The expectations of three groups--school superintendents, school psychologists, and school psychologist trainers--for the Virginia school psychologist's job performances, professional participations, and personal attributes were surveyed by means of a mailed opinionnaire. The degree of intrapositional and interpositional consensus was determined, as was the perceived importance of the school psychologist's generalized functions and the relative frequency of performance of each function. Certain demographic data were collected, and the effect of demographic variables on the expectations of role definers was investigated. The majority of the respondents held positive expectations for about two-thirds of the job performances of the school psychologist suggested by items of the opinionnaire. Most role definers held neutral to moderately positive expectations for the professional activities of the school psychologist, but held no strong preference regarding such personal attributes of the psychologist as age, sex, marital and parental status. The majority of respondents preferred that the school psychologist have training at least to the master's level, have training in education and psychology, and have completed a nine month internship. Higher levels of consensus within and between groups were found on expectations for the professional participations and personal attributes, than for the job performances of the school psychologist. The greatest agreement between role definers existed on items concerning the more traditional functions of the school psychologist, where positive expectations were almost universally expressed. The highest level of intrapositional consensus was found among school psychologist trainers; the lowest level among school psychologists themselves. The highest level of interpositional consensus existed between superintendents and trainers; the lowest level between superintendents and psychologists. Discordance between role definers resulted not so much from differences in opinion, as from differences in the intensity with which opinions were held. Although there was moderate disagreement between role definers regarding the relative importance of the school psychologist's functions generalized into ten major service areas, respondents appeared to agree as to whether the service area was most important, important, or least important. Most participants ranked diagnostic studies as the single most important functional area of the school psychologist. (School psychologist trainers, however, believed consultation with teachers a more important service area.) Findings support the assumption that school psychologists in Virginia are actually performing most frequently those functions the three role definer groups considered most important, and least frequently those functions that were considered least important. The effect of demographic variables on importance and frequency rankings was not found to be great. It was concluded that greater consensus regarding the role of the Virginia school psychologist exists today than in the past. Potential implications of the results of this study were discussed, and recommendations for further research offered. / Ed. D.

The theory used to develop curved flow as a method of obtaining dynamic stability derivatives is presented including an analysis of the flows involved in the curved flow wind tunnel and in curved flight. Equations for the forces and moments for each of these flows are presented and then used to develop equations for the corrections to the forces and moments obtained in curved flow wind tunnel tests. An example of the physical setup and of the testing procedure for curved flow testing is also presented with some of the results from a typical test. The principles involved in several other methods of testing that are also used to obtain the dynamic stability derivatives are discussed so that a comparison may be made with the curved flow method. / Master of Science

Results from several studies are presented which detail explorations of the physical and spectral properties of low luminosity active galactic nuclei. An initial Sagittarius A* general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation and Monte Carlo radiation transport model suggests accretion rate changes as the dominant flaring method. A similar study on M87 introduces new methods to the Monte Carlo model for increased consistency in highly energetic sources. Again, accretion rate variation seems most appropriate to explain spectral transients. To more closely resolve the methods of particle energization in active galactic nuclei accretion disks, a series of localized shearing box simulations explores the effect of numerical resolution on the development of current sheets. A particular focus on numerically describing converged current sheet formation will provide new methods for consideration of turbulence in accretion disks.

