Le cadre de ce travail est l’étude coordonnée de lois de contrôle et d’ordonnancement. Le premier objectif est de proposer et évaluer une approche de contrôle de la dégradation de la Qualité de Contrôle (QdC) par rejet sélectif d’instances de tâches ou de messages selon le modèle (m,k)-firm. Plus particulièrement, nous avons étudié l’impact de distribution de rejets sur la QdC d'une boucle de contrôle et, sur la base des résultats obtenus, nous avons spécifié une méthode de co-conception permettant de déterminer les paramètres (gain) optimaux de la loi de contrôle et les paramètres de la contrainte (m,k)-firm spécifiant le rejet sélectif d’instances. Cette proposition a été validée sur modèles à l’aide de techniques analytiques, par simulation ainsi que grâce à des expérimentations. Notre deuxième objectif est d'étudier le problème de l'ordonnancement d'un ensemble de tâches temps réel réalisant chacune les algorithmes de contrôle dans une application centralisée évolutive. Nous proposons un mécanisme d'ordonnancement qui ajuste en ligne les contraintes (m,k)-firm des tâches suivant la configuration courante de l'application de manière à ce qu’un critère reflétant la performance globale de l'application soit optimal à tout instant / In this thesis, we study a coordinated approach for the design of control laws and scheduling parameters. The first objective is to propose and evaluate a technique to control the degradation of the quality of control (QoC) by selectively rejecting task or message instances according to the (m,k)-firm model. More specifically, we have studied the impact of the (m,k)-firm packet dropout policy on the QoC of a control loop. Based on the obtained results, we have specified a co-design method for determining the parameters (gain) of the optimal control law and the (m,k)-firm constraint specifying the selective rejet of instances. This proposal was validated by using analytical techniques, simulation and experimentation activities. The second objective is to address the scheduling problem of a set of real-time tasks where each task implements a control law in a centralized scalable application. We proposed a scheduling mechanism which determines on line, according to the current system configuration, a (m,k)-constraint based scheduling strategy to apply to each task so that the criterion reflecting the overall performance of the application is optimal at all times

Cette thèse se focalise sur le développement des algorithmes d’ordonnancement sous contrainte (m, k)-firm, ainsi que leurs applications pour la gestion de la qualité de service (QdS) dans les réseaux et systèmes temps réel distribués. L’objectif recherché est la garantie déterministe de la QdS tout en maintenant un fort taux d’utilisation des ressources. Les contributions sont (1) l’établissement d’une condition suffisante d’ordonnançabilité d'un ensemble de tâches sous l’algorithme « distance based priority »; (2) la définition de R-(m, k)-firm, un nouveau modèle qui relâche la contrainte (m, k)-firm et qui permet de modéliser de façon plus juste des exigences du temps réel souple; (3) le développement d’un algorithme efficace de dimensionnement de ressources sous contrainte (m, k)-firm relâchée; (4) la proposition de « Double Leaks Bucket » pour la gestion active de files d'attente permettant de maintenir une QdS en cas de surcharge des réseaux / This work focuses on the scheduling algorithms under (m,k)-firm constraint, as well as the applications for QoS (quality of service) management in the networks and distributed real-time system. The research aim is to achieve the deterministic guarantee of QoS with high resource utilization. The contributions in this thesis include (1) proposing a sufficient condition for determining the schedulability of a real-time task set under Distance Base Priority scheduling algorithm; (2) defining a novel real-time constraint which relaxes the (m,k)-firm constraint and provides a more suitable modelling of soft real-time; (3) developing an effective resource provisioning algorithm under this relaxed (m,k)-firm constraint; (4) proposing an active queue management mechanism, called Double Leaks Bucket, which can guarantee the QoS with dynamic dropping of the packets during the networks overload period

O piso misto usual é formado pela laje mista, de aço e concreto, apoiada na mesa superior da viga metálica. No piso misto de pequena altura, a laje mista se apoia na mesa inferior da viga, diminuindo assim a altura total do piso. A forma de aço, utilizada nesse sistema, tende a ser três vezes mais alta, que as formas de aço usuais. No Brasil não há uma forma de aço para uso nos sistemas mistos de pequena altura, comercializada. Este estudo trata do desenvolvimento de uma forma de aço trapezoidal para pisos mistos de pequena altura. Foi desenvolvida uma geometria de forma de aço trapezoidal com mossas estampadas nas laterais. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais com modelos de lajes mistas, confeccionados com a forma de aço desenvolvida no presente estudo. Esses ensaios visaram avaliar a resistência e o comportamento de lajes mistas fabricadas com a forma desenvolvida. A geometria da forma de aço e das mossas apresentaram um bom comportamento frente aos esforços cisalhantes, com resistências comparáveis as formas de aço comercializadas, mostrando que podem ser utilizadas em trabalhos futuros. / The usual composite floor is formed by the composite slab, of steel and concrete, supported on the top flange of the steel beam. On the shallow floor systems, the steel beams are contained within the depth occupied by the floor. The steel form steel used in this composite shallow floor systems is around three times higher than usual forms of steel decking. In Brazil there is not a form of steel for use in shallow floor systems, marketed. This study concerns the development of a steel decking to shallow floor systems. Developed a geometry shape of trapezoidal steel and embossements on the sides. Experimental tests were conducted with composite slabs, made of steel the shape developed in this study. These tests were intended to assess the strength and behavior of composite slabs made with the developed form. The geometry of the steel form and embossements showed good behavior against shearing efforts, forms with resistances comparable steel deckings marketed, showing that may be used in future work.

O piso misto usual é formado pela laje mista, de aço e concreto, apoiada na mesa superior da viga metálica. No piso misto de pequena altura, a laje mista se apoia na mesa inferior da viga, diminuindo assim a altura total do piso. A forma de aço, utilizada nesse sistema, tende a ser três vezes mais alta, que as formas de aço usuais. No Brasil não há uma forma de aço para uso nos sistemas mistos de pequena altura, comercializada. Este estudo trata do desenvolvimento de uma forma de aço trapezoidal para pisos mistos de pequena altura. Foi desenvolvida uma geometria de forma de aço trapezoidal com mossas estampadas nas laterais. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais com modelos de lajes mistas, confeccionados com a forma de aço desenvolvida no presente estudo. Esses ensaios visaram avaliar a resistência e o comportamento de lajes mistas fabricadas com a forma desenvolvida. A geometria da forma de aço e das mossas apresentaram um bom comportamento frente aos esforços cisalhantes, com resistências comparáveis as formas de aço comercializadas, mostrando que podem ser utilizadas em trabalhos futuros. / The usual composite floor is formed by the composite slab, of steel and concrete, supported on the top flange of the steel beam. On the shallow floor systems, the steel beams are contained within the depth occupied by the floor. The steel form steel used in this composite shallow floor systems is around three times higher than usual forms of steel decking. In Brazil there is not a form of steel for use in shallow floor systems, marketed. This study concerns the development of a steel decking to shallow floor systems. Developed a geometry shape of trapezoidal steel and embossements on the sides. Experimental tests were conducted with composite slabs, made of steel the shape developed in this study. These tests were intended to assess the strength and behavior of composite slabs made with the developed form. The geometry of the steel form and embossements showed good behavior against shearing efforts, forms with resistances comparable steel deckings marketed, showing that may be used in future work.

