Ed. D.

Methoprene (isopropyl (2E, 4E)-11-methoxy-3, 7, 11-trimethyl- 2, 4-dodecadienoate) formulated as Altosid® SR-10 was tested against Culex pipiens L. under simulated field conditions and against Aedes aegypti (L.) in the laboratory. Rates from 0.0027 to 0.27 1b. a.i./A resulted in 90 to 100% emergence inhibition. In the same tests, diflubenzuron (1-(4 chlorophenyl)-3-(2, 6-difluorobenzoyl) urea), formulated as Dimilin® 25% WP, induced 96 to 100% emergence inhibition at rates from 0.003 to 0.03 1b. a.i./A. Also in the same tests, temephos (0,0'-(thiodi-1, 1-phenylene) 0, 0, 0', 0'-tetramethyl bis (phosphothioate)), formulated as 1% Abate® 4E in plaster-of-Paris briquettes, was applied at normal field dosages and resulted in 100% emergence inhibition. / Master of Science

Submitted by TAMIRIS KEMPNER (tamireskempner@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-08T19:23:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Tamiris Kempner.pdf: 3257644 bytes, checksum: b017074bfe0af2c7904609b1f22127e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-08T19:33:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kempner_t_dr_jabo.pdf: 3257644 bytes, checksum: b017074bfe0af2c7904609b1f22127e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T19:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kempner_t_dr_jabo.pdf: 3257644 bytes, checksum: b017074bfe0af2c7904609b1f22127e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Diante da importância do cancro cítrico para a citricultura mundial, a bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, o agente causal da doença, tem sido amplamente estudada. Pesquisadores brasileiros realizaram o sequenciamento completo do genoma da X. citri subsp. citri isolado 306 (Xac306), com o intuito de elucidar os genes e mecanismos envolvidos na patogenicidade e/ou virulência da bactéria. As ORFs XAC2361 e XAC3898 possuem tamanhos e locais diferentes no genoma da Xac306, mas têm em comum o domínio Peptidase_M23, cujo processo biológico predito é de hidrolase de parede celular, mas a real função destas proteínas em Xac ainda é desconhecida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da mutação sítio-dirigida, se as ORFs XAC2361 e XAC3898 estão relacionadas com a virulência e/ou patogenicidade de X. citri subsp. citri 306 e com o desenvolvimento do cancro cítrico. Para isso, foram realizados testes in vitro e in planta dos mutantes obtidos, visando observar alterações fenotípicas. Devido a presença de peptídeo sinal, a ORF XAC2361 foi fundida à proteína fluorescente mCherry (XAC2361-mCherry) para expressão in vivo e avaliação por microscopia de fluorescência. As análises fenotípicas demonstraram que o mutante ΔXAC2361 não apresentou alterações nos sintomas quando avaliado em limoeiro cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck), porém apresentou menor capacidade de crescimento in vitro, menor motilidade swimming e swarming e menor capacidade de sobrevivência em SDS. Por outro lado, o mutante ΔXAC3898 apresentou uma significativa redução na virulência, menor capacidade de crescimento in planta, maior capacidade de crescimento in vitro, menor capacidade de agregação, maior produção de goma e biofilme e a avaliação por microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que houve uma redução no comprimento das células da bactéria. A análise por microscopia de florescência da proteína de fusão XAC2361-mCherry mostrou, predominantemente, uma fluorescência dispersa, o que é um indício de que a mesma pode estar sendo direcionada para o citoplasma. Apesar disso, não foi possível confirmar a expressão da proteína de fusão XAC2361-mCherry por meio de Western-blot. Diante dos resultados obtidos, sugere-se que o domínio Peptidase_M23 está de alguma forma envolvido com a virulência e/ou patogenicidade de Xac, atuando na formação da parede celular. / In view of the importance of citrus canker in citrus culture worlwide, the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the causal agent of this disease, has been extensively studied. Brazilian researchers performed the complete sequencing of the genome of X. citri subsp. citri isolate 306 (Xac306), in order to elucidate the genes and mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity and/or virulence of Xac. The ORFs XAC2361 and XAC3898 have different sizes and location in the genome, but have in common the M23 Peptidase domain, whose biological process is predicted to act as cell wall hydrolase, but the actual function of these proteins in Xac is still unknown. This work aimed to evaluate, through site-directed mutagenesis, whether XAC2361 and XAC3898 ORFs are related to the virulence and / or pathogenicity of Xac306 and the development of citrus canker. In order to observe phenotypic changes, in vitro and in planta tests of the mutants were carried out. Due to the presence of signal peptide, the ORF XAC2361 was fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (XAC2361-mCherry) for in vivo expression and fluorescence microscopy evaluation. Phenotypic analyzes demonstrated that the ΔXAC2361 mutant showed no change in symptoms when evaluated in Mexican lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck), but presented lower in vitro growth capacity, lower swimming and swarming motility, and lower survival capacity in SDS. On the other hand, the ΔXAC3898 mutant showed a significant reduction in virulence, lower in plant growth capacity, higher in vitro growth capacity, lower aggregation capacity, higher gum production and biofilm, and scanning electron microscopy evaluation showed that there was a reduction in cell length. Microscopy analysis of the XAC2361-mCherry fusion protein showed predominantly dispersed fluorescence, which is an indication that it may be being directed to the cytoplasm. Despite this, the expression of XAC2361-mCherry fusion protein could not be confirmed by Western blotting. In view of the obtained results, it is suggested that the Peptidase_M23 domain is in some way involved with the virulence and/or pathogenicity of Xac, acting in the formation of the cellular wall.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the proposed Disarmament, Demobilization & Reintegration (DDR) policies of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) and the recommendations of the Rift Valley Institute in the wake of the surrender of the M23 Movement, an armed rebel faction, in December 2013. The study seeks to assess the capability of these policies to address the grievances of the members of the M23 Movement and whether they will bring lasting peace between the rebels and the Government.To assess these policies, a content analysis of five key documents is conducted. The analysis uses a theoretical framework inspired by the work of John Paul Lederach (1997) on Conflict Transformation and that of Stina Torjesen (2013) on reintegration of former combatants. The framework explores the content of the policies according to four “pillars” of successful DDR – actors, context, timeframe & action.The study concludes that while efforts for political integration has had some success, the cause for the M23 rebellion was economic grievances which has not yet been addressed. Furthermore, a lack of political will has delayed the implementation of the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants, which bears a resemblance to previous attempts at DDR. A new amnesty law that exempts perpetrators of gross human rights violations has had some success in ending impunity for the worst offences. MONUSCO has been criticized for partiality towards the National Government, and its increasingly forceful stance in the conflict has persuaded some groups to submit to DDR while others have intensified their aggressions on UN personnel.