A typical application for an electronic autobalance is discussed, and the requirements for an autobalance automation system are developed. The design of six application programs that satisfy these requirements is presented, and the operation and interaction of these programs is discussed in detail. Typical weighing sessions of the autobalance while running under the automation system are described. Current status of the autobalance automation system is outlined, and recommendations for future action are made. / Master of Science

Precipitation over the eastern United States has been increasing in acidity, particularly within the last three decades. The average annual pH of rain in this area is about 4.2. The foliar surface, or phylloplane, of soybean can be damaged by rain acidified to pH 2.9. Simulated acidic precipitation has an overall inhibitory influence on soil microbial processes. The effect acidic precipitation may have on epiphytic microorganisms has not been examined. Bacteria are among the most numerous residents on the phylloplane. / Master of Science

The hierarchical assembly of mass, wherein smaller clumps of dark matter, stars, gas, and dust buildup over time to form the galaxies we see today in the local Universe through accretion events with other clumps, is a central tenet of galaxy formation theory. Supported by theoretically motivated simulations, and observations of the distribution of galaxies over a large range of redshift, the theory of hierarchical growth is now well established. However, on the scales of individual galaxies, hierarchical growth struggles to explain a number of observations involving the amount and distribution of dark matter in galaxies, and the timescale of both the formation of stars, and the assembly of those stars into galaxies. In this dissertation I attempt to address some of the central issues of galaxy formation. My work focuses on massive elliptical galaxies and employs the orbit-based, axisymmetric dynamical modeling technique of Schwarzschild to constrain the total mass of a galaxy to large radii. From this starting point a determination of the extent and shape of the dark matter halo profile is possible and can then be compared to the results of simulations of the formation of galaxies. These dynamical models include information on the stellar orbital structure of the galaxy, and can be used as a further point of comparison with N-body simulations and observations from other groups. Dynamical modeling results for both M49 and M87, the first and second rank galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, are presented and compared in Chapters 4 and 2 respectively. Although both galaxies are similar in mass, a closer analysis shows they exhibit very different dark matter halo profiles and stellar orbital structure, and likely followed very different formation pathways. My primary dataset comes from observations carried out on the Mitchell Spectrograph (formally VIRUS-P) at McDonald Observatory.\footnote{The instrument's name was changed over the last year. As some of this work was originally written when the instrument was named VIRUS-P, I have elected to use that name in those sections of this dissertation (Chapters 2 and 5). In Chapters 3, 4, and 6, I use the current name.} The Mitchell Spectrograph is a fiber-fed integral field spectrograph, and allows one to collect spectra at many positions on a galaxy simultaneously. With spectroscopy one is able to not only constrain the kinematics of the stars, but also their integrated chemical abundances. In the introduction I describe recent work I have carried out with my collaborators using the Mitchell Spectrograph to add further constraints to our picture of galaxy formation. In that work we find that the cores of massive elliptical galaxies have been in place for many billions of years, and had their star formation truncated at early times. The stars comprising their outer halos, however, come from less massive systems. Yet unlike the stars of present day, low-mass galaxies, whose star formation is typically extended, these accreted systems had their star formation shut off at high redshift. Although our current sample is relatively small, these observations place a rigid constraint on the timescale of galaxy assembly and indicate the important role of minor mergers in the buildup of the diffuse outer halos of these systems. All of these advances in our understanding of the Universe are driven, in large part, by advances in the instrumentation used to collect the data. The Mitchell Spectrograph is a wonderful example of such an advance, as the instrument has allowed for observations of the outer halo of M87 to unprecedented radial distances (Chapter 3). A significant component of my dissertation research has been focused on characterizing the fiber optics of both the Mitchell Spectrograph and the fiber optics for the VIRUS spectrograph. I cover the results of the work on the Mitchell Spectrograph optical fibers in Chapter 5. The affects of stress and motion on a fiber bundle, critical to the VIRUS spectrograph, are explored in Chapter 6. / text

No description available.