Les procédés de mise en forme de tôles minces sont très largement répandus dans l’industrie. Néanmoins, l’utilisation de ces procédés est limitée par le niveau de formabilité du matériau formé, notamment dans le cas des alliages d’aluminium. Afin d’améliorer ces limites de formabilité, des procédés de mise en forme à chaud peuvent être envisagés. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier à l’aide d’approches expérimentale et numérique l’effet de la température et de la vitesse de déformation sur la formabilité des tôles en alliage d’aluminium AA5086 et de proposer une modélisation capable de prédire ces effets. Une campagne d’essais a été réalisée sur ce matériau à partir d’un essai d’emboutissage de type Marciniak. Des courbes limites de formage (CLF) ont été établies sur une plage de température allant de l’ambiant jusqu’à 200°C et pour des vitesses de déformation allant du quasi-statique à 2s-1. Des effets, positif de la température et négatif de la vitesse de déformation sur la formabilité ont été mis en évidence. La prise en compte des effets de la température et de la vitesse de déformation dans les modèles prédictifs des CLF, qu’ils soient analytiques ou numériques, est à ce jour très limitée. Dans ce travail, un modèle numérique prédictif basé sur la simulation par éléments finis du modèle géométrique de Marciniak et Kuczynski (M-K) est proposé. Les déformations limites obtenues avec de ce modèle sont très sensibles à la description du comportement thermo-viscoplastique du matériau et à la calibration du défaut géométrique pilotant l’apparition de la striction dans le modèle M-K. Des essais de traction uniaxiale réalisés dans les mêmes conditions opératoires que les essais de mise en forme de Marciniak ont permis d’identifier des lois d’écrouissage de nature très différentes (rigidifiante, saturante ou mixte). Ces lois conduisent à des prédictions très différentes de la formabilité du matériau pour une valeur donnée du défaut géométrique du modèle EF M-K. Différentes stratégies de calibration de la taille de ce défaut initial ont été envisagées. L’utilisation du point expérimental de la CLF correspondant à des conditions de déformation plane permet de calibrer de manière satisfaisante la valeur de ce défaut. Cette procédure de calibration a été appliquée pour l’ensemble des lois identifiées. Les lois de nature rigidifiante de type Ludwick se sont montrées les plus effficaces alors que les lois saturante de type Voce se sont avérées incapables de prédire la formabilité du matériau pour certaines conditions opératoires. Finalement, il est démontré qu’une valeur constante du défaut géométrique ne peut être retenue pour l’ensemble des conditions opératoires étudiées même si le modèle M-K s’est avéré assez efficace pour représenter l’effet de la température plutôt que celui de la vitesse de déformation. / Sheet metal forming processes are widely used in industry. Nevertheless, the use of these processes is limited by the formability of the considered material, in particular in the case of the aluminium alloys. To improve the formability, warm forming processes can be considered. The objective of this work is to study by means of both experimental and numerical approaches, the effects of temperature and strain rate on the formability of AA5086 aluminium alloy sheets and to propose a modeling suitable to predict these effects. Experimental tests have been carried out on this material by means of the Marciniak stamping experimental device. Forming limit curves (FLCs) have been established on a temperature range going from ambient temperature to 200°C and on a strain rate range going from quasi-static up to 2s-1. A positive effect of the temperature and a negative effect of the strain rate on the formability limits were highlighted. To date, very few predictive models of the FLCs taking into account temperature and strain rate effects are proposed in the literature. In this work, in order to predict the experimental temperature and strain rate sensitivities, a predictive model based on the finite element simulation of the Marciniak and Kuczynski (M-K) geometrical model is proposed. The limit strains obtained with this model are very sensitive to the description of the thermo-viscoplastic behaviour modeling and to the calibration of the initial geometrical imperfection controlling the onset of the necking. Thanks to tensile tests carried out for the same operating conditions that those of Marciniak forming tests, several types (power law, saturation and mixed) of hardening laws have been identified. These hardening laws have been implemented in theFE M-K model to obtain numerical limit strains. Very different formability limits have been observed for a given value of the geometrical defect. Several strategies for the calibration of this initial imperfection size have been tested. The use of the experimental point of the FLC0 corresponding to plane strain condition allows a good calibration of the initial imperfection value. This calibration procedure was carried out for all hardening laws. It is shown that the power law type models such as Ludwick law are more efficient while saturation laws such as Voce law are unable to predict the material formability for some conditions. Finally, it is shown that a constant value of the geometrical defect cannot be used to the whole operating conditions studied even if FE M-K model is shown to be efficient to represent the temperature effect rather than strain rate one.

