Background: Red Cross Children's Hospital treats an average of 2 000 children per annum with thermal injuries. Five hundred of these are new injuries and 60 patients have a total body surface area burn (TBSAB) that exceeds 20%. There is substantial evidence in adult burn literature that suggests that early enteral feeding (EEF) compared to initial starvation has a profound impact on the hormonal response, metabolic rate and gastrointestinal maintenance post thermal injury. However, research addressing these issues in the burned child (birth to 13 years old), are limited. Aim: To compare EEF, to delayed or late enteral feeding (LEF), and to evaluate whether the practice is beneficial in paediatric burned patients. Criteria: The criteria for the patients were (a) a burn less than 24 hours old and a TBSAB more than or equal to 20%, (b) an age of less than 13 years and (c) admission to the Red Cross Children's Hospital Burns Unit. Objectives: The objectives were to compare the effect of EEF and LEF on (1) the concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), glucagon, cortisol and growth hormone (GH), (2) the estimated energy expenditure (EEE) and calculated energy expenditure, (3) the respiratory quotient (RQ), (4) the intestinal permeability and (5) the clinical outcome. Methods: The children were assigned to either the EEF or LEF group. Nine patients in each study group completed the study successfully, with similar median ages (4.5 yr.), body weights (14 kg) and TBSAB (30%). The EEF group was enterally fed via a nasojejunal feeding tube within a median time of 10.75 hours post burn, whereas the LEF group fasted for a median of 54 hours, after which enteral feeds were introduced. This study is unique in that enteral feeds were used as part of the resuscitation regime in the EEF group. The EEF group received their full resuscitation volumes from the enteral feed at a median time of 16 hours from initiation. Venous blood samples were taken daily between 7h00 and 8h00, before breakfast, for the hormone measurements. The REE and RQ were measured by indirect calorimetry and compared to the recommended dietary allowances (RDA), Galveston and Solomon's equations, which estimate energy requirements. Small bowel permeability was measured by the sugar-absorption-test (SAT), and expressed as lactulose:rhamnose ratios.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of prescribed burning on herbaceous and browse forage quality in the aspen forest type for elk and domestic sheep. Plant samples of selected forage species were taken from burned and nonburned plots within three different prescribed burns in southeastern Idaho. These samples were analyzed for in vitro dry matter digestibility, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. There was little improvement in forage quality as a result of prescribed burning, with some reduction in quality in 1983 exhibited by pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens). Aspen on August 2 , 1982 had improved elk IVDMD and Ca/P ratios, crude protein and phosphorus levels and decreased calcium content on the burned versus the nonburned areas . By August 22, 1982, only crude protein levels were improved. All of the shrubs analyzed for that date had improved crude protein levels on the burned versus the nonburned areas, but only serviceberry had higher phosphorus levels. In 1983, none of the shrubs or forbs had improved forage quality. Pinegrass decreased in IVDMD and c rude protein on the burned areas, possibly due to a more rapid maturation and increased seed production. Other benefits from prescribed burning included a changing species composition from dense shrub matts to more palatable and nutritious forbs that are not found on unburned areas . This reduction in shrubs also led to greater access of animals to available forage. The aspen type was shown to have a nutritious and valuable understory, irrespective of prescribed burning.

