Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T17:48:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T18:12:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T18:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Cerrado biome has many favorable characteristic, like soil, relief, and dense hydrography, for the development of mainly economic activity, as agriculture and pasture, this biome has suffered high human disturbance process. Along with human activities, the practice of burning was increased, particularly for the practice of grazing management, pest control, cleaning of areas for agricultural planting and others. The fires have several consequences for the biome, amongst them have increasing of temperature, decreasing rainfall, genetic impoverishment of natural species, increases the risk of respiratory diseases. In this research, for mapping burned areas in the Cerrado biome between 2002 to 2008 was used MCD45A1 MODIS product, which makes the mapping of burn scars globally scale. The result is that fires occur during the year in the Cerrado, reaching its peak between July to September, warm and dry period with the lowest relative humidity. The burned areas are located in larger amounts in the north-central part of the Cerrado, mainly in the expansion of agriculture in the states of Bahia, Piaui, Maranhao, Mato Grosso and Tocantins. However, the fires, based on mapping of the PROBIO Cerrado, occur in greater proportions in regions of natural vegetation cover (81.7%), and among vegetation types most affected are the wooded savanna (34.1%) and savanna parkland (29.7%). As for the river watershed, such as Amazon, San Francisco, Parnaíba, Paraná, and especially Tocantins-Araguaia (46.4% of fires between 2002 and 2008 were concentrated in the watershed) were the hardest hit by the effects of fire during the burning of biomass (combustible material). The fires hit large of Protected Areas (PAs) located in the biome, such as the sustainable use and integral protected areas, where the Environmental Protection Areas (APA) and National Parks (NP) were most affected. In relation to priority areas for conservation of biodiversity in the Cerrado biome the areas with extremely high priority received the greatest records of fires within its limits, as indigenous lands, protected areas, and was severely affected by fires in relation to others in the same period. As for the validation of the data MCD45A1 MODIS product, burned area from LANDSAT TM, satellite images, were quite satisfactory for the Cerrado, because of the area burned 11,126 polygons (MCD45A1) visually inspected, all were labeled as burnt / O bioma Cerrado por possuir características favoráveis, como solo, relevo e densa rede hidrográfica, para o desenvolvimento de importantes atividades econômicas, como a agricultura e pecuária, vêm sofrendo alto processo de antropização. Juntamente com as atividades antrópicas, a prática da queimada foi potencializada, principalmente para a prática do manejo de pasto, controle de pragas, limpeza de áreas para o plantio agrícola, etc. As queimadas trazem várias consequências para o bioma Cerrado, dentre elas temos o aumento da temperatura, diminuição das chuvas, empobrecimento genético das espécies naturais, aumenta os riscos de doenças respiratórias, etc. Nessa pesquisa, para o mapeamento de áreas queimadas no bioma Cerrado entre 2002 a 2008 foi utilizado o produto MODIS MCD45A1, o qual faz o mapeamento de cicatrizes de queimadas em escala global. Como resultado, temos que as queimadas ocorrem durante todo o ano no bioma Cerrado, atingindo seu ápice entre julho a setembro, período quente e seco com menor índice de umidade relativa do ar. As áreas queimadas localizam em maior proporção na região centro-norte do Cerrado, principalmente nas regiões de expansão da agricultura, nos estados da Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão, Mato Grosso e Tocantins. Contudo, as queimadas, com base no mapeamento do PROBIO Cerrado, ocorrem em maior proporção nas regiões de cobertura vegetal natural (81,7%), sendo que dentre as fitofisionomias mais afetadas são savana arborizada (34,1%) e savana parque (29,7%). Quanto às regiões hidrográficas, como Amazônica, São Francisco, Parnaíba, Paraná e, sobretudo, Tocantins-Araguaia (46,4% das queimadas entre 2002 e 2008 concentraram nessa bacia) foram as mais atingidas pelo efeito do fogo durante a queima de biomassa (material combustível). As queimadas atingiram extensas áreas das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) localizadas no bioma Cerrado, tais como as de uso sustentável e proteção integral, onde as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) e Parques Nacionais (PN) foram as mais afetadas. Em relação às áreas prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade do Cerrado, as áreas com prioridade extremamente alta obteve os maiores registros de queimadas em seus limites, já as Terras Indígenas, áreas protegidas, foi severamente atingidas pelas queimadas em relação às demais no mesmo período. Quanto à validação dos dados do produto MODIS MCD45A1 área queimada a partir de imagens do satélite LANDSAT TM se mostraram bastantes satisfatórios para o bioma Cerrado, pois, dos 11.126 polígonos de área queimada (MCD45A1) inspecionados visualmente, todos foram rotulados como queimada.