<p>Globular clusters have linear sizes (tidal radii) which are theoretically de- termined by their mass and by the gravitational potential of their host galaxy. However observationally, cluster sizes are simply a determination of where the cluster’s surface brightness profile becomes zero. This distance is also known as the limiting radius. While it is commonly assumed that the tidal radius and the limiting radius of a globular cluster are the same thing, it has yet to be validated. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the assumption that cluster tidal radii and limiting radii are equal by comparing the tidal radii of an observed and simulated globular cluster population.</p> <p>An established link between cluster tidal radii and limiting radii will yield new methods of utilizing globular clusters as tools for studying galaxies. If cluster sizes are truly imposed by the tidal field of the host galaxy, then tidal radii measurements can be used to trace the mass distribution within a galaxy, including the dark matter halo. Additionally, as we will demonstrate in this thesis, cluster sizes can also be used a tracer for the orbital anisotropy profile of a galaxy.</p> <p>To explore the assumption that tidal radii and limiting radii are equal, we utilize the globular cluster population of the Virgo giant M87. Unusually deep, high signal-to-noise images of M87 are used to determine the radius for approximately 2000 globular clusters. To compare with these observations, we simulate a globular cluster population that has the same characteristics to the observed M87 cluster population. These characteristics include cluster radial distribution, mass distribution, central concentration distribution and line of sight velocity dispersion. Placing these simulated clusters in the well-studied tidal field of M87, the orbit of each cluster is solved and the theoretical tidal radius of each cluster is determined. We compare the predicted relationship between cluster size and projected galactocentric distance found in our sim- ulation to observations in order to test whether a cluster’s tidal radius and limiting radius are equal. We find that for an isotropic distribution of cluster velocities, theoretical tidal radii are approximately equal to observed limiting radii. The simulation predicts the observed increase in cluster size with galac- tocentric distance, which is expected if tidal radii are dependent on the tidal field. Additionally, simulated cluster sizes are of the same order of magnitude as observed cluster sizes. However the simulation does underestimate cluster sizes in the inner regions of M87. To minimize the discrepancy between theory and observations, we further explore the effects of orbital anisotropy on cluster sizes, and suggest a possible orbital anisotropy profile for M87 which yields the best fit between theory and observations. Finally, we suggest multiple future studies which will aid in our understanding of tidal theory and in establishing a stronger link between tidal radii and limiting radii.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Das High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) ist ein System von fünf atmosphärischen Cherenkov-Teleskopen (IACT) in Namibia. Die H.E.S.S. Teleskope sind empfindlich für sehr energiereiche (VHE) Gammastrahlen zwischen ~30 TeV und 100 TeV. Mit einer Entfernung von 16,5 Mpc ist Messier 87 (M87) eine der nächsten Radiogalaxien und beherbergt eines der massereichsten supermassiven Schwarzen Löcher, das Materie in einen Plasmastrahl relativistischer Teilchen emittiert. Der Strahl wird im Bereich des gesamten elektromagnetischen Spektrums beobachtet und untersucht. M87 befindet sich im Zentrum des Virgo-Galaxienhaufens, eines kühlen Galaxienhaufens, der von Gas gefüllt ist, das in der Nähe des Zentrums kälter und in den Außenbereichen des Galaxienhaufens heißer ist. Gemäß der Cooling Flow (CF) Theorie kühlt das Plasma in Cool Core (CC) Haufen am Rand des Haufens ab und sinkt nach innen, wodurch die Sternentstehungsrate im Zentrum erhöht wird. Optische Messungen des Virgo Galaxienhaufens scheinen diesem Modell jedoch zu widersprechen. Als Heizmechanismus wird der aktive galaktische Kern Rückkopplungsmechanismus vorgeschlagen, der die Abkühlung des ICM ausgleicht und dessen CF vermeidet. Die kosmische Strahlung des Jets interagiert mit der ICM und erzeugt neutrale Pionen, die in Gammastrahlen zerfallen und ein nicht variables und ausgedehntes Gammastrahlensignal erzeugen. Allerdings konnten keine Gammastrahlen-Beobachtungen mit dem Pionenzerfall in dem Galaxienhaufen in Verbindung gebracht werden. In dieser Studie der H.E.S.S. Beobachtungen des niedrigen Strahl-Aktivitätszustands von M87 haben keine signifikante Ausdehnung der Emissionsregion gezeigt, woraus eine 3σ Obergrenze von 0.016° ≈ 4.6 kpc abgeleitet wurde. Das Verhältnis des Drucks in kosmischer Strahlung zur thermischen Strahlung ist auf <0.36 im Zentralregion beschränkt. Diese abgeleitete Obergrenze nimmt einen Gleichgewichtszustand zwischen den Erwärmungs und den Kühlprozessen an. Die neue Generation von IACTs, das Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), wird eine unvergleichbare Empfindlichkeit und Winkelauflösung bieten. Um die langfristige Verfügbarkeit der Teleskope sicherzustellen, wurde ein auf Schwingungsmessungen basierendes Strukturüberwachungssystem entwickelt und zwischen 2019 und 2020 in Berlin am Prototyp des mittelgrossen Teleskopes erfolgreich getestet. CTAO wird in der Lage sein die Gammastrahlung des Virgo Haufens zu untersuchen und sie laut Simulationen und dem Steady-State-Modell innerhalb von ~210 h zu detektieren. / The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is an array of five Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) located in Namibia. The H.E.S.S. telescopes are sensitive to Very-High-Energy (VHE) gamma rays between ~30 TeV and ~100 TeV. At a distance of 16.5 Mpc Messier 87 (M87) is one of the closest radio-galaxies, hosting one of the most massive Super-Massive Black Hole, which accretes matter and launches an inclined jet of relativistic particles. The jet is detected and studied by radiation emitted through the entire electromagnetic spectrum. M87 is located at the very center of the Virgo galaxy cluster, a Cool Core (CC) cluster, characterized by an Intra-cluster Medium (ICM) that is colder close to the center and hotter towards the outskirts of the galaxy cluster. According to the Cooling Flow (CF) theory, the plasma in CC clusters cools in the outskirts of the cluster and falls inwards, increasing the star formation ratio in the region. However, optical measurements of the Virgo Cluster seem to contradict this model. The Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback mechanism is proposed as a heating mechanism, which counterbalances the cooling of the ICM and avoids its CF. The cosmic rays from the jet interact with the ICM producing neutral pions, which decay to gamma rays, forming a non-variable and extended gamma-ray signal. However, no gamma-ray observations could be associated with pion decay in galaxy clusters. In this work, deep H.E.S.S. observations of M87's low state are analyzed, and the results have shown no significant gamma-ray extension leading to a 3σ upper limit of 0.016° ≈ 4.6 kpc. The ratio of cosmic-ray pressure to thermal pressure XCR is constrained to < 0.36 at its maximum position, assuming a steady-state between the heating and the cooling processes. The new generation of IACTs, the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) will offer unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. To assure the long-term availability of the telescopes, a structure monitoring system based on vibration measurements was developed and successfully tested at the Medium-sized Telescope (MST) prototype between 2019 and 2020 in Berlin. CTAO should be able to probe the gamma-ray emission from the Virgo Cluster, and, according to simulations and to the steady-state model, significantly detect it after ≈ 210 h.

Les NAG (Active galactic nuclei, ou noyaux actifs de galaxie) sont des noyaux galactiques lumineux (L>10^42 erg/s) au centre desquels se trouve un trou noir super massif. Leur énergie lumineuse est libérée lors de l'accrétion sur ce trou noir, soit via un disque d'accrétion, soit via un flux d'accrétion relativement inefficace. Certaines questions, notamment concernant l'origine des jets dans environ 10 % des NAG, n'ont pas encore de réponse. Le Fermi/LAT gamma-ray survey a soulevé une nouvelle question lorsqu'il a détecté un petit groupe de radio galaxies en addition à de nombreux blazars. Les radio galaxies sont séparées en deux catégories en fonction du de la luminosité de leurs jets dans le domaine radio. La catégorie Fanaroff-Riley I (FR-I) rassemble les sources dont les jets sont brillants près du noyau, tandis que les jets des sources de la catégorie FR-II sont brillants aux extrémités. Les sources FR-I sont apparentées aux BL Lacs, blazars de faible luminosité. Les FSRQ, blazars de forte luminosité, sont probablement enfantés par les sources de type FR-II. Cette thèse