Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prince_ka_me_arafcf.pdf: 475821 bytes, checksum: 2cb63318a8694f13dc0ed4139cca5f2b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O problema da tuberculose no Brasil, reflete o desenvolvimento social do país, onde novas causas concorrem para o agravamento, como a epidemia de AIDS e também a multiresistência às drogas. Portanto, torna-se necessária a busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas, como a utilização de novos princípios ativos sintéticos e/ou extraídos de plantas. Em muitas partes do Brasil, existe uma rica tradição no uso de plantas medicinais para a cura de várias doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a pesquisa de metabólitos secundários bioativos de fungos endofíticos de plantas do cerrado, com atividade contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Este trabalho faz parte do projeto temático “Conservação, Sustentabilidade e Uso de Plantas do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica: Diversidade Química e Prospecção de Drogas em Potencial” dentro da linha de pesquisa “Bioprospecção em Fungos Endofíticos de Espécies Vegetais do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica’. Neste estudo, a partir de 3 plantas do Cerrado, foram isolados 11 fungos endofíticos e destes obtidos 16 extratos brutos e 1 substância pura. A atividade anti- M. tuberculosis, foi determinada empregando o MABA, determinando a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de composto necessária para inibir a multiplicação de 90% das células micobacterinas. Dos 17 extratos brutos testados 3 apresentaram CIM > 250 µg/mL (17,6%), em 7 o valor de CIM foi de 250 µg/mL (41,2%), em 3 de 125 µg/mL (17,6%), em 2 de 62,5 µg/mL (11,8 %) e em outros 2 de 31,25 µg/mL (11,8%). A substância purificada, identificada como ácido pirenochaético, apresentou excelente atividade antimicobacteriana, com valor de CIM de 3,9 µg/mL. O estudo revelou atividade anti- M. tuberculosis promissora em 7 extratos brutos testados (41,2%), e na substância pura. / The tuberculosis in Brazil shows the social development problem in the country, as there are several new causes increasing the numbers, like HIV epidemic and the drugs multi-resistance. Therefore it’s necessary the research of alternative therapies as the use of new synthetic compounds and plant extracts. In most parts of Brazil, there is the tradition in the use of medical plants to the cure of various infectious diseases. The objective of this work was to research of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi of “Cerrado” plants active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This work is part of the thematic project “Conservation, Sustentability and the Use of “Cerrado” Plants and from Atlantic Forest: Chemistry Diversity and Drugs Potential Prospecting” inside the research line “Bioprospection in Endophytic Fungi from Vegetable Species of “Cerrado” and Atlantic Forest”. From 3 plants of “Cerrado”, was isolated 11 endophytic fungi and from this, was obtained 16 crude extracts and 1 pure substance. The activity against M. tuberculosis was determined using the MABA, finding the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug necessary to inhibit the multiplication of 90% of bacillary growth. From 17 crude extracts tested, 3 showed MIC >250 μg/mL (17.6%), in 7, the MIC value was of 250 μg/mL (41.2%), in 3 of 125 μg/mL (17.6%), in 2 of 62.5μg/mL (11.8%) and in the last 2 was of 31.25 μg/mL (11.8%). The purified fraction, identified as pirenochaetic acid presented excellent activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC value of 3.9μg/mL. The study showed promising activity against M. tuberculosis in 7 crude extracts tested (41.2%) and at the pure substance.

Generativ AI är ett fenomen som har blivit populärt under de senaste åren vilket har medfört utvecklingen av AI-verktyg. Dessa verktyg kan lösa specifika lösningar inom olika fält inklusive inom UX-design. Där en ny aspekt av Mänsklig-Dator-Interaktion (MDI) har utvecklats mot Människa-AI-Interaktion (MAII). Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka UX-designers användning av AI-verktyg inom skissandet. Studien genomfördes med sju semistrukturerade intervjuer och en tematisk analys. Resultatet presenterar respondenternas perspektiv och tankar kring tillämpningen av de AI-verktyg som används idag. Alla respondenter är överens om att användningen av AI-verktyg gjorde att arbetet blev mer effektivt. Begränsningarna alternativt utmaningarna var att företag bör överväga att införa en tydlig AI-policy för att säkerställa att AI-verktyg används säkert och ansvarsfullt. Studien avslutas med att en stor vikt läggs på mänsklig kreativitet och förståelse för användarens behov är en viktig del gällande användning av AI-verktyg. / Generative AI is a phenomenon that has become popular in recent years, leading to the development of AI tools. These tools can solve specific problems in various fields, including UX design. This has led to the development of a new aspect of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) towards Human-AI Interaction (HAII). The purpose of this study is to investigate UX designers' use of AI tools in sketching. The study was conducted with seven semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis. The results present the respondents' perspectives and thoughts on the application of the AI tools used today. All respondents agree that using AI tools made their work more efficient. Limitations or challenges were that companies should consider implementing a clear AI policy to ensure that AI tools are used safely and responsibly. The study concludes that a great deal of emphasis is placed on human creativity and understanding the needs of the user is an important part of using AI tools.

En 1993, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé déclarait que la tuberculose était « une urgence de santé publique mondiale ». Plus de 20 ans après, cette maladie infectieuse causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis, reste toujours un problème à l’échelle de la planète. Malgré des progrès très importants enregistrés dans la lutte contre la tuberculose dans le monde, l’OMS estime que 9 millions de personnes ont contracté cette maladie en 2013 et que 1,5 million sont morts durant cette même année. De plus, l'émergence de la tuberculose multirésistante nécessite le développement de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Récemment, deux nouveaux composés, bedaquiline et delamanid ont reçu une autorisation temporaire d’utilisation dans le but de renforcer l’arsenal thérapeutique. Néanmoins, il existe toujours la possibilité que la bactérie puisse rapidement développer des résistances liées au mécanisme d’action de ces nouveaux médicaments. C’est pour toutes ces raisons que l’arsenal thérapeutique doit être renforcé. Ce travail de thèse repose sur la découverte et l'optimisation de nouveaux composés antituberculeux selon des approches dont le point de départ commun est le criblage de petites molécules appelées fragments.La première partie de ce manuscrit présente la continuité d’un travail démarré au cours de la thèse de Baptiste Villemagne et qui a pour but de potentialiser l’activité de l'éthionamide, un médicament antituberculeux utilisé pour le traitement de seconde intention. Le répresseur transcriptionnel EthR a été validé comme élément clé dans la bioactivation de l’éthionamide. Les inhibiteurs de cette cible, développés selon une approche par fragments ont permis de potentialiser l'activité de l'éthionamide in vitro. Cependant, la faible stabilité microsomale de ces composés a limité leur utilisation in vivo. L’étude de la métabolisation du composé tête de série et la modification structurale de ce dernier a permis le développement des nouveaux inhibiteurs d’EthR présentant des propriétés pharmacocinétiques et physico-chimiques désormais acceptables pour la réalisation de tests in vivo.La deuxième partie de cette thèse s’est concentrée sur la synthèse d’inhibiteurs de MabA, une β-cétoacyl-ACP réductase mycobactérienne participant à la synthèse des acides gras à longue chaîne, précurseurs des acides mycoliques qui sont les constituants majeurs de la paroi mycobactérienne. Cette enzyme a été montrée comme étant indispensable à la survie de la bactérie mais aucun inhibiteur à ce jour n’a été identifié. Le criblage d’une chimiothèque de fragments sur MabA a été réalisé via deux tests différents (un test d’affinité pour la cible (TSA) et un test enzymatique). Les hits ainsi identifiés ont été resynthétisés et testés dans un test fonctionnel. Les étapes d’optimisation de l’activité des hits reconfirmés sont ainsi décrites. Ces résultats ont permis de développer des composés présentant des activités de l’ordre du micromolaire. Dans la troisième partie, un travail de conception et de synthèse de nouveaux fragments, visant à compléter la chimiothèque actuelle a été effectué. Les fragments originaux contenant un motif isoxazoline ont été synthétisés à partir d’alcènes et d’aldoximes utilisés en tant que synthons de départ, selon une réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire. L’analyse conformationnelle de ces fragments a permis de montrer que ces structures venaient enrichir l’espace de la diversité, notamment par l’introduction d'un motif permettant le déploiement des substituants dans les trois dimensions de l’espace. La solubilité expérimentale de ces fragments a été également mesurée et nous avons pu montrer que ces molécules étaient adaptées au criblage. / In 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Tuberculosis (TB) as a global public health emergency. Over 20 years later, this infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major public health problem. Despite the significant progress in the fight against TB worldwide, WHO estimates that 9 million people contracted the disease in 2013 and 1.5 million died in that year. In addition, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) requires the development of new tools and new therapeutic strategies. Recently, two new compounds, bedaquiline and delamanid were approved in MDR-TB treatment in order to strengthen the actual MDR-TB chemotherapy. Nevertheless, there is always the possibility that the tubercle bacillus can quickly develop resistance related to the mechanism of action of these new drugs. Therefore, the actual therapeutic arsenal must be strengthened. This thesis is based on the discovery and optimization of new anti-TB compounds starting from the screening of small molecules called fragments.The first part of this thesis is the continuation of the research project which was started during the thesis of Baptiste Villemagne. This work aims to develop compounds that can boost the activity of ethionamide, a second-line drug used to treat MDR-TB. The transcriptional repressor EthR has been validated as a key element in the bioactivation of ethionamide. EthR inhibitors were identified using a fragment-based approach and were optimized to potentiate the activity of ethionamide in vitro. However, the low microsomal stability of the lead compound has limited its use in vivo. The metabolism study of the lead compound and key structural modifications allowed a development of new potent EthR inhibitors having acceptable pharmacokinetic and physico-chemical properties for in vivo testing.The second part of this thesis focused on the synthesis of MabA inhibitors. MabA is a mycobacterial β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase involved in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, precursors of mycolic acids, which are major constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall. This enzyme has been shown to be essential for the survival of the bacteria but until now no inhibitor has been identified. Screening of a library of fragment molecules on MabA was performed via two different assays (affinity assay using TSA and an enzymatic assay). The identified hits were re-synthesized and tested in a functionnal assay. The optimization steps to improve the activity of the hits are also described. Compounds with activity in the micromolar range were discovered.In the third part, a design and synthesis of new fragments is described. The aim of this project is to build a collection of original fragments showing a 3D-structure scaffold amenable for rapid derivatization. The fragments that contain an original isoxazoline motif were synthesized from alkenes and aldoxime as starting building-blocks by using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The conformational analysis of these structures has shown that they were, as expected, able to deploy substituents in the 3D space. The experimental solubility of these fragments was also measured and the results demonstrated that these molecules are suitable for the screening against new biological targets to help kick-start hit discovery program.