Ikonografija ir emblemika Baroko epochoje dažnai vadintos seserimis, nors pirmoji yra senesnė keleriais šimtmečiais. Baroko epochoje emblemika perėmė visus motyvus iš rašytinių ir piešų šaltinių, tarp jų ir ikonografijos. M. K. Sarbievijus (M. K. Sarbiewski, 1595 — 1640) — vienas žymiausių LDK poetų, kūręs Baroko epochoje. Jo lyrikoje daug dėmesio skirta Mergelei Marijai. Magistro darbe Merelės Marijos ikonografija M. K. Sarbievijaus lyrikoje analizuojami Marijos Sužadėtinės, Marijos Karalienės ir Marijos Dievo motinos paveikslai. Tyrimo metu taikytas E. Panowsky metodas. Poetas, kurdamas šios šventosios paveikslą, pasitelkia įvairius ikonografinius modelius, juos papildydamas embleminiais įvaizdžiais. Odėse, kuriose imituojama Giesmių giesmė, Mergelė koduoja tam tikrą įvaizdį — žmogaus sielą, kitose šventosios paveikslas išplečiamas jai suteikiant įvairių kitų ikonografinių Marijos modelių bruožų. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad visi trys ikonografiniai tipai Sarbievijaus lyrikoje dažnai susilieja. Poeto lyrikoje jaučiama stipri antikinio ir krikščioniškojo klodo sintezė. / Iconography and emblemic have been called „sisters“ in the Baroque epoch though the previous one was several centuries older. Emblemic adopted all the motives from the written and drawn sources including those of iconography in the Baroque epoch. M. K. Sarbievijus (M. K. Sarbiewski, 1595 — 1640) is one of the most outstanding LMD poets who created in the Baroque epoch. His attitude towards Mother Mary was great in his lyrics. Virgin Mary’s iconography in M. K. Sarbievijus lyrics in the work of the master of since the images of Mary Fiance, Mary the Queen and Mary Mother of God analysed. E. Panovsky’s method was applied during the research. When creating the image of Mary the poet takes various iconographical models as help and supplements them with emblemic images. In odes, where The Song of Songs is imitated, The Virgin Mary codes a certain image that is the human soul. In other odes the image of The Virgin Mary is developed and given other various iconographical feathers of Mother Mary models. After the research had been finished it become obvious that all three iconographical types often merge n the lyrics of Sarbievijus. One can feel a strong synthesis of Antique and Christian layer in poet’s lyrics.

Submitted by Guilhermino Britto (guilhermino.f@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-21T11:43:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE EXPERIMENTAL DO CISALHAMENO LONGITUDINAL DE LAJES MISTAS.pdf: 6404090 bytes, checksum: 9b1afa30d7e8f92a9ea84c7a8095d8ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2018-03-13T15:32:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE EXPERIMENTAL DO CISALHAMENO LONGITUDINAL DE LAJES MISTAS.pdf: 6404090 bytes, checksum: 9b1afa30d7e8f92a9ea84c7a8095d8ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T15:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE EXPERIMENTAL DO CISALHAMENO LONGITUDINAL DE LAJES MISTAS.pdf: 6404090 bytes, checksum: 9b1afa30d7e8f92a9ea84c7a8095d8ff (MD5) / FAPESB / O Sistema de lajes mistas de concreto com fôrma de aço incorporada, constituído por uma forma de chapa corrugada e concreto no estado endurecido, tem como fase fundamental de seu dimensionamento a utilização do método semi empírico m-k. Este método consiste na determinação da capacidade resistente ao cisalhamento longitudinal, por meio de uma equação semi-empírica que relaciona a resistência nominal ao esforço cortante com os parâmetros obtidos em ensaio. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar o comportamento do sistema de lajes mistas de concreto com fôrma de aço incorporada por meio da determinação dos vãos máximos do “deck” antes da cura do concreto, e determinação dos valores dos parâmetros m e k das lajes, do modelo normativo e alternativo. O método de desenvolvimento deste trabalho seguiu as seguintes etapas: (i) definição dos vãos máximos admissíveis para o “deck” antes da cura do concreto, adotando os conceitos referentes ao comportamento dos elementos de placas esbeltas, instabilidade local e global de chapas finas. (ii) determinação dos parâmetros de dimensionamento m e k de modelos de lajes mistas compostas por apenas um módulo de “deck”. (iii) determinação dos parâmetros de dimensionamento m e k dos modelos em escala normativa. Adotando-se para tais determinações, o método semi-empírico m-k. Uma análise comparativa foi realizada com os resultados de m e k encontrados dos modelos alternativo e normativo. O “deck” estudado apresentou bom comportamento estrutural na fase antes da cura do concreto com baixa eficiência para maiores espessuras. Os parâmetros m e k encontrados nos modelos alternativos investigados não representam o comportamento físico dos modelos normativos quando adotados em seu procedimento de cálculo. Os resultados encontrados para o modelo normativo demonstraram baixa interação entre o “deck” e a capa de concreto, tornando-se necessário mais estudos para definir melhorias em seu desempenho. Os principais resultados encontrados demonstram que o modelo alternativo não apresenta valores que possam ser aplicados diretamente aos modelos normativos, já que o aumento do vão de cisalhamento, ou seja, vão sob tensões cisalhantes, reduz de forma significativa a resistência teórica das lajes. Espera-se com esse trabalho auxiliar projetistas e pesquisadores no desenvolvimento de projetos e pesquisas com o sistema “steel deck”. / The composite concrete slab with steel deck incorporated system, which consists of a form of a corrugated metal sheet and concrete in the hardened state, has as fundamental phase of its design the use of the semi empirical method m-k. This method consists in the determination of the capacity for resistance to the longitudinal shear, by means of a semi-empirical equation that relates the nominal resistance to shear stress with parameters obtained experimentally. In this paper, the behavior concrete slab with steel deck incorporated system was analyzed through the determination of the maximum deck gap values before the concrete cure, and the m and k parameters values for the normative and alternative model slabs were determined. The development of this work followed this steps: (i) definition of the maximum allowable spans for the deck before concrete curing, adopting the concepts related to the behavior of thin slab elements, local and global instability of thin sheets. (ii) Determination of the dimensioning parameters m and k of composite slab models composed of a single deck module. (iii) Determination of the scaling parameters m and k of the normative scale models. Adopting for such procedures, the semi-empirical method m-k. A comparative analysis was performed with the results of m and k found from the alternative and normative models. The "deck" studied showed good behavior in the phase before the curing of the concrete with low efficiency for greater thicknesses. The parameters m and k found in the alternative models investigated did not present significant influence when adopted in the procedure for the calculations for the normative models. The results found for the normative model demonstrated a low interaction between the deck and the concrete cover, making further studies necessary to develop improvements in its performance. The main results showed that the alternative model does not present values that can be applied directly to the normative models, since the increase of the shear span significantly reduces the theoretical resistance of the slabs. Hopefully, this work will assist designers and researchers in the development of projects and researches about the steel deck system.

In order to explore the range of indirect metafiction as presented in three exemplary novels, this dissertation begins by examining how the assumptions of "realism" on the one hand and "postmodernism" on the other relate to the paradigmatic triad of story-teller, story, and audience. From this context emerges the view that the range of metafiction is determined by how it reveals the processes and nature of fiction according to a spectrum of mediation: that of the writer between his "raw materials" and the text, that of the text between writer and reader, and that of the reader between the text and his interpretation. Indirect metafiction (or "pretend realism") mediates between realism and postmodernism, revealing without breaking the illusions of realism. Each of the next three chapters, after initially placing the key novel within the context of the author's work as a whole, discusses in detail a novel whose metafictional focus is on one of the three mediations. Accordingly, Chapter II focusses on Randolph Stow's The Girl Green as Elderflower (1980) and on the way it reveals the mediation of the author by presenting a writer's fiction as a synthesis of his personal and literary experiences. Chapter III notes how M. K. Joseph's A Soldier's Tale (1976) reflects the mediation of the reader by depicting a writer's interpretation and literary redaction of an oral tale. And Chapter IV shows how Timothy Findley's Famous Last Words (1981) demonstrates the mediation of the text by presenting a writer whose text "crystallizes" the illusions of fiction, then undercuts and exposes them. The analyses of the key texts employ both postmodern and traditional critical approaches, demonstrating them to be complementary; by noting the interpenetration of metafictional and traditional import and significance, the analyses also highlight the mediary nature of indirect metafiction. The fifth chapter draws theoretical conclusions from ideas in the practical chapters: from metafictional revelations through the paradigm of mediation comes an "anatomy" of fiction, delineating its elements; from a sense of how the mind "structures" experience through "fictional" representations of both "reality" and fictional texts comes a "physiology," a sense of how fiction works through language. This discussion leads to definitions of realistic, unrealistic, and self-conscious fiction, and of metafiction, both direct and indirect; the dissertation concludes by remarking on the inter-relations of language, "fiction," and "reality." / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This dissertation analyzes the problem of political violence in popular struggles for freedom and regime change. It seeks not only to explicate the different arguments for and against the use of violence in political struggle, but also the extent to