présente une étude de radio galaxies lumineuses dans le domaine gamma. Nous avons étudié deux exemples de ce nouveau type de sources en analysant des données X et gamma et en créant des distributions spectrales d'énergie (SED) large-bande. Pour 3C 111, de type FR -II, nous avons analysé des observations de Suzaku/XIS et PIN, ainsi que des observations d'INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI, pour créer un spectre dans le domaine X. Nous avons aussi utilisé un spectre mesuré par Swift/BAT lors de sa campagne d'observation de 58 mois. Le spectre résultant, qui couvre les énergies de 0,4 à 200 keV, met en évidence deux contributions : l'une thermale de type Seyfert montrant une raie de fer K-alpha, l'autre non thermale caractéristique d'un jet. Nous avons aussi analysé des données gamma de Fermi/LAT. Nous avons combiné les données X et gamma avec des données historiques dans les domaines radio, infrarouge et optiques, pour construire le SED. Ce SED est modélisé de manière satisfaisante par un jet non thermal. La luminosité bolométrique de 3C 111 est relativement faible, et le modèle SED correspond plus à une source de type BL Lac que de type FSRQ auquel nous nous attendions. La seconde source que nous avons étudiée est M87, de type FR-I. Cette source proche a été détectée dans les bandes gamma et TeV, mais pas encore en rayons X durs (> 10 keV). Nous avons concentré la première partie de notre analyse sur la limite supérieure de l'émission X de cette source en utilisant des observations d'INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI. En plus de la méthode habituelle, nous avons appliqué plusieurs techniques telles que "pointing selection" et "shadogram treatment" afin d'augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit. En utilisant 5,1 Ms de données ISGRI nous avons déterminé, avec une certitude de 3 sigma, une limite supérieure de f < 3x10-12 erg/cm2/s pour le flux de M87 dans la bande 20-60 keV. Notre analyse d'observations de Suzaku/PIN nous a permis d'effectuer la première détection de rayons X dur émis par M87. Celle-ci a un flux de f=1.3+0.1-0.2x 10-11 erg/cm2/s entre 20 et 60 keV. Cette détection suggeste une éruption; en effet ce flux est très supérieur à la limite supérieure que nous avons calculée. En combinant cette limite supérieure d'émission X avec des données de Fermi/LAT et données historiques radio, infrarouges et optiques, nous avons construit un SED. Celui-ci est correctement modélisé par une source de type BL Lac, conforme à nos attentes puisque M87 est de type FR-I. Nous avons alors examiné les aspects généraux des radio galaxies à forte émission gamma. La plupart de ces objets sont de type FR-I, et le noyau d'au moins une source FR-II (3C 111) est plus proche de BL Lac que de FSRQ. Il est possible que ce soit aussi le cas des autres sources FR-II. Comme dans le cas des blazars, leur émission gamma est originaire du jet. La source est trop inclinée pour que l'émission du jet apparaisse boostée. En revanche, puisque les rayons gammas sont émis à proximité du trou noir central, les observations peuvent être expliquées soit par un grand angle d'ouverture du jet, soit par réflection sur le disque. Fermi/LAT a observé un potentiel halo de matière sombre aux alentours de l'amas de la vierge. J'ai participé à l'étude de l'émission de cette source. Notre travail a mis en évidence qu'une collection de source ponctuelles contribue à cette émission. Je présente dans cette thèse le résultat de notre analyse. Pour terminer, nous rapportons la première détection de rayons X provenant de l'objet BL Lac BZB J1552+0850 et de la galaxie de Seyfert LSBC F727-V01. Nous les avons observées avec les instruments UVOT et XRT de Swift. Ces deux sources sont situées dans le rayon d'erreur de la source Fermi/LAT 2FGL J1551.9+0855. Puisque les galaxies de Seyfert émettent rarement des rayons gammas, nous avançons l'hypothèse que BZB J1552+0850 est la contrepartie UV et X de la source gamma Fermi/LAT 2FGL J1551.9+0855. L'étude du rayonnement X des radio galaxies à forte émission gamma aide à caractériser ces sources. La résolution spectrale de la nouvelle génération d'instruments tels que NuSTAR et ASTRO-H permettra de distinguer les composantes thermales et non-thermales des spectres X. Construire des spectres de distribution d'énergie à partir d'observation à plusieurs longueurs d'ondes aidera à contraindre les émissions large-bande. Cela facilitera l'assignation de contreparties visibles aux sources détectées par Fermi/LAT, tâche non triviale à cause des incertitudes de position.