Master of Science

La présente recherche examine la couverture médiatique du conflit armé qui a opposé les Forces armées de la RDC à la rébellion du 23 mars dans la province du Nord Kivu, entre mai 2012 et novembre 2013. Au regard des stratégies diverses d’enrôlement des médias et de contrôle des contenus journalistiques mises en place par les belligérants, (pressions, intimidations, séductions, menaces, etc.), la thèse s’intéresse, en particulier, à la manière dont ces différents facteurs propres au système médiatique congolais ou générés par le contexte spécifique de ce conflit ont déterminé la construction des récits journalistiques diffusés par des radios locales, nationales et internationales sur le déroulement de cette guerre. Il s’est agi de voir les contenus journalistiques auxquelles les auditeurs congolais ont été confrontés et de cerner les dynamiques et logiques qui ont conduit à leur élaboration. L’étude s’appuie sur une démarche triangulatoire qui a permis d’analyser, de manière complémentaire, deux types de matériaux :des corpus radiophoniques, prélevés auprès d’un échantillon de cinq radios (Kivu One et VBR de Goma, Top Congo FM et Radio Okapi de Kinshasa, RFI émettant depuis Paris) et des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec dix-neuf journalistes, explorant les conditions dans lesquelles les récits diffusés ont été produits. Elle croise un axe géographique, les implantations des médias étudiés étant différentes, et un axe diachronique, en se focalisant sur trois phases distinctes (début, milieu et fin du conflit). L’examen effectué sur le corpus radiophonique a mis en lumière l’existence d’une multiplicité des pratiques journalistiques que la recherche s’est attachée à qualifier :journalisme « surveillé », « assiégé », « occupé », « effacé », « embarqué », « distancié », « patriotique », « de paix », « du vainqueur » « de communication » … Les entretiens ont permis de mieux comprendre les déterminants qui ont conduit les journalistes à ces pratiques, c’est-à-dire un ensemble de facteurs, ancrés à la fois dans l’environnement sociétal, dans des dynamiques internes aux entreprises médiatiques, dans des commodités professionnelles ou dans des expériences personnelles de vie. L’analyse combinée des récits journalistiques diffusés et des discours des journalistes actualise, dans le contexte congolais, un ensemble d’interrogations portant sur la couverture journalistique des conflits :tension entre responsabilité professionnelle et responsabilité citoyenne ;limitations liées aux moyens disponibles et aux conditions sécuritaires ;poids des connexions financières ou politiques au sein des rédaction ;interventions directes des belligérants dans le secteur médiatique ;possibilité et modalités de la neutralité du journaliste, en particulier lorsque ce dernier est originaire du pays en conflit et qu’il réside dans la région où se déroulent les combats. Journalistes et radios ayant développé des réponses pratiques différenciées à ces interrogations, la thèse en souligne et examine l’impact sur les récits médiatiques diversifiés proposés au public congolais. / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished