Nowadays, China has an extensive consumer market and its marketing channel industry has an extreme potential. Therefore, the worldwide top 50 companies have entered into this market, which also includes a lot of local retailing companies. This thesis focus on analyzing American retailer ¡§Wal-mart, which shows the ¡§Wal-mart pyramid¡¨ and the¡§Wal-mart successful model ¡§ . According to this pyramid and successful model, this study describes in detail every element which makes Wal-mart reach it¡¦s vision ¡§ low cost circles¡¨. There are three parts in this thesis. First , this study depicts ¡§Wal-mart successful model ¡§ from the beginning of selecting store positions, operating store plans, merchandize, selling, purchasing and transporting ,which form the company¡¦s fundamental capabilities. With these capabilities , the company¡¦s culture and efficient management system , Wal-mart fulfills the goal of ¡¥¡¦low cost circles¡¨. Second, describing the store distributions in China and finding out the problems Wal-mart has encountered there. Because these problems include store distributions, store types, merchandize, selling, channels, IT, the relationship with suppliers and managing staff , Wal-mart has to find out the environment elements which influence the Wal-mart management model. Therefore, on the basis of these environment elements , Wal-mart adjusts the American management model into China management model in order to adapt the local environment. For example : changing selecting store position principles, changing store types in certain environment, changing the merchandises¡¦ decorations, changing selling mode, applying local purchase, diminishing transport cost, utilizing IT and building promotion and train system. Third , using the latest financial reports of Wal-mart to confer the Wal-mart management model and the changing of the model after entering into China .These financial items include the cost of sales, operating , selling and general and administrative expenses, the days of inventories and the days of receivables . Furtheremore, according to the financial reports of Careffour and local retailing Hua-lian, this thesis compares the differences in management strategies among these three companies . Finally , this thesis classifies the management correction model of Wal- mart in China and find out the competitive advantage of Wal-mart in China.

This research aims to interrogate the question of “Challenges and Opportunities: The Wal-Mart Effect In South Africa”. The research aims to investigate the potential effect that Wal-Mart will have on labour, the local economy and consumers in South Africa. This is in the broader context of neo-liberal globalisation. The key findings regarding stakeholders’ engagement around the issues of Wal-Mart’s arrival and the role of the state, the resistance by local and international trade unions, the detrimental effects on the local and informal economies, the failure of the South African macro-economic policy environment and the positive effect that Wal-Mart will have on consumers are all presented and analysed. The key message that emerges is that neo-liberal policies in South Africa have eroded labour rights, and hampered the development of the local economy. Although Wal-Mart’s arrival could exacerbate this, it simultaneously provides a springboard for resistance and a unique opportunity to rethink the policy framework of the country. In a country with high levels of poverty, Wal-Mart may force local retailers to become increasingly competitive and to provide goods to consumers at a lower cost – which is obviously something that will benefit local consumers. Furthermore Wal-Mart’s strength is in its systems and processes which is something that could benefit South African companies as they learn from the giant retailer. Wal-Mart’s entry into South Africa will have to be carefully managed and monitored to ensure the maximum benefit for all stakeholders, and to limit the adverse effects of the retail giant.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5760_1.pdf: 5924728 bytes, checksum: 98761036eed36247d4f60fd6ed48d413 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Este trabalho compreende o estudo farmacognóstico comparativo (padronização botânica, avaliação fitoquímica e avaliação da atividade biológica) entre as espécies Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss. e M. rigida Mart. (Celastraceae), esta última bastante utilizada popularmente, em nosso estado, para o tratamento de distúrbios gástricos (gastrite e úlceras gástricas), indicações idênticas àquelas registradas através de vários estudos para M. ilicifolia. A padronização botânica é imprescindível ao controle de qualidade da matéria prima, já que há semelhança morfológica com outras espécies, todas com bordas foliares espinhosas, leva não raro a casos de utilização indevida, seja em processos fraudulentos ou acidentais. Na avaliação fitoquímica evidenciou-se a similaridade entre os extratos e frações das referidas espécies para os diversos grupos de metabólitos ensaiados, constatando-se grande semelhança quanto aos triterpenos e esteróides e, ainda, aos flavonóides presentes. Os ensaios biológicos foram divididos em duas partes: quanto à atividade antimicrobiana e quanto à atividade farmacológica antiulcerogênica. Na atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos brutos das duas espécies apresentaram-se ativos, destacando-se a eficácia demonstrada frente às várias cepas de Staphylococcus aureus. O teste da atividade antiulcerogênica revelou a proteção contra úlceras induzidas por etanol, como os os extratos e frações ensaiadas. Baseados nos resultados obtidos nos experimentos acima descritos, a M. rigida se qualifica como uma possível opção para a substituição da M. ilicifolia, visando emprego em paralelo ou substituindo a referida espécie, no todo ou em parte

The growing importance of emerging markets in the global economy leads many multinationals (MNEs) to explore and expand into them. Saturation and slow growth in home markets, coupled with rising incomes in emerging markets, has also accelerated retail internationalisation. These markets are generally unfamiliar to the predominantly western firms, and they come with intractable social problems, where resultant stakeholder activism abounds.The purpose of this study was to investigate stakeholder management during entry of a retailer, Wal-Mart, into an emerging market, South Africa, in order to draw lessons that could be of use to other MNEs seeking to enter similar emerging markets. The method used for the study was a qualitative archival analysis that relied on publicly available sources, namely the regulatory bodies, parliament, press releases and the print media.The research found that the key stakeholders during the entry of Wal-Mart into South Africa were the government and trade unions. Government and trade unions were concerned that Wal-Mart’s entry would lead to an increase in imports and displace local producers, in turn worsening South Africa’s unemployment crisis. It was also feared that Wal-Mart would seek to change the existing labour regime in order to marginalise trade unions and lower labour standards. The research found that stakeholder management was poor and highlights the importance of integrating stakeholder management strategy into the broader entry strategy into developing markets. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Det krävs mycket av kommuner när ett stort företag ska etablera sig i staden. Främst behövs stor satsning på planering av infrastruktur då stora företag lockar många konsumenter och upptar stor yta. Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur städer planerar för en företagsetablering. Studien utgick från en fallstudie där Borlänge kommun planerade inför IKEAs etablering och varför de valde att satsa på denna etablering. Fallstudien jämfördes med hur städer i USA planerar för en etablering av Wal-Mart. Detta för att få en generell uppfattning om hur städer kan planera för stora företagsetableringar. En kvalitativ undersökning genomfördes med intervjuer, observation och genomgång av relevant litteratur. Reslutatet visar att Borlänge var tvungna att riva och flytta ett industriområde för att IKEA skulle få önskad plats. Sedan var de tvungna att planera om vägar för att trafiken skulle fungera så bra som möjligt. Kommunen var mån om att IKEA skulle etablera sig i staden för att tydligare kunna marknadsföra sig som en handelsstad. I observationen noterades att trafiken flöt på bra vid handelsområdet. Jämförelsen med Wal-Mart visar mer skillnader än likheter. Det som kan sägas generellt om hur städer planerar för stora företagsetableringar är att infrastrukturen påverkas oerhört och måste oftast planeras om.

V posledních letech dochází v mezinárodní distribuční politice k dynamickým změnám. Maloobchodní řetězce se začínají stávat dominantními firmami jak na svých domácích, tak i na mezinárodních trzích. Jejich podnikatelské aktivity přitom v mnoha případech přímo ovlivňují ekonomiku celého státu. Mezi nejúspěšnější společnosti světa patří americká společnost Wal Mart, největší firma na světě z hlediska docilovaného obratu a francouzský Carrefour, největší distribuční společnost na evropském trhu. Hlavním cílem diplomové práce je analýza strategických konceptů těchto společností a faktorů, které jejich úspěch podmínily. Na základě komparace zvolených strategických přístupů jsou identifikovány jejich hlavní výhody a slabiny.

El estudio de la actividad antioxidante de aceites fijos es muy frecuente debido a la gran importancia de su uso en cosmética moderna. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante in vitro e irritabilidad dérmica del aceite del fruto de Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui”. En la determinación de la actividad antioxidante del aceite se empleó el método del radical estable 2,2- difenil-1-picril hidrazilo (DPPH), utilizando como patrón de referencia la vitamina E (alfa tocoferol acetato). El aceite de Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” mostró una actividad antioxidante de 68,42; 91,38; 87,88 y 85,12 % a las concentraciones de 6, 8, 10 y 12 % respectivamente, en comparación con la vitamina E que presentó una actividad antioxidante de 77.51, 93.42 y 92.73 % a las concentraciones de 6, 8 y 10%. La irritabilidad dérmica se evaluó empleando la prueba de toxicidad dérmica Nº 404 de la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (OECD). Los resultados obtenidos después de la administración del aceite de Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” mostraron que no se produjeron lesiones en los sitios de aplicación, por lo que se obtuvo un índice de irritación primario igual a 0, lo que evidencia que el aceite de Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” se puede clasificar como no irritante para la piel, de acuerdo a este modelo de estudio se puede sugerir el uso del aceite de Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” en la industria cosmética. / The study of antioxidant activity of fixed oils is very common due to its great importance in modern cosmetic use. The objective of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity and the dermal irritability of Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” oil fruit. In the determination of the oil antioxidant activity, the method of stable free radical 2,2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was employed, using vitamin E (alpha tocopherol acetate) as a reference substance. Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” oil showed an antioxidant activity of 68.42, 91.38, 87.88 and 85.12 % at the concentrations of 6, 8,10 y 12 % respectively, in comparison with vitamin E that presented an antioxidant activity of 77.51, 93.42 and 92.73 % at the concentrations of 6, 8 y 10%. The dermal irritability was evaluated employing the dermal toxicity test number 404 of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The obtained results after the administration of the Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” oil showed that no lesions remain in application sites; therefore the Primary Irritation Index was zero, which evidenced that Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” oil may be classified as no irritating for the skin, according to this model study, may suggest to use Oenocarpus bataua Mart “ungurahui” oil in cosmetics industry. Key words: Oenocarpus bataua Mart, antioxidant activity, dermal irritability / Tesis

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Retail geography is an expanding field that is becoming increasingly important within academia, the business environment, and the national and global economy. The focus of this study is to provide insight and additional understanding of the site selection processes employed by Wal-Mart in the United States. The research studies Wal-Mart from a national perspective and investigates the patterns of retail store expansion across the United States from 1990 to 2005. The study employs the use of a continuous Poisson model to check for significant clustering, and a single and multiple correlation analysis to identify the types of relationships that exist between retail stores and location. The results of the study make apparent several distinct patterns of retail store dispersion within the United States between the years 1990 to 2005.