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T17:06:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernando Moreira de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6967405 bytes, checksum: 6a3a47f12667e66913e2ad2c041d7e21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T11:21:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernando Moreira de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6967405 bytes, checksum: 6a3a47f12667e66913e2ad2c041d7e21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T11:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernando Moreira de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6967405 bytes, checksum: 6a3a47f12667e66913e2ad2c041d7e21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fire is an important ecological and environmental disturbance phenomenon in the Cerrado biome, which is influenced by climatic, ecological, cultural and economic factors. Burning biomass promotes change in the structure and composition of the soil, accelerates the erosion and sedimentation processes, promotes seed germination, renewal of grasses and releases large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. This research seeks to understand the location patterns and the recurrence of burned areas to the Cerrado biome according to their different geographical regions from the land cover and land use class, and climatic variables. In particular, we evaluated quantitatively the performance of the MODIS MCD45A1 product for the Cerrado biome, in accordance with the different land use and land cover classes depending on the landscape, using as reference 130 randomly selected burned area polygons, and four randomly selected medium resolution orbital images, both from the month of September. In addition, we analyzed the burned areas spatial and temporal patterns in Brazil, considering both the territorial limits of the six biomes (i.e. Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa and Pantanal) and their main land cover and land use classes (PROBIO MMA). At last, for burned areas greater than 2 km², we evaluated their patterns (spatial and temporal) and frequency of recurrence (burned areas that intersect more than 50%), as well as their interanual and seasonal climatic variations from vegetation index (EVI), precipitation (TRMM) and evapotranspiration (MOD16) images. These images were analyzed in association with the four groups of recurrence (burned areas with recurrence every four years) to determine the different burning regimes and the pre and post burning vegetation responses. The MCD45A1 polygons (September) had good relationship with the reference mapping (Landsat base) (r² = 0.92) and also with the hotspots (MOD14 and MYD14 - monthly data) (r² = 0.89). The omission error found is high, but this is associated with landscape structure patterns, as found for the four reference images. The Product MCD45A1 even with spatial and temporal limitations promotes temporal mapping consistency and provides understanding the behavior and impacts of the burned on the Cerrado landscape. Among the Brazilian biomes, Cerrado is the one with the highest record of fires between 2002 and 2010 (73%), followed by Amazon (14%), while 81% of the records of the burned areas occur on the remnant vegetation cover class. The records of the burning recurrences in the Cerrado focus on the remnant class, 59% whereas the frequency of recurrence presented a higher proportion up to 3 times for the period 2000-2013. For the four groups of recurrences analyzed after the first fire record, 2002, the vegetative vigor records declines, especially after 2010, on average 4% for the remnant classes and 3.5% for the anthropogenic. The minimum distance between the fragments presents that 42% of recurrences analyzed are between 1-2 kilometers, providing greatest spatial concentration. / O fogo é um importante fenômeno ecológico e de perturbação ambiental no bioma Cerrado, o qual sofre influência de fatores climáticos, ecológicos, culturais e econômicos. A queima da biomassa promove a alteração da estrutura e composição do solo, acelera os processos erosivos e de sedimentação, promove a germinação de sementes, renovação das gramíneas e libera grandes quantidades de gases traços e aerossóis para a atmosfera. A presente pesquisa busca entender os padrões de localização e de recorrência das áreas queimadas para o bioma Cerrado, segundo suas diferentes regiões geográficas a partir das classes de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal remanescente e variáveis climáticas. Em específico busca-se avaliar quantitativamente a performance do produto MODIS MCD45A1 para o bioma Cerrado, de acordo com as distintas classes de uso e cobertura da terra em função da paisagem com base em 130 polígonos de áreas queimadas e 4 imagens orbitais de resolução espacial média, ambas amostras localizadas no mês de setembro. Outro interesse é de analisar os padrões espaciais e temporais da distribuição das áreas queimadas no território brasileiro considerando os limites territoriais dos biomas brasileiros e seus principais tipos de cobertura vegetal natural e antrópica (base PROBIO MMA), para tanto foi considerado os limites territoriais dos 6 biomas brasileiros (i.e. Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal). Por fim, avaliar os padrões (espaciais e temporais) e as frequências de recorrências das queimadas no Cerrado, com base em áreas queimadas >= 2km² e interseções >= 50% para as recorrências, bem como entender como a sazonalidade e variação interanual climática a partir dos dados de índice da vegetação (EVI), precipitação (TRMM) e evapotranspiração (MOD16) determinam os diferentes regimes de queima das várias classes de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal remanescente, para tanto foram analisados quatro grupos de recorrências com recortes temporais distintos. Os polígonos do produto MCD45A1 (setembro) apresentaram boa relação com o mapeamento de referência (base Landsat) (r² = 0.92) e também com os focos de calor (MOD14 e MYD14 - dados mensais) (r² = 0.89). O erro de omissão encontrado é alto, mas este está associado aos padrões de estrutura da paisagem, como o encontrado para as quatro imagens de referência. O Produto MCD45A1 mesmo apresentando limitações espaciais e temporais promove mapeamento com série temporal consistente, fornecendo entendimento do comportamento e os impactos do fogo sobre a paisagem do Cerrado. Entre os biomas brasileiros, o Cerrado é o que apresenta o maior registro de queimadas entre 2002 a 2010 (73%), seguido do Amazônico (14%), enquanto 81% dos registros das áreas queimadas ocorrem sobre as classes de cobertura vegetal remanescente. O registro das recorrências de queimadas no Cerrado se concentra sobre as classes remanescentes, 59%, já a frequência da recorrência apresenta maior proporção até 3 vezes para o período de 2000 a 2013. Para os quatro grupos de recorrências analisados, após o primeiro registro de fogo, 2002, o vigor vegetativo registra queda, principalmente após o ano de 2010, sendo em média 4% para as classes remanescentes e 3,5% para as antrópicas. A distância mínima entre os fragmentos mostra que 42% de recorrências analisadas estão entre 1 a 2 quilômetros, conferindo maior concentração espacial.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Current efforts to address Zimbabwe‘s decade long veld fire crisis has partly been hindered by a lack of financial resources and fire data. This study illustrates the potential of using the MODIS burned area product as an alternative cost- and time-effective method for reconstructing historical fire records in Zimbabwe. Two MODIS burned area products were evaluated, namely the MCD45A1 and WAMIS (Meraka Institute‘s MODIS burned area product). Both products yielded similar levels of accuracy despite the difference in algorithms. However, it is assumed that at certain thresholds, either in tree cover or fire intensity, WAMIS ceases to map fires as accurately as the MCD45A1. Ten years of fire data for Charara Safari Area (CSA) was extracted from the MCD45A1, and used as a basis to establish six parameters: fire incidence, extent, seasonality, fire size, frequency and fire return interval (FRI). It was observed that approximately 50% of CSA burned annually, with an average of 132 fires occurring every year. Although there was no overall increase or decrease in the extent of area burned over the 10 year study period, an increasing trend in fire incidence was noted. Through an assessment of effective fire size, it was established that more fires in CSA were gradually becoming smaller in size, while the extent of area burned remained fairly constant. Hence, the increase in fire incidences and lack of a corresponding increase in area burned. This study was also used to identify areas in the fire regime that may be a potential ecological risk to the miombo woodland in CSA. Three points of concern were revealed: firstly, a high prevalence of late season fires was observed in the northern bounds of CSA. Secondly, 64.2% of the total area burned in CSA burned between 6 and 10 times over the 10 year period, and lastly, 85% of the total area burned over the period 2001 and 2010 had a FRI of less than 2 years. The combination of late season fires, high fire frequency and short FRI in CSA is indicative of possible alterations in the state of the miombo woodlands, which may have negative socio-economic implications on CSA and its surrounding communities. This study has demonstrated that the MCD45A1 is a useful source of much needed fire information for Zimbabwe. Therefore, the possibility of integrating methods employed in this study into the current collection of fire data should be given due consideration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Huidige pogings om Zimbabwe se dekade lank veldbrand krisis aan te spreek is gedeeltelik belemmer deur 'n gebrek aan finansiële hulpbronne en vuurdata. Hierdie studie illustreer die potensiaal van die gebruik van die MODIS verbrande area produk as 'n alternatiewe koste-en tyd-effektiewe metode vir die rekonstruksie van historiese vuurrekords in Zimbabwe. Twee MODIS verbrande area produkte is geëvalueer, naamlik die MCD45A1 en WAMIS (Meraka Instituut se MODIS verbrand area produk). Beide produkte het soortgelyke vlakke van akkuraatheid opgelewer ten spyte van die verskil in die algoritmes. Dit word egter aanvaar dat op sekere drempels, óf in die boom bedekking, of brandintensiteit, WAMIS brande minder akkuraat karteer as die MCD45A1 produk. Tien jaar van vuurdata vir Charara Safari Area (CSA) is uit die MCD45A1 data onttrek, en gebruik as 'n basis om ses parameters vas te stel: vuurvoorkoms, omvang, seisoenaliteit, vuurgrootte, frekwensie en tyd tussen die terugkeer van vuur na ‗n spesifieke plek (nl. FRI). Dit is waargeneem dat ongeveer 50% van die CSA jaarliks gebrand word, met 'n gemiddeld van 132 brande wat elke jaar voorkom. Daar was nie 'n algehele toename of afname in die omvang van die totale verbrande area oor die 10 jaar studietydperk nie. Maar 'n toenemende neiging in die vuurvoorkoms was wel opgemerk. Deur middel van 'n assessering van effektiewe vuurgrootte, is daar vasgestel dat meer kleiner brande in CSA voorkom, terwyl die omvang van die verbrand area redelik konstant gebly het. Dus was daar ‗n toename in die aantal vuurvoorvalle al was daar nie 'n ooreenstemmende toename in die totale verbrande oppervlakte was nie. Hierdie studie is ook gebruik om gebiede in die vuurregime te identifiseer wat 'n potensiële ekologiese risiko vir die miombobosveld in CSA inhou. Drie punte van kommer word geopenbaar: eerstens, 'n hoë voorkoms van laatseisoen brande is waargeneem in die noordelike grense van CSA. Tweedens, 64,2% van die totale verbrande oppervlakte in die CSA brand tussen 6 en 10 keer bine die 10-jaar periode. Laastens, 85% van die totale verbrande oppervlakte oor die tydperk 2001 tot 2010 het 'n FRI van minder as twee jaar. Die kombinasie van laatseisoen brande, hoë vuurfrekwensie en kort FRI in CSA is 'n aanduiding van moontlike veranderinge in die toestand van die miomboveld, wat negatiewe sosio-ekonomiese implikasies op die CSA en die omliggende gemeenskappe kan uitoefen. Hierdie studie het getoon dat die MCD45A1 'n nuttige bron van broodnodige vuur inligting vir Zimbabwe is. Daarom, moet die moontlikheid van die integrasie van die metodes wat gebruik word in hierdie studie in die huidige versameling van vuurdata behoorlike oorweging gegee word.

Biomass burning in southern Africa has brought significant challenges to the research society as a fundamental driver of climate and land cover changes. Burned area mapping approaches have been developed that generate large-scale low and moderate resolution products made with different satellite data. This consequently afford the remote sensing community a unique opportunity to support their potential applications in e.g., examining the impact of fire on natural resources, estimating the quantities of burned biomass and gas emissions. Generally, the satellite-derived burned area products produced with dissimilar algorithms provide mapped burned areas at different levels of accuracy, as the environmental and remote sensing factors vary both spatially and temporally. This study focused on the inter-comparison and accuracy evaluation of the 500-meter Moderate Resolution Imaging Spetroradiomter (MODIS) burned area product (MCD45A1) and the Backup MODIS burned area product (hereafter BMBAP) across the main-fire prone South African biomes using reference data independently-derived from multi-temporal 30-meter Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery distributed over six validation sites. The accuracy of the products was quantified using confusion matrices, linear regression and subpixel burned area measures. The results revealed that the highest burned area mapping accuracies were reported in the fynbos and grassland biomes by the MCD45A1 product, following the BMBAP product across the pine forest and savanna biomes, respectively. Further, the MCD45A1 product presented higher subpixel detection probabilities for the burned area fractions <= 50% than the BMBAP product, which appeared more reliable in detecting burned area fractions > 50% of a MODIS pixel. Finally the results demonstrated that the probability of identifying a burned area within a MODIS pixel is directly related to the proportion of the MODIS pixel burned and thus, highlights the relevance of fractional burned area during classification accuracy assessment of lower resolution remotely-sensed products using data with higher spatial resolution. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / unrestricted