωθεί οτι αυτή είναι η πρώτη αναφορά για την κλωνοποίηση της α και γ υπομονάδας του όγδοου συστατικού του συμπληρώματος στα κατώτερα σπονδυλωτά. / The complement system consists of 30 and more proteins present in blood and cell membranes and plays an important role in host defense by interacting with components of both innate and adaptive immunity. It is activated through three distinct activation pathways: the antibody-dependent classical pathway and the alternative and lectin pathways, which are activated by direct binding of complement components to microbial surfaces. Unlike mammalian and other species, teleost are the only organisms that reveal a completely developed and extended complement system, via gene duplication and functional diversity. Complement activation via the classical, lectin, or alternative pathway leads to the formation of the (pore forming) membrane attack complex (MAC) on the surface of complement-opsonized cells. The assembly of MAC involves the aggregation of the lytic complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8α, C8β, C8γ, and C9. In order to elucidate the phylogeny of the lytic pathway of complement we now report the cloning and characterization of the C8α and C8γ genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The deduced amino acid sequence of the trout C8α gene exhibits 44 and 43% identity with human and frog orthologs, respectively. The domain architecture of the trout C8α resembles that of mammalian orthologs, and the cysteine backbone shows a high degree of conservation. The trout C8α shows a similar expression profile with that of trout C8β and C8γ, pointing to the liver as the main source of the C8α gene expression. Although the presence of a fully developed lytic pathway of complement system is expected in teleost, this is the first report of the C8α gene in an organism other than mammalian. The deduced amino acid sequence of trout C8γ shows significant identity (37%) to the human C8γ homolog and much lower to the other known lipocalins. The lipocalin domain is present and all the cysteine residues are conserved. The trout C8γ gene is probably present as a single copy in the trout genome showing a differential expression pattern among tissues investigated. This is the first report the C8α and C8γ genes in an organism other than mammalian.