which these various ways set the conditions for the political landscape after the struggle. To do that, I engage the arguments of Frantz Fanon, M. K. Gandhi, and Hannah Arendt. While these authors diverge with regard to the role of violence in popular struggles, all three conceptualize ways to achieve nonviolent politics or at least to reduce the role of violence in normal everyday politics. While Fanon and Gandhi offer viable diagnoses of the problem of violence and liberation, by stressing the structural and affective dimensions of political violence, Arendt challenges the traditional equation between political power and violence and offers an institutional alternative in her theory of a federated council system. My analysis reconstructs the link between the critique of violence (state, colonial, or mass violence) and the constructive theory of foundation and preservation of stability and effective relations of trust. These relations of trust are necessary to prevent recurring violence and escalation in the period following the struggle. By analyzing the intersections of violence, political action, and ethics in the work of Fanon, Gandhi, and Arendt, I provide a theoretical framework for understanding the role of violence in popular struggles and everyday politics, while avoiding the limitations of each theory. The aim of this study is threefold: first, to provide an alternative to the prominent positions of realism and moralism in political philosophy through an evaluation of ethical argumentation in politics regarding the problem of violence; second, to contribute to debates about political freedom, and sovereignty in democratic theory through examination of different solutions for the conservation of power and freedom in the transition from struggle to ordinary politics; and third, to develop a critical lens with which to examine situations of conflict and popular struggles, the place of violence, and the transition to ordinary politics. By way of conclusion, I demonstrate the relevance of this study through examination of a concrete case from the Middle East: the Egyptian revolution of 2011. The theoretical framework set by the multifocal debate provides a resource to analyze the promise and the ensuing crisis of the Egyptian project. / Philosophy

Este trabalho trata do estudo de um novo perfil metálico a ser empregado como fôrma em lajes mistas (laje com fôrma de aço incorporada). A fôrma é obtida pelo dobramento a frio de chapa zincada e serve para suportar o concreto fresco e sobrecargas durante a fase de construção e para atuar como armadura positiva da laje após a cura do concreto. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: (i) a análise teórica do perfil de aço isolado de modo a identificar modos de instabilidade e respectivos esforços críticos, referentes à fase de construção, isto é, concreto não colaborante, e (ii) a análise teórica e experimental da laje mista, através do ensaio de protótipos, tendo como propósito determinar a formulação para o dimensionamento baseada no método semiempírico denominado \"método m-k\". Tal método permite determinar equações lineares, sendo \"m\" e \"k\" os coeficientes angular e linear da reta. A análise teórica do perfil de aço foi realizada com o auxílio do programa CUFSM. Na análise experimental foram utilizados 14 protótipos agrupados conforme a espessura da fôrma de aço (0,08 mm 6 protótipos e 1,25 mm 8 protótipos) e variando a altura da laje em 110 mm e 170 mm. Outros dois protótipos também foram ensaiados, ambos com armadura adicional e fôrma de espessura 0,08 mm, onde um continha mossas em sua fôrma e outro não. A determinação das constantes m - k resultou na equação de dimensionamento que fundamenta-se no cisalhamento longitudinal, que é o estado-limite último dominante no projeto de lajes mistas. / This work studies a new steel profile to use as deck in composite slabs (slab with embedded steel deck profile). The deck is obtained by cold-formed and serves to support the fresh concrete and overloads during the construction stage and to act as positive reinforcement of the slab after the wet concrete. Research comprises two steps: (i) theoretical analysis of isolated steel deck profile to identify buckling modes and their critical stress, associated to the construction stage, i.e., not cooperating concrete, and (ii) theoretical and experimental analysis of the composite slab, through of test prototypes, with the purpose to determine the formulation to design based in semiempirical method called \'\"m-k method\". The method allows determining linear equations, where \"m\" and \"k\" are angular and linear coefficients of the function. The theoretical analysis of the steel profile was performed with the aid of CUFSM program. In the experimental prototypes analysis used 14 grouped according to the thickness of the sheeting (0.08 mm - 1.25 mm prototypes and 6 - 8 prototypes) and varying slab height at 110 mm and 170 mm. Two other prototypes were also tested, both with additional armor and thick mold 0.08 mm, where one had dents in your pan and the other not. The determination of the constants m - k resulted in the scaling equation is based on longitudinal shear, which is the state limit last dominant in the design of composite slabs.