No description available.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T17:48:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T18:12:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T18:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Moreira_Araujo_2010-dissertação.pdf: 9084097 bytes, checksum: 140c0836590b68685fd8324ba0d2a972 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Cerrado biome has many favorable characteristic, like soil, relief, and dense hydrography, for the development of mainly economic activity, as agriculture and pasture, this biome has suffered high human disturbance process. Along with human activities, the practice of burning was increased, particularly for the practice of grazing management, pest control, cleaning of areas for agricultural planting and others. The fires have several consequences for the biome, amongst them have increasing of temperature, decreasing rainfall, genetic impoverishment of natural species, increases the risk of respiratory diseases. In this research, for mapping burned areas in the Cerrado biome between 2002 to 2008 was used MCD45A1 MODIS product, which makes the mapping of burn scars globally scale. The result is that fires occur during the year in the Cerrado, reaching its peak between July to September, warm and dry period with the lowest relative humidity. The burned areas are located in larger amounts in the north-central part of the Cerrado, mainly in the expansion of agriculture in the states of Bahia, Piaui, Maranhao, Mato Grosso and Tocantins. However, the fires, based on mapping of the PROBIO Cerrado, occur in greater proportions in regions of natural vegetation cover (81.7%), and among vegetation types most affected are the wooded savanna (34.1%) and savanna parkland (29.7%). As for the river watershed, such as Amazon, San Francisco, Parnaíba, Paraná, and especially Tocantins-Araguaia (46.4% of fires between 2002 and 2008 were concentrated in the watershed) were the hardest hit by the effects of fire during the burning of biomass (combustible material). The fires hit large of Protected Areas (PAs) located in the biome, such as the sustainable use and integral protected areas, where the Environmental Protection Areas (APA) and National Parks (NP) were most affected. In relation to priority areas for conservation of biodiversity in the Cerrado biome the areas with extremely high priority received the greatest records of fires within its limits, as indigenous lands, protected areas, and was severely affected by fires in relation to others in the same period. As for the validation of the data MCD45A1 MODIS product, burned area from LANDSAT TM, satellite images, were quite satisfactory for the Cerrado, because of the area burned 11,126 polygons (MCD45A1) visually inspected, all were labeled as burnt / O bioma Cerrado por possuir características favoráveis, como solo, relevo e densa rede hidrográfica, para o desenvolvimento de importantes atividades econômicas, como a agricultura e pecuária, vêm sofrendo alto processo de antropização. Juntamente com as atividades antrópicas, a prática da queimada foi potencializada, principalmente para a prática do manejo de pasto, controle de pragas, limpeza de áreas para o plantio agrícola, etc. As queimadas trazem várias consequências para o bioma Cerrado, dentre elas temos o aumento da temperatura, diminuição das chuvas, empobrecimento genético das espécies naturais, aumenta os riscos de doenças respiratórias, etc. Nessa pesquisa, para o mapeamento de áreas queimadas no bioma Cerrado entre 2002 a 2008 foi utilizado o produto MODIS MCD45A1, o qual faz o mapeamento de cicatrizes de queimadas em escala global. Como resultado, temos que as queimadas ocorrem durante todo o ano no bioma Cerrado, atingindo seu ápice entre julho a setembro, período quente e seco com menor índice de umidade relativa do ar. As áreas queimadas localizam em maior proporção na região centro-norte do Cerrado, principalmente nas regiões de expansão da agricultura, nos estados da Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão, Mato Grosso e Tocantins. Contudo, as queimadas, com base no mapeamento do PROBIO Cerrado, ocorrem em maior proporção nas regiões de cobertura vegetal natural (81,7%), sendo que dentre as fitofisionomias mais afetadas são savana arborizada (34,1%) e savana parque (29,7%). Quanto às regiões hidrográficas, como Amazônica, São Francisco, Parnaíba, Paraná e, sobretudo, Tocantins-Araguaia (46,4% das queimadas entre 2002 e 2008 concentraram nessa bacia) foram as mais atingidas pelo efeito do fogo durante a queima de biomassa (material combustível). As queimadas atingiram extensas áreas das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) localizadas no bioma Cerrado, tais como as de uso sustentável e proteção integral, onde as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) e Parques Nacionais (PN) foram as mais afetadas. Em relação às áreas prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade do Cerrado, as áreas com prioridade extremamente alta obteve os maiores registros de queimadas em seus limites, já as Terras Indígenas, áreas protegidas, foi severamente atingidas pelas queimadas em relação às demais no mesmo período. Quanto à validação dos dados do produto MODIS MCD45A1 área queimada a partir de imagens do satélite LANDSAT TM se mostraram bastantes satisfatórios para o bioma Cerrado, pois, dos 11.126 polígonos de área queimada (MCD45A1) inspecionados visualmente, todos foram rotulados como queimada.

Submitted by Vanessa Carolina de Barros Manduca (vanessa.manduca@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-16T14:10:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação2018_ManducaVCB_Energia _na_Agricultura.pdf: 1928290 bytes, checksum: ccf1c21182fe3fdb804f02440f3e2378 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-03-16T15:13:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manduca_vcb_me_botfca.pdf: 1928290 bytes, checksum: ccf1c21182fe3fdb804f02440f3e2378 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T15:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manduca_vcb_me_botfca.pdf: 1928290 bytes, checksum: ccf1c21182fe3fdb804f02440f3e2378 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Decreto Federal nº 2.661, de 1998, estipulou um prazo de 20 anos para a finalização do uso do fogo em canaviais, tendo o ano de 2018 como data final. A substituição do trabalho manual por mecânico viabiliza a eliminação do uso do fogo e deveria melhorar a qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores braçais, assim como também diminuir custos de produção e aumentar a produtividade. A pesquisa objetivou identificar a situação atual do estado de Alagoas em relação ao percentual de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem a queima da palha para áreas canavieiras com até 12% de declividade do solo. Foi aplicada a metodologia descritiva e exploratória, utilizando dados secundários e pesquisa documental. Os dados são referentes à área plantada, produção, produtividade, número de colhedoras e declividade do solo. O resultado encontrado da colheita da cana crua, sem a queima da palha foi de 10,7% do total da área canavieira na safra 2015/2016. O estado de Alagoas não apresenta grande possibilidade de atingir a meta de eliminação do uso do fogo, em área mecanizáveis, para o ano de 2018. / Federal Decree No. 2,661 of 1998 stipulated a 20-year term for the finalization of the use of fire in sugarcane, with 2018 as the end date. The replacement of manual labor by mechanics facilitates the elimination of the use of fire and should improve the quality of life of workers, as well as decrease production costs and increase productivity. The objective of this research was to identify the current situation on state of Alagoas in relation to the percentage of mechanically harvested sugarcane without straw burned out for sugarcane areas with up to 12% soil slope. The descriptive and exploratory methodology was applied, using secondary data and documentary research. The data refer to the planted area, production, productivity, number of harvesters and soil slope. The result of the cane harvest without straw burned out was 10,7% of the total sugarcane area in the 2015/2016 harvest. The state of Alagoas does not present a great possibility of reaching the goal of eliminating the use of fire, in mechanizable areas, for the year 2018. / 1582106

As part of a medico-legal analysis it is necessary to identify if bone tissue is animal or human in nature. This process is complicated when bone is highly fragmented or burned. Previous research has established the ability to differentiate human from non-human bone histologically, however, further research is necessary to determine if this is still applicable in the case of burned remains. In South Africa, approximately 500 deaths and 15 000 fire related injuries occur annually in Cape Town and such fires ranged between 600°C to 1000°C. The aim of this research was to study the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of femur bone microstructure of human and animal bones exposed to different temperatures and to determine the possibility of distinguishing them. The study consisted of 17 femoral bone samples collected from four different species namely; humans (Homo sapiens), pig (Sus scrofa), wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and cow (Bos taurus). Unburned samples were compared to bone samples burned at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C and 900°C in a muffle furnace for 20 minutes. Bone samples were processed into thin sections for histological analysis. During analysis, each bone specimen was divided into four quadrants and two periosteal regions. For histomorphometric analysis, quantitative characteristics were assessed by measuring the area, perimeter, and minimum and maximum diameter of the Haversian system and Haversian canals as well as osteon circularity and osteon density. According to the qualitative results, the main structural bone tissue observed in all quadrants and two periosteal regions of unburned animal bone was primary vascular plexiform bone and irregular Haversian bone. Human bone consisted of dense Haversian bone. Quantitative results indicated a statistically significant difference in most parameters between species within burned as well as unburned samples (p<0.001). Statistically significant differences in quantitative parameters within human and wildebeest bone were noted at different burn temperatures (p<0.001). Overall, the results showed that heat exposure to bones can affect the bones' quantitative and qualitative characteristics but human and non-human bones can still be differentiated. This histological method can be used in forensic fire cases.

In the anthropological analysis of burned bone, the presence of a white heat line aids in determining a bone’s physical condition prior to burning, distinguishing between those burned fleshed or wet versus dry. However, while the relationship between this thermal signature and a bone’s physical condition has been studied, there is a lack of research concerning the chemical composition of white heat lines. The present study assessed the composition of white heat lines that form on burned bone using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with the potassium bromide (KBr) pellet method. The present study examined the effects of soft tissue and the retention of bone’s organic material, including naturally-occurring grease and water, on the development and appearance of a white heat line. Experimental remains consisted of isolated long bones from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), sheep (Ovis aries), and pig (Sus scrofa) in five physical conditions – fleshed (fresh bones with adhering soft tissue), very wet (recently defleshed bone, greasy), partially wet (defleshed, slight grease retention), dry (defleshed, naturally degreased), and soaked (formerly dry bone immersed in water). These bones were burned over a wood fire made within a 55-gallon drum. After a visual analysis to evaluate white heat line formation, chemical composition was analyzed by determining spectral peak heights of the carbonate (CO3) ν3 (1415 cm-1), phosphate (PO4) ν3 (1035 cm-1), and amide I (1660 cm-1) vibrational bands. These thermal signatures appear to form superficially, measuring approximately 1.5 mm in depth. Results indicate that white heat lines that formed on fleshed bone contain an increased amount of CO3, PO4, and amide I in comparison to their unburned controls, while those that formed on very wet bone contain decreased amounts instead. These findings further our knowledge of how fire modifies physical remains and the effect that bone’s physical condition prior to burning has on the development of a white heat line and the resulting compositional changes. In order to build upon the results gained from the present study, continuing research is needed to investigate compositional differences between white heat lines that form on fleshed versus very wet bone and to assess bone’s fat content as a possible contributing factor. Additional FTIR research is needed to assess the other vibrational bands of CO3, PO4, and amide that are present in bone.

Biomass burning in southern Africa has brought significant challenges to the research society as a fundamental driver of climate and land cover changes. Burned area mapping approaches have been developed that generate large-scale low and moderate resolution products made with different satellite data. This consequently afford the remote sensing community a unique opportunity to support their potential applications in e.g., examining the impact of fire on natural resources, estimating the quantities of burned biomass and gas emissions. Generally, the satellite-derived burned area products produced with dissimilar algorithms provide mapped burned areas at different levels of accuracy, as the environmental and remote sensing factors vary both spatially and temporally. This study focused on the inter-comparison and accuracy evaluation of the 500-meter Moderate Resolution Imaging Spetroradiomter (MODIS) burned area product (MCD45A1) and the Backup MODIS burned area product (hereafter BMBAP) across the main-fire prone South African biomes using reference data independently-derived from multi-temporal 30-meter Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery distributed over six validation sites. The accuracy of the products was quantified using confusion matrices, linear regression and subpixel burned area measures. The results revealed that the highest burned area mapping accuracies were reported in the fynbos and grassland biomes by the MCD45A1 product, following the BMBAP product across the pine forest and savanna biomes, respectively. Further, the MCD45A1 product presented higher subpixel detection probabilities for the burned area fractions <= 50% than the BMBAP product, which appeared more reliable in detecting burned area fractions > 50% of a MODIS pixel. Finally the results demonstrated that the probability of identifying a burned area within a MODIS pixel is directly related to the proportion of the MODIS pixel burned and thus, highlights the relevance of fractional burned area during classification accuracy assessment of lower resolution remotely-sensed products using data with higher spatial resolution. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / unrestricted

The main focus of this thesis is the study of the burned bones from Uppgarde, Vallstena, on the island of Gotland. Vallstena is a place where artifacts, graves and other activities are dated from the Stone Age to the Late Iron Age. This indicates that Vallstena was a place humans frequently used for a long period of time and a prominent remain is a Stone Ship Setting that once was placed here but when excavations were carried out in the 1970s only the depressions of the stones became visible. The purpose of this study is toco-analyse osteological and archaeological material found, to obtain a clearer image of the place and contribute to the existing research of this area. The goal study is to determine the nature of the activities seen in relationship to the analysis of the cremated bones found here and how they were connected to the surrounding landscape. The basis for this analysis is a combination of thorough examinations of the osteological material, archaeological features as well as relevant literature.

Introdução. O uso de tecnologias computacionais em pesquisas na área de saúde pública é cada vez mais acentuado devido às facilidades providas ao pesquisador. Em particular, o SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica) auxilia na fusão de dados dispostos em tabelas e mapas contendo aspectos geográficos do local de estudo, por meio da sobreposição de camadas. Tal fusão possibilita uma nova leitura dos dados associados à dimensão do espaço. Neste aspecto, os programas SIG são ferramentas ideais para estudos de geografia da saúde. No entanto, observa-se a escassez de estudos sobre os possíveis efeitos deletérios à saúde humana, causados pelos produtos das queimadas em culturas canavieiras. Neste contexto, os SIGs, associados a técnicas de análise espacial podem auxiliar na busca de uma melhor compreensão sobre as interações do homem e seu meio, no âmbito da saúde pública. Objetivo. Este estudo avaliou correlações entre os agravos à saúde respiratória e queimadas de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando análise espacial e modelos estatísticos. Metodologia. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho consistiu em coletar e organizar dados de queimadas e internações por afecções respiratórias, gerando um repositório de dados para duas regiões brasileiras produtoras de cana-de-açúcar: a região denominada Centro-Sul, com os estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná e São Paulo, e a região Nordeste com os estados de Alagoas, Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco e Paraíba, em um período de 2000 a 2008. As análises espaciais foram elaboradas com a ferramenta Hot Spot do software Arcview 9.3 e as análises estatísticas foram feitas por meio de regressão linear e análise de Pearson, no software Stata versão 10. Resultados. As análises mostraram que a heterogeneidade entre as regiões estudadas constitui um limitador para comparações. No entanto, os resultados validaram a hipótese fomentada. Os mapas coropléticos apresentaram agrupamentos de focos de calor próximos ou sobrepondo agrupamentos de internações por asma ou enfisema. As regressões apresentaram resultados com significância estatística. Em todos os modelos analisados, a variável foco de calor apresentou correlação positiva e as variáveis IDH-M e área urbanizada apresentaram correlações negativas. Concluiu-se que as taxas de internação estão relacionadas com queimadas, aspectos sócio-econômicos e climáticos, porém, os modelos explicam parcialmente a variabilidade. É possível que outras variáveis não analisadas nesta tese também exerçam influência nos fenômenos estudados, assim como os efeitos podem ser sub-clínicos, não chegando a impactar significativamente as internações em curto prazo / Introduction: The use of computing technology in public health researches is increasing because of the facility it provides. Particularly, GIS helps the fusion between tabular data and maps which contain geographical aspects of a locality, through overlapping layers. This fusion may offer a new interpretation of data associated to spatial dimension. In this aspect, GIS programs are good tools for studies of health geography. However, it is observed that there is a lack of studies about the harmful effects caused by burned straw in sugarcane plantation. In this context, GIS and spatial analysis can help to obtain better knowledge about the man and his environment, in the scope of public health. Aims: This study evaluated correlations between respiratory health problems and burned sugarcane, using spatial analysis and statistical models. Methodology: The development of this work consisted of collecting and organizing data of hospital admissions due to respiratory problems and the burning of sugarcane, generating a data repository for two Brasilian regions which produce sugarcane. The region called Central-South with the states Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo, and the Northeast region with the states Alagoas, Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco and Paraíba, in a period between 2000 and 2008. The spatial analysis was made by the Hot Spot tool in Arcview 9.3 and the statistical analysis was made by linear regression and Pearson analysis in Stata version 10. Results: The analysis showed that the heterogeneity among the regions studied limits comparisons. However, the results validated the hypothesis evaluated. The choropleth maps showed hotspot clusters close or overlapping clusters of asthma or emphysema hospital admissions. The regressions showed statistically significant results. The hotspot variable was positively correlated and the IDH-M and urbanized area showed negative correlations in all models analyzed. It was concluded that the hospital admissions are related to burned sugarcane, socio-economic and climate aspects, however, the models partially explain the variability. It is possible that other variables not analyzed in this thesis also adversely influence the phenomena studied, as so as the effects can be sub-clinical, not getting to significantly impact the hospital